...However, he did believe that a "guiding principle" governed the universe and human life. Sakharov entered Moscow State University in 1938. Following evacuation in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War, he graduated in Aşgabat, in today's Turkmenistan. He was then assigned to laboratory work in Ulyanovsk. In 1943, he married Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he raised two daughters and a son before she died in 1969. He returned to Moscow in 1945 to study at the Theoretical Department of FIAN.He received his Ph.D. in 1947. After the end of World War II, he researched cosmic rays. In mid-1948 he participated in the Soviet atomic bomb project under Igor Kurchatov and Igor Tamm. The first Soviet atomic device was tested on August 29, 1949. After moving to Sarov in 1950, Sakharov played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as Sakharov's Third Idea in Russia and the Teller-Ulam design in the United States. Before his Third Idea, Sakharov tried a "layer cake" of alternating layers of fission and fusion fuel. The...
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...On August 6th, 1945, America dropped the atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima in Japan. The bomb was entirely new, and was 2,000 times the strength of the British Grand Slam, which had previously been the strongest bomb in history. The purpose of the bomb was to push Japan into surrendering in WWII, and the American government believed this was the only way to effectively end the war as quickly as possible. When the bomb detonated, the four-mile radius of the area in Hiroshima was completely destroyed. The buildings were flattened, trapping civilians below them and killing many, and the city of Hiroshima was in a state of complete desolation. While Hiroshima was utterly destroyed, countless were killed and injured, psychological damage on the...
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...“Hiroshima” is a New Yorker article that was published in 1946. John Hersey is the author of this article, and he talks about the six Hiroshima residents who survive the atomic bomb. The six survivors tell the interviewer what they were doing before the atomic bomb hit Hiroshima. Each survivor talks about the effect that the atomic bomb had in their town. The survivors were expecting an attack from the Americans, but they never thought there would be many deaths from this attack. As soon as the atomic bomb hit, the air became dust. One of the survivors was Dr. Fujii, he and his friend question why the victims had terrible burns on their face and arms. There were only two fires according to Dr. Fujii, so the victims couldn’t get burn from...
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...Hiroshima and memory Background During the final stage of World War II 1945, the United States conducted the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Such events are the only use of nuclear weapons in the world. The atomic bombs were created by the Manhattan Project, which was a research and development program established by the United States with the United Kingdom and Canada that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. The United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945 by threatening Japan with “prompt and utter destruction”. However, such ultimatum was ignored by the Japanese government. Thus, two nuclear weapons that developed by the Manhattan Project had been deployed by the United States. Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bomb mission and Nagasaki was the second target of the mission. The first nuclear weapon named Little Boy was dropped from an American B-29 Superfortress, known as Enola Gay on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 and followed by another nuclear weapon named Fat Man dropped from the B-29 Bockscar on the city of Nagasaki on 9 August. The official figures by Japanese at the time put the death toll at 118,661 and the later estimates the final toll was about 140,000 of Hiroshima’s 350,000 population including military personnel and those who died later due to radiation. On the other hand, the explosion of Fat Man event killed 39,000 and caused a further...
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...as I can see, the atomic bomb has deadened the finest feeling that has sustained mankind for ages. I regard the employment of the atom bomb for the wholesale destruction of men, women and children as the most diabolical use of science.”-Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian anti-war activist; giving his opinion about the United States’s atomic bombs drop on Hiroshima, Japan. The outcomes of World War I had repleted many countries with fears, therefore they tried to avoid wars with each other. However, World War II started and it lasted from 1939-1945. The global war involved two military alliances, which are the Allies and the Axis. The Allies alliances included the Soviet Union, United States, England, and Republic of China. While the Axis alliances...
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...Hiroshima and Nagasaki Takesha McCaleb Mr. Spitler Was the Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary to end the war? As I did my research on this topic I found out that some found it necessary while others didn’t. During the course of this research paper I will be discussing why the atomic bomb was dropped. The effects right after the bomb was dropped for the Japanese and Americans also the after effects such as genetic effects. I will also touch on how Americans feel about the bomb more than fifty years later and what lessons were learned throughout all of this. Hiroshima was founded in 1589, on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and became a major urban centre during the Meiji period. The city is located on the broad, flat delta of the Ota River, which has 7 channel outlets dividing the city into six islands which project into Hiroshima Bay. The city is almost entirely flat and only slightly above sea level; to the northwest and northeast of the city, some hills rise to 700 feet. Hiroshima was founded by Mori Motonari as his capital. About a half century later, after the Battle of Sekigahara, his grandson and the leader of the West Army Mori Terumoto lost the battle. Finally Asano was appointed the daimyo of this area and Hiroshima served as the capital of Hiroshima Han during the Edo period. After the Han was abolished the city became the capital of Hiroshima prefecture. During the First Sino-Japanese War, Hiroshima emerged as a major supply and...
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...somehow survived an atomic bomb that was dropped on their hometown of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. This shows the hardships these six people had to face during and after the disaster. Hiroshima was written off of true events that occurred during the end of World War II. Summary On August 6, 1945, American forces dropped an atomic bomb in japan in efforts to stop the war. This attack however killed hundreds of thousands of people. Six survivors however – 2 doctors, 2 women, and 2 men somehow survived this blast. It is a miracle that these people were able to survive not only the blast itself but also the radiation that it left after the explosion. These victims survived however with no medical treatment; how they did it was unknown. Hersey not only shows the bravery of these survivors but also tells of the hardships these humans had to face just to survive. The Moral or Ethnic Struggle of Hiroshima The main moral of Hiroshima that caught my attention was the debate on whether if the U.S. should have dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. Hersey does an extraordinary job in telling about true accounts on which happened after the bombing. How could it affect our world if we had not dropped the bomb? We will never know because that is the past but it was a necessary cause to help end that deadly war. Without this act by the U.S., World War II might not have ended for another year. Usage of Science Hiroshima was based around science. It was the story of the great atomic bomb and all of its...
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...In the context of the course requirements, the class is expected to engage with an organization to take an informed action in the form of suggestion or editorial. I have chosen Metropolitan Museum of Arts as my organization. The Metropolitan Museum of Arts is a tremendous resource of collection and exhibits collected from all over the world and makes connections to the world history and culture. The Met Museum explores the world art and history from various perspectives as captured by transnational artists, painters and photographers. The 1945’s atomic bomb dropping on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were a changing point of history. The bombs caused a widespread destruction in both cities almost flattening them to the ground. This was the point when World War II came to the conclusion with Japan’s surrender. It was also the time of the rise of the bipolar world and cold war era in which the nuclear paranoia was at the top. The atomic bombs of 1945 embedded much of the nuclear frenzy during the cold war and the depictions and narratives of eye-witnesses were used to describe the weapon and make preparatory strategies. Also, the bombings had a long-lasting impact on the economy of the affected...
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...States of America made history by dropping the world’s first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima (Truman, Reilly, 992). To this day this is only one of two incidents in history where an A-bomb has been used. The other was three days later by the United States on the city of Nagasaki, also located in Japan. This event was a very controversial act by the United States and shocked those around the world, but President Truman made sure to let all of the people of America know what they were doing when it came to atomic energy. It is very important to understand the effects of the A-bomb, and it is described in a recollection from Akihiro Takahashi. Therefore, informing people of the shocking incidents in...
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...had made a life changing decision to drop an atomic bomb named “Little Boy” in Japan’s Hiroshima. The result of this weapon ended up in destroying more than 4 square miles of the city. The company who made the bomb was called Enola Gay. The motive behind the doing of this was to threaten Japan and make them surrender in World War 2. It is a fact that this was the first time in history that a nuclear weapon was used. This event is still one of the most important topics in history. It has been debated by an abundance of historians: Was it justified despite 129,000 innocent citizens died? There isn’t a definite answer to this but there were both sides to the story. Bombing was justified It is widely believed that the bombing was brutal and cruel. However, it was the reason that ended World War 2, and if America did not drop the bomb, the losses of soldiers would be even at a larger number than the amount of people who died in the drop of the bomb. It has also been said to save a lot of American’s lives and soldiers. This statement is backed up by the quotation “Fighting would be fierce and the losses heavy.” that was said by Harry S. Truman in 1955. This quote can tell us that during that time he believed that if the war was still going on, it was very likely that the upcoming invasions of Japan would cause even more severe damage and casualties of American soldiers and citizens. Winston Churchill even estimated that if the bomb wasn’t dropped, two hundred and fifty thousand...
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...Summary of A Doctor’s Journal Entry for August 6, 1945 by Vikram Seth A Doctor’s Journal Entry for August 6, 1945 by Vikram Seth is a remarkable poem describing the horrors of the aftermath of an atomic bomb explosion. This tragic poem describes the condition of the survivors of the atomic bombing by the United States on Hiroshima during the end of the World War II on 6th of August 1945. The narrator in the poem, A Doctor’s Journal Entry for August 6, 1945, is a doctor. The poem begins with a calm and serene note. The doctor says that it was dawn and he was in his bed, not fully clothed. When he stretched out and looked outside, he saw shining leaves and shadows. In the next moment, there were two sudden flashes of strong light and the old stone lantern in his room lit up by itself. The doctor wondered whether the flashes were magnesium flares seen during a war. In the next moment, the doctor finds out that the roof and wall of his building has collapsed and the debris were scattered all over. Dust covered up the whole place and clothes disappeared from his body. They were burnt. The doctor was wounded on his cheek, thigh and he was bleeding. A piece of glass had entered into his body which he removes ‘detachedly.’ He was wondering what suddenly took place and what had happened to him. The narrator called out his wife, ‘where are you, Yecko-san?’ Yecko-san looked pale, frightened and had blood stains on her body. The doctor assures his wife that they would be fine and they...
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...Nicholas Bissen Comp. 2 Rough Draft 11/21/2011 The Atomic Bomb Aftermath The mushroom cloud is a familiar image, but few people are aware of the less visible and longer lasting effects of the atomic bomb. In the following paragraphs, there are going to be three main topics to be discussed. First, the medical effects from the atomic bomb are going to be analyzed and discussed. The main medical effects to be analyzed is Leukemia and Breast Cancer. Second, the injuries that were associated with the survivors of the atomic bomb. There are many characteristics that will be discussed. Third, the damages that were caused by the dropping of the atomic bomb. Some of the damages were ground shock, flash burn, and long and short range blast damage. The first topic is the medical backlash. The main medical effect is Leukemia. Leukemia cases were divided into two categories. The first category was being possible cases which the information used was collected from death certificates. The second category was probable cases in which the diagnosis was determined from hospital studies.( Heyssel 314) Survivors who were living in Hiroshima and who were exposed at less than 1000 m. received a very large amount of radiation. Conversely, those who were 2000 m. or further away received a much smaller amount of radiation.(Heyssell 315) Another little know effect is that males who were exposed to a 1000 m. or closer were more likely to get Leukemia than that of females. (Hessley...
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...struggle to acquire the the ultimate power of nuclear weapons. On August 6th and 9th, 1945 the United States of America dropped two bombs on Japan without any precedent. These weapons of demolition are capable of mass destructions of colossal portions of land and mass killing of people upon detonation. Approaching towards the end of World War 2, the United States of America dropped two bombs named “Little Boy” and “Fat Man” on two Japanese cities named “Hiroshima” and “Nagasaki”. The bombs were dropped at the command of Harry Truman the president of the United States at the time. The purpose for the United States to drop this bomb was to force Japan into an unconditional surrender. “Little Boy” was dropped...
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...Long-Term Suffering in Hiroshima United States President Herbert Hoover voiced “the use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and children, revolts [his] soul,” accurately depicting the sentiment of countless Japanese civilians “at exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning, on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at the movement when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima” (Hersey 1). Hiroshima, by John Hersey, recounts the tales of six individuals who survived from history’s first atomic bombing. Hersey vividly, and even graphically, illustrates the magnitude of a nuclear attack’s impact not only as massive physical and structural destructions, but also as severe emotional and psychological devastations, too. There are two primary ways in which he depicts the peoples’ sufferings: short-term and long-term effects....
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...Historical Context: The first source by Zeman talks about how at the time many magazines praised the atomic bomb for its technological advancements, but did not mention its effects. The magazine “Popular Science” mentions the atomic bombs for the first time in September 1945. They also wrote about the bombs again after the September 1945 issue. The second source by Miles says that there were other alternatives to a land invasion and a bombing, but they were widely ignored by those who could make the decision. After the bombings, the American people would not know if there were other ways because they would not have this knowledge until years later. Influence of Historical Context: Since the magazines and media talked positively of the atomic bombs, that is what the public thought of them. After the bombings in Japan, American citizens thought how the atomic bombs would be a window to nuclear technology, and not just destruction. The decision to drop the bombs versus other decisions has had great effect. The use of the nuclear bombs may have prevented them from being used again because they are so deadly. The use is widely debated due to the bombings...
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