... Research Plan Research Question 1: How serious are the health issues of the current survivors? Research Question 2: “What were the health effects of the atomic bombings on the citizens of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?” Secondary Sources: Sigal, L. (1978). Bureaucratic Politics & Tactical Use of Committees: The Interim Committee & the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Polity, 10(3), 326-364. doi:10.2307/3234412 Miles, R. E., Jr. (1985). Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved. International Security 10(2), 121-140. The MIT Press. Retrieved from Project MUSE database. Historical Context: The strange...
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...in Business Studies. I have been enrolled in some courses this semester among which World History Since 1945 is a course which relates to the historical development and transformations all over the world. The course provides an opportunity to trace the significant events in all parts of the world and identifies their individual and synergic influence on the globalization, Economy and International Relations. In the context of the course requirements, the class is expected to engage with an organization to take an informed action in the form of suggestion or editorial. I have chosen Metropolitan Museum of Arts as my organization. The Metropolitan Museum of Arts is a tremendous resource of collection and exhibits collected from all over the world and makes connections to the world history and culture. The Met Museum explores the world art and history from various perspectives as captured by transnational artists, painters and photographers. The 1945’s atomic bomb dropping on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were a changing point of history. The bombs caused a widespread destruction in both cities almost flattening them to the ground. This was the point when World War II came to the conclusion with Japan’s surrender. It was also the time of the rise of the bipolar world and cold war era in which the nuclear paranoia was at the top. The atomic bombs of 1945 embedded much of the nuclear frenzy during the cold war and the depictions and narratives of eye-witnesses were used to describe the weapon...
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...10.8 Consequences of WWII Historical Context: The Allies celebrated victory, but soon the costs of the war began to emerge. The war had killed as many as 50 million people around the world. In Europe, over 30 million people had lost their lives, more than half of them civilians. The Soviet Union suffered the worst casualties, with over 20 million dead. Germany, parts of Poland, the Soviet Union, Japan, China and other countries lay in ruins. Total war had destroyed cities, factories, harbors, bridges, railroads, farms and homes. Over twenty million refugees wandered Europe. Amid the devastation, hunger, disease, mental illness and political instability took their toll for years after the fighting ended. Like after WWI, the Allies faced difficult decisions about the future. Directions: Read each source and complete the 6Cs. Prompt: Based on your understanding of the documents, what were the consequences of WWII? 1 Chart: Casualties of WWII Source: Encyclopedia Britannica; The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy. Military Dead Allies Britain 264,000 France 213,000 China 1,310,000 Soviet Union 7,500,000 United States 292,000 Axis Powers Germany 3,500,000 Italy 242,000 Japan 1,300,000 *Very small number of civilian dead. 2 Military Wounded Civilian Dead 277,000 400,000 1,753,000 14,012,000 672,000 93,000 350,000 1,000,000 15,000,000 * 5,000,000 66,000 4,000,000 780,000 ...
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...Does the End Justify the Means? Should the doctrine of “the end justifies the means” be accepted? The "the end justifies the means" doctrine is acceptable, but only under certain situations. To understand why this position is being taken, you have to understand the origin of "the end justifies the means." The phrase came from Niccolo Machiavelli's book The Prince. Machiavelli's phrase is interpreted by many to mean that the end result of an action was justified by the actions one took to get there, regardless of the methods used (End justifies the means, n.d.). The phrase suggests that it does not matter whether these methods are legal or illegal, moral or immoral, kind or cruel, or truth or lie. The phrase has to be put into context in order to understand how it can be applied in our modern times. The Prince’s original intended audience was rulers (i.e., government), and was meant to advise and instruct them (Nederman, 2009). The Prince was never meant for the common people. Since "the end justifies the means" was originally meant for the government, then its doctrine can only be acceptable when it is used by the government under certain situations, such as to establish peace during a time of war. Should “the end justifies the means” be unconditional? Can it be situational? Over the years, people have abused "the end justifies the means." The phrase has been used to excuse any wrongs made to attain a goal. For example, a banker will reason that it is all right to steal...
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...class time, under test conditions, on the approved proforma. You must emphasize the physics of the topic by showing decay chains, types of radioactivity involved, and give examples of expert opinions. All work, except the research (some will be done for homework), will be done during class under test conditions. All of your resource material must be stapled to your presentation for verification purposes. Contexts 1. Development of ‘the bomb’ (Resource link - http://fas.org/nuke/index.html) For example: early discoveries in nuclear physics, leading to the Manhattan project; ethical and safety issues surrounding the development and use of atomic weapons, and the dilemma of the scientists involved; uranium, plutonium, hydrogen and neutron bombs. Or 2. Nuclear power For example: nuclear reactors - conventional and breeder; safety record of the nuclear industry; potential problems and precautions; case studies of nuclear accidents; fusion. Or 3. Radiometric Dating For Example: Principles and issues of radiocarbon dating of coal, fossils, relics and historical documents. Potassium argon dating of rock. (Eg. Turin Shroud). Or 4. Radioactivity and medicine For Example: Use of radioactively labelled amino acids in genetics, use in biology and medical research. The presentation must include the following: Key areas to be covered: | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | Introduction | | | | | | | Detailed topic description | | | | | | | Relevant Physics...
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...What do you find most striking/interesting/relevant/significant/innovative about the film and why? Given the lack of advanced of digital technology available to the film industry then, the way special effects were created was through a synthesis of camera work and the use of props. The low budget of the film had compelled them to use props consisting of condoms, oatmeal etc. together with filming techniques to replicate certain scenes like the tunnels or the heat-ray effect. These innovative methods of mixing prop-use and camera tricks, have mostly been replaced by digital technology. Poor representations of what we would come to expect of advanced technology, these special effects back then would have been the acceptable visual standard of portraying the scientific fantasies of the 1950s era. These different special-effects standards notwithstanding, the genre-function of science-fiction is to represent a sort of fantasy with hyper-real elements, while concurrently being a parody of contemporary issues. Hence, with the normative expectations of that genre in mind, it is interesting to see how cinematic expectations have changed, for example, to see how boiled-oatmeal coupled with camera tricks could pass off as a heat-ray’s effect then. However, a judgment regarding the proximity to reality between past and present visual effects can be passed while avoiding anachronisms. Hence, where hyper-real elements – successful exaggerations of reality where representation fades into...
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...François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), also known as Voltaire, was a French writer, historian and philosopher who was famous for his political works. All his literary writings were famous, including plays, poems, novels, essays, historical and scientific works. His best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). He broke from the tradition of narrating political and military events, and emphasized traditions, societal history and achievements in the arts and sciences. One of his famous sayings, “History is the lie commonly agreed upon”, is quite contrary as some agree with it while others argue that that is not the case. Based on the analysis and readings I agree with what Voltaire said. Some people associate history with past whereas history is not the same as past. As past is the occurrence of all the events even the minor ones while history is the selection of some events from the past which are then given meaning to by the historians. So what we study is not actually history but historiography (the writings of history). An example of which can be a person selling gingerbread man in a low lying area and some random people come to his stall and beat him up and kill him [1]. So the historians will not give importance to this event – which is definitely part of the past but it is not the part of written history. At the same time history is majorly affected by the involvement of the role...
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...‘The concept of total war originally emerged in the ideological and political context of the interwar period. It was not designed as a precise tool of academic analysis, but as a rhetorical’ During the Interwar period, the concept developed into ideas on how to prepare for a possible new conflict, especially in Germany there was a sense of that the country had not been willing to go far enough. ‘Eric Ludendorff saw ‘total war’ as the Great War done right.’ ‘Total war’ was to Ludendorff during the interwar period becoming an ideal where Germany could succeed if followed until the hostile nation was crushed. ‘He was convinced that to succeed, the nation would need a military dictatorship, and that ‘total war’ was total mobilization of all human material resources. ’ In a more modern context ‘The notion of ‘total war’ is commonly used within military history to describe a totality of effort, meaning the full mobilization of civil, economic and military sectors for war.’ This, however, is only one of several depictions of ‘total war’. It can be argued that ‘total war’ only is an ideology, and furthermore that it always existed only as a theory. ‘Both Ernst Jünger and Erich...
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...revision: 1997. Your Obligation to the Reader. The author of a book or paper has an obligation to give the reader something beyond what the reader could obtain directly from the source materials. These services to the reader may include: Research and investigate. Seek out obscure and hard-to-find material, and unify it into a clear presentation. Synthesize. Draw together diverse things to show patterns and relations. Organize. Give logical continuity and structure to diverse materials. Analyze. Provide critical analysis in which arguments are examined for evidence, validity, logic, and flaws. Clarify. Make evidence and arguments clearer to the reader. Elucidate difficult material. Examine in a broader context. Show how a specific subject fits into a broader context, relates to another field, or relates to historic precedents. Select and distill. Weed out fluff and irrelevancies to get at the main issues of a complex subject. Adopt a point of view. Show how the preponderance of evidence and reason favors one side in a controversial issue. Research Materials Before sitting down to write you must have ideas, a plan in mind and genuine understanding to communicate. That comes from reading everything you can get your hands on related to your subject. How much? Well, I'd feel a bit insecure writing about anything until I'd digested and understood anywhere from one to two dozen solid references. I'd probably have looked at or skimmed 50 to 100, but not all of them would...
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...Research Paper on theme: U.S. - Soviet relations. Cold War. Student: Natalia Konovalova. Introduction. This paper is about U.S. - Soviet relations in Cold War period. Our purpose is to find out the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it. We also will discuss the main Cold War's events. The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion and misunderstanding by both the United States and Soviet Union, and their allies. At times, these conditions increased the likelihood of the third world war. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The Soviets, meanwhile, charged the United States with practicing imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity in other countries. Each block's vision of the world contributed to East-West tension. The United States wanted a world of independent nations based on democratic principles. The Soviet Union, however, tried control areas it considered vital to its national interest, including much of Eastern Europe. Through the Cold War did not begin until the end of World War II, in 1945, U.S.-Soviet relations had been strained since 1917. In that year, a revolution in Russia established a Communist dictatorship there. During the 1920's and 1930's, the Soviets called for world revolution and the destruction of capitalism, the...
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...human beings, and how easy it can be to fall in the ambush of savagery as a last resort for survival. The research will analyze both novels separately from a psychoanalytical point of view then compare the findings of the two works. Introduction: The research is about two novels that tackle the same crucial theme of the evil nature in human beings. The two novels were written in different eras and as a result of different circumstances which in one way or another affected the philosophy of both of the writers. Lord of the Flies is an English novel written by William Golding in 1954. The book was written after the World War II, however, the events tell the story of English boys evacuated by a plane to safety after threats of an atomic bomb during the war. The crisis in the novel begins when this group of boys find themselves all alone on a...
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...ESSAY #1 From a historical standpoint, just about every culture on the planet has venerated males as dominate figures, while scorning females as the lesser sex. Japan is surely no exception to this method of opinion. Although, ironically male writers paved many of the pioneering days of shojo manga, many female writers emerged and revolutionized the shojo manga market and further gave women within Japanese society who read Shojo manga a sense of exemplification and ‘an air or authenticity’. This was an important mark within Japanese society, because it very closely related to the rise of femininity within Japan, as there were not many female artists before or after the World War. In came the era of the 1970s, and many female artists appeared to express their opinions by manga; their work met the demands of Japanese girls to read manga written from the female point of view. The development of manga had portrayed reality quite well, and sales within these girls’ magazines skyrocketed. As female artists maintained and developed more individuality within their art, Shojo manga in turn depicted the social roles and reduced responsibility that Japanese women had in society. Many of these magazines ‘pushed the envelope’ within society, as many of the relationships created within the stories were doseiai, or same sex romances. The writing and imagery reinforced a “visual of monotony, as many of the characters had similar facial features, and wore identical school uniforms as they...
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...Through the exploration of a pair of texts composed in different contexts one can observe the significance of the ability of texts with varied form and context to still present and reflect similar values. A Room of One’s Own (hereafter AROO), a polemic, by Virginia Woolf and the play Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf (hereafter WAVW) by Edward Albee both address gender inequality and truth and illusion even though their contexts and form starkly contrast. An analysis of similar themes will provide a greater understanding of meanings and perceptions of the texts. AROO, written in the post-war period of the late 1920s, was composed in a time of great social change due to the destruction and turmoil of the War. Modernist writing highlights the absence of, and search for, meaning and features experiments with new forms. Loss and absence lie at the heart of Woolf’s art, resulting from the experience of loss as an adolescent – her half sister, father, brother and mother. Her refusal to give one single view of anything, offering instead multiple, often conflicting views which the reader has to balance and bring together is another modernist trait. In contrast, WAVW was written in a far more conservative context, and although Albee does challenge societal roles, he does it in a more blatant way. Written during a time of Cold War tension, where fear and instability was disguised beneath the facade of the Great American Dream, Albee is still able to paint a dystopian image of the stereotyped...
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...UNDERSTANDING SELF AND SOCIETY: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES Module 1: Why is Human Dignity important ? What is Human dignity ? "dignity: the quality of being worthy or honourable; worthiness, worth, nobleness, excellence. Latin dignitāt-em merit, worth" Oxford English Dictionary The focus of UNCC100 is on the theme of the common good: how we think about what is needed in order for all people to flourish in society. UNCC300 shifts this focus from the social to the individual, although of course, we can never think about the individual without reference to the broader context of society. In this unit, we are going to consider what it means to be a human being, and more particularly, how we can understand the notion of human worth, or value. This is what we are referring to when we talk about human dignity. Activity 1 Complete some research on Rosa Parks . 1. Who was she? 2. What impact did Rosa Parks have on the US Civil Rights movement? 3. What impact do you think Rosa Parks has had on our understanding of human dignity today? 4. There have been numerous songs written about Rosa Parks. The Neville Brothers recorded “Sister Rosa” in 1989. Click the link to hear the song and follow the lyrics. http://pancocojams.blogspot.com.au/2012/01/two-songs-about-rosa-parks-lyrics.html Human dignity is probably a very familiar expression, because the concept is part of many conversations taking place in the contemporary world. At the same time, once we begin...
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...8-week Pre-sessional Research Essay 15th August 2012 To What Extent is Negative Heritage a Benefit to Society？ UCL Language Centre Student: QIFAN WANG Tutor: MARK BAILEY Date: 16/08/2012 Word count: 1854 words Introduction Cultural heritage, including monuments, groups of buildings and sites, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science(1972, UNESCO Convention World Heritage), is inherited from past generations, maintained in the contemporary era and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. While seemingly uncontroversial and due to its significant position and profoundly influential value, human beings are exploring ancient civilization and preserving cultural heritage. However, we should recognize that not all heritage represents a positive memory , the uncritical interpretation of heritage is indeed omit negative factors of the past. In order to distinguish heritage more thoroughly, we use the term “negative heritage” which is defined as sites that may be interpreted by a group as commemorating conflict, trauma and disaster (Rico 2010), more specifically, Meskell deems that negative heritage is a conflicting site that becomes the repository of negative memory in the collective imaginary (Meskell 2002, 558). Unlike other heritage which can win widespread appreciation and permanent admiration, negative heritage refers to death, wars, religious conflicts and culture clashes. Controversies of...
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