...VoLUME 56, NUMBER PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 9 3 MAR. cH 1986 Atomic Force Microscope G. Binnig"~ and C. F. Quate' Edward L Gi.nzton Laboratory, Stanford University, ' Stanford, California 94305 and Ch. Gerber" IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193 I, Received 5 December 1985) The scanning tunneling microscope is proposed as a method to measure forces as small as 10 N. As one application for this concept, we introduce a new type of microscope capable of investigating surfaces of insulators on an atomic scale. The atomic force microscope is a combination of the principles of the scanning tunneling microscope and the stylus profilometer. It incorporates a does not damage the surface. Our preliminary results in air demonstrate a lateral resoluprobe that 0 0 tion of 30 A and a vertical resolution less than 1 A. PACS numbers: 68.35.Gy %e are concerned in this paper with the measurement of ultrasmall forces on particles as small as single atoms. %e propose to do this by monitoring the elastic deformation of various types of springs with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). ' It has been a common practice to use the displacement of springs as a measure of force, and previous methods have relied on electrostatic fields, magnetostatic fields, optical waves, and x rays. Jones~ has reviewed the devices that use variable capacitances and he reports that displacements of 10 4 A can be measured. SQUIDs3...
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...Abstract The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a characterization tool used to image sample surfaces. The AFM operates under many modes and can be manipulated to be used under many different circumstances. Previously, the main applications of the AFM included analyzing surfaces of materials and surfaces forces. More recently, applications of AFM have come to include analyzing living cells as well. By changing the type of tip used to polymer ones, living cells can be scanned without damaging them. Also, because AFM can be done in a liquid environment and dehydrating or coating the sample is not necessary, it aids in creating more accurate image analysis. Some modifications of the AFM that can be made besides changing the material of the tip include using the cantilever without the tip, using different cantilevers, and analyzing samples in different environments. These changes allow the AFM to be used to monitor many different living organisms as will be further described in depth later. The AFM has advantages over both TEM and SEM in that living organism samples are not destroyed during preparations. One limitation of AFM includes the fact that scanning one sample can take several minutes while analysis of an SEM sample occurs in near real-time. Applications of AFM will continue to expand and improvements to the technique will continue to be made. Introduction to AFM Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging technique that can be used in a number of different scientific...
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...com) ABSTRACT Through this paper we report a new atomic force microscope (AFM)-based data storage concept called the “Millipede” that has a potentially ultrahigh density, terabit capacity, small form factor, and high data rate. Its potential for ultrahigh storage density can be used as a technique to store and read back data in very thin polymer films. With this new technique, 3040-nm-sized bit indentations of similar pitch size have been made by a single cantilever/tip in a thin (50-nm) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) layer, resulting in a data storage density of 400-500 Gb/in.2 High data rates are achieved by parallel operation of large two-dimensional (2D) AFM arrays that have been batch-fabricated by silicon surface-micromachining techniques. The very large scale integration (VLSI) of micro devices (cantilevers/tips) on a single chip leads to the largest and densest 2D array of 32 x 32 (1024) AFM cantilevers with integrated write/read storage functionality ever built. Timemultiplexed electronics control the write/read storage cycles for parallel operation of the Millipede array chip. Initial areal densities of 100-200 Gb/in.2 have been achieved with the 32 × 32 array chip, which has potential for further improvements. In addition to data storage in polymers or other media, and not excluding magnetics, we envision areas in nanoscale science and technology such as lithography, high-speed/large-scale imaging, molecular and atomic manipulation, and many others in which Millipede...
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...579 Atomic force microscopy and other scanning probe microscopies Helen G Hansma and Lía Pietrasanta The highlight of the past year is the unfolding and refolding of the muscle protein titin in the atomic force microscope. A related highlight in the intersection between experiment and theory is a recent review of the effects of molecular forces on biochemical kinetics. Other advances in scanning probe microscopy include entropic brushes, molecular sandwiches and applications of atomic force microscopy to gene therapy. Address Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:579–584 http://biomednet.com/elecref/1367593100200579 © Current Biology Ltd ISSN 1367-5931 Abbreviations AFM atomic force microscopy/microscope SFM scanning force microscopy/microscope SICM scanning ion conductance microscopy/microscope SPM scanning probe microscopy/microscope STM scanning tunneling microscopy/microscope A new journal, Probe Microscopy, was launched in 1997 as a forum specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on...
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...M2D1: Microscopy and Differential Staining 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of light and electron microscopes discussed in Chapter 3 that are used to study microorganisms? Focus your response in terms of the following parameters: o Range of magnification o Resolving ability o Sample preparation o Possible states of sample (e.g. whole organism, part of, living, non-living, etc Compound Light microscopes magnification is 2000X. Resolution of about 0.2μm. Can only see very small specimens and specimens are stained. Darkfield – used to study live microorganisms that cannot be stained or staining distorts the image or they are invisible using the normal light microscope. Phase-Contrast – in living microorganisms, this scope allows you to see detailed internal structures, plus you do not have to fix or stain the microbes. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) – instead of one beam of light, 2 beams are used. Image looks almost 3-dimensional and is brightly colored. Fluorescence – used mainly as a diagnostic technique. Stained with fluorochromes and viewed with an ultraviolent light. Confocal – makes 3-dimensional images using a computer. Able to see entire cells and their components. Two-Photon – living cells can be seen up to 1mm (1000um) deep in tissues. Can also track, in real time, the activity of cells. Scanning Acoustic – living cells that are attached to cancer cells, artery plaque and biofilms can be seen through...
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...wavelength "covert" image features in the hologram; h) A reasonably uncomplicated image; i) Poor cooperation or communication between legitimate hologram manufacturers; j) An uneducated or unobservant user base; [4][5][6][7]. V. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY The atomic force microscope (AFM) or scanning force microscope (SFM) was invented in 1986 by Binnig, Quate and Gerber. Similar to other scanning probe microscopes, the AFM raster scans a sharp probe over the surface of a sample and measures the changes in force between the probe tip and the sample. Figure 5 illustrates the working concept for an atomic force microscope. A cantilever with a sharp tip is positioned above a surface. Depending on this separation distance, long range or short range forces will dominate the interaction. This force is measured by the bending of the cantilever by an optical lever technique: a laser beam is focused on the back of a cantilever and reflected into a photo detector. Small forces between the tip and sample will cause less deflection than large forces. By raster-scanning the tip across the surface and recording the change in force as a function of position, a map of surface topography and other properties can be generated [8]. Fig. 5. Scheme of an atomic force microscope The AFM is useful for obtaining three-dimensional topographic information of insulating and conducting structures with lateral resolution down to 1.5 nm and vertical resolution down to 0.05 nm. These samples include clusters of...
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...devices, especially in the pharamaceutical area, and some experts caution against a rigid definition based on a sub-100 nm size. Another important criteria for the definition is the requirement that the nano-structure is man-made. Otherwise you would have to include every naturally formed biomolecule and material particle, in effect redefining much of chemistry and molecular biology as 'nanotechnology.' The most important requirement for the nanotechnology definition is that the nano-structure has special properties that are exclusively due to its nanoscale proportions. The design, characterization, production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property. Nano water filter used in INDONESIA...
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...I Introduction Technology I.1 What is technology? I.2 First inventors I.3 How science affects technology I.4 How technology affects science I.5 Discussion questions 2 Chemistry connects to . . . . . . I.1 What is technology? Think for a moment what it might be like to live in the 14th century. Image that you could travel back in time and found yourself in a small European village in 1392. What do you think you would find? How would you cook your food? Would you use an oven, a fire, or a microwave? How would you eat your food? Do you think you could use a plastic cup to drink your milk? How would you go from one city to the next? Could you get on a train or would you have to walk or ride a horse? How would you send a her or call her on your cell phone? message to your mom telling her you’ll be late for dinner? Can you email How would you get your clothes? Can you shop at a 14th century mall, or on the internet? And what would your clothes be made of? Technology Level I Introduction 3 Do you think you could find pink spandex shorts or would they have to be made of brown cotton? Think for a moment how different everything would be if you were to live in the 14th century. Many of the items you use today are a result of technology. Your cell phone, microwave oven, washing machine, and plastic cup are all the result of scientific discoveries combined with engineering that have allow people to invent products that have improved the...
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...The Agilent Advantage Agilent Technologies The World’s Premier Measurement Company When measurement matters, engineers, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, businesses, universities, and government agencies rely on Agilent Technologies’ tools and solutions. From home entertainment to homeland security, from food safety to network reliability, and from communicating wirelessly to discovering the genetic basis of disease, Agilent Technologies provides the measurement capabilities that make our world more productive and a safer, healthier, more enjoyable place to live. Agilent Technologies operates two primary businesses — (1) electronic measurement (EMG) and (2) life sciences and chemical analysis (LSCA) — supported by a central research group, Agilent Laboratories. Our businesses excel in applying measurement technologies to develop products that sense, analyze, display, and communicate data. Agilent Technologies’ 19,000 employees serve customers in more than 110 countries. These customers include many of the world’s leading high-technology firms, which rely on our products and services to increase profitability and competitiveness, from research and development through manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. We enable our customers to speed their time to market and achieve volume production and high-quality precision manufacturing. In fiscal year 2006, Agilent Technologies had net revenue of $5 billion. More than half of this revenue was generated from outside...
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...In: Book Name Editor: Editors Name, pp. ISBN © 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN NONTRADITIONAL MACHINING AND MICROSCOPY Y.H. Guu1, C.C. Mai2 and H. Hocheng3,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National United University Miaoli 360, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Numerical Control Technology, Intelligent Machinery Technology Division Mechanical and Systems Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute Taichung Industrial Area, Taichung 407, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Carbon nanotubes possess advantages over other materials due to their superior strengthto-weight ratios, tremendous stiffness, high conductivity, high flexibility, and low density. Many promising applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including miniaturized electronic and mechanical devices. In this chapter, the applications on nontraditional machining and microscopy are introduced. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most successful and widely accepted manufacturing processes for complicated shapes and tiny apertures with high accuracy including micro nozzle fabrication, drilling of composites and making of moulds and dies of hardened steels. This method is considered suitable for machining of materials with extremely high hardness, strength, wear resistance and thermal resistance...
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...Arturo Alcaraz (Philippines) - Instrumental in a team of scientists, who in 1967 were able to harness steam from a volcano resulting in the production of electricity. Diosdado Banatao (Philippines) - Improved computer performance throughthe development of accelerator chips, helping to make the Internet a reality. Marie Curie (Poland) - Winner of two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physicsfor her studies into Radioactivity and her discoveries of Radium and Polonium. Paul Dirac (England) - An important contributor in the fields of QuantumMechanics and Electro Dynamics, Dirac was co-winner of the Nobel Prize inPhysics (1933). Albert Einstein (Germany) - Arguably needing no introduction, the most famous scientist that lived and a name that has become synonymous in popular culture with the highest intelligence. Enrico Fermi (Italy) - Heavily involved in the development of the world's first nuclear reactor and his work in induced radioactivity saw him awarded with the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia) - One of three recipients of the 2003 Nobel inPhysics for their pioneering work in the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands) - Most well known for his wave theory of light, Huygens is credited with discovering the first of Saturn's moons. Werner Israel (Canada) - In 1990 Israel co-pioneered a study on black hole interiors. Ali Javan (Iran) - Born in Tehran, Ali Javan is listed as one of the top 100 living...
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...Biology 119, Spring 2015 Review sheet for Exam 1 The exam is worth 100 points total. It will consist of approximately 47 multiple-choice questions worth 2 point each and 3-4 short essay questions. Bring a scantron and pencil to the exam. The best way to study is to review the posted lecture notes. I suggest printing of a blank copy and filling them in referring to your book and notes as little as possible. Continue this process until you can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover chapters 1-3 and 6. 1. How long have microbes been on the planet? How has this affected the evolution of more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae ...
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...would have if it were accelerated by an electrical force going through a potential of 12,500 V) that’s why it penetrated skin and flesh easily, bones not quite so easily and have usage in medicine – is that the main usage??? Who was Conrad Wilhelm Röntgen, discoverer of X-rays? A medical doctor? A physicist, the very first Nobel prize winner in Physics? how did he discover X-rays? 1895, by chance, experimenting with cathode rays (doing similar things to J.J Thompson) on one end of the laboratory, there was a sheet of paper that was covered with a phosphor sitting around at the other end of the laboratory, experimenting in the dark, he noticed that phosphor lights up when he switches on his cathode ray tube, dragging out electrons and accelerating them by a potential difference, the cathode ray tube is expected to be under vacuum, but there was just enough rest gas (air) that electrons got slowed down by being scattered by the molecules, today we know: when electrons are slowed down they radiate off their lost in kinetic energy – and that is X-rays an electromagnetic wave + a stream of high energy photons traveling at the speed of light at the time nobody knows how the radiation originates and of what kind it was: wave or particles? Röntgen could in a long series of experiments showed: - X-rays penetrate all substances to some extend, elements of low atomic weight are especially transparent, elements of high atomic number can bye used as shields for protection against...
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...it all starts. Nanomanufacturing is the manufacturing of nano-scale materials, structures, devices, and systems. There are two approaches to nanomanufacturing, the top-down approach or the bottom-up approach. The top-down approach reduces large pieces of material down to the nanoscale. This approach uses more material and can lead to waste if excess material isn’t used. The second approach, the bottom-up approach, creates products by starting at the atomic or molecular level and building the products from the ground up. This process is very time consuming. With these two approaches there are new processes that enable nanomanufacturing which are (Manufacturing at the Nanoscale): 1. Chemical vapor deposition – a process where chemicals react to produce pure high-performance films. 2. Molecular beam epaxity – a method for depositing highly controlled thin films 3. Atomic layer epaxity – a method for depositing one atom thick layers on a surface 4. Dip pen lithography - a process where the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then used to "write" on a surface. 5. Nanoimprint lithography –...
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...Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher, the exact details from his birth are not known but it is estimated to be born sometime around 450 BC in Abdera, Greece. It is believed that he was the scientist to create the first atomic theory (Coffey, 2010). He claimed that absolutely everything is made up from atoms and that the atom is was the smallest particle of matter (Bennett, 2012). He also stated that atoms are physically indivisible and indestructible they have been and always will be, there are infinite number of atoms and this number will never change (Coffey, 2010). At the time he lived the technology of today was not available. He did not have electricity, microscopes and the internet (Bennett, 2012). John Dalton was an English chemist born in 1766 and died in 1844. No drastic changes took place in the atomic theory for almost 2000 years. Scientists were still researching Democritus theory trying to build upon it...
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