...Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases, is a significant cause of disability, as it is responsible for population morbidity and causes a large healthcare burden worldwide and thus remains a global health concern (Edwards et al. 2012). Atopic asthma is considered an inappropriate immune T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) mediated response (Navarro et al. 2010; Allan & Devereux 2011). Dendritic cell persistence and activation of the adaptive immune response upon antigen detection are important in in the clearance of pathogens via this Th2 pathway. However, in an atopic asthmatic patient, the homeostatic equilibrium between this inflammatory Th2 mediated response and the T regulatory (Treg) cell response that dampen and suppress both effector...
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...Atopic Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Eczema generally manifest themselves already in childhood, is a hereditary disease. Eczema is the most common skin disease in children. It can appear at any age but most often the course is very typical. Approximately 60% of cases of eczema begin in the first year of life, and in about 30% of cases between the first and fourth year of life in 9% between the ages of 6 to 20 years. Sometimes the illness lasts long, even a lifetime. Sometimes occur periods of apparent improvement, usually in the summer, with the following periods of deterioration. Symptoms can differ depending on the age of the child occur in different parts of the body. Atopic Eczema can be divided into four categories according to age: * Infantile atopic dermatitis * Childhood atopic dermatitis (from four to ten years) * Adult atopic dermatitis First symptoms of atopic dermatitis usually appear between the second and third months of life. Occur on the skin red spots with small bubbles, which sometimes grow, burst and filtration. There are stained with blood, secretions creates a yellow or brown-red scabs. The first signs of cracks in the form of red appear most often in the folds of the auricle. These changes can then occur on the cheeks, forehead and chin, then on the sides of the trunk and limbs. Over time, these changes include body hands and feet. Although it is possible the appearance of the first symptoms of atopic dermatitis in later childhood, usually figure...
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...Hand eczema is being shown in the picture above. Scaly, red blisters can be seen. Eczema is the term used for a group of skin conditions that cause the skin to become irritated and inflamed. The cause of eczema is unknown, but it is believed that is the body’s immune system overreacting to an irritant. Eczema is also commonly found in families with a history of allergies and asthma. An eczema flare up is usually caused by a trigger. Some of the most common and well known triggers are: dry skin, cleaning products and irritants, stress, hot or cold temperature, sweating, infection, allergies, and hormones. Eczema symptoms will vary from person to person. Usually eczema will not look the same for every person, especially if they have a different...
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...Thesis Statement Writing Tuesday, Jun. 8th 2010 Before you familiarize yourself with thesis statement writing, you need to know what the statement is in the first place. This sentence basically sums up your main objective for writing the term paper, creates a simple guide for the reader and provides the basis for your argument. All in all thesis statement writing is quite simple, as long as you keep some tips and techniques in mind. The first thing you need to do is put together one question which is only possible if you compress the entire thesis. A great way to do this is examine the main topic and create a question out of it. It will give you a basic idea of what the statement should look like and how you should answer that question. The first sentence should introduce the topic and the objective and the next few should spell out how you plan to support your argument. Thesis statement writing, therefore, is about asking yourself the fundamental question that forms the essence of your paper. When you are done writing the statement, step back and examine in from another point of view to determine whether it is strong or weak. A strong statement is one which sparkles with confidence and focuses on one and only one aspect of the issue. This means that you can’t be vague or off-hand about the topic. If you have selected a theme, you should be ready to stand up for it- now is not the time to be diplomatic or meek. In addition to that, it should also spell out the basis for...
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...your hands or forearms * Blood clots * Ulcers on your toes and fingers * Raynaud’s syndrome, a narrowing of blood vessels in your hands and sometimes your toes TREATMENT * Stopping all smoking and other forms of tobacco use * Having surgery to bring blood to the affected tissues (people who have smoked for more than 20 years are more likely to need surgery COMPLICATIONS * Changes in the way you walk or move due to pain * Ulcers * Tissue damage or tissue death * Gangrene * Amputation ASTHMA What is Asthma? * Asthma existed in ancient egyptian times and there’s some evidence that asthma has been around even before that. The Georg Ebers papyrus – found in egypt in 1970’s – contains prescription written in hieroglyphics for over 700 remedies * Asthma is a condition that causes long term inflammation of the air ways. The inflammation makes the airways over react to certain triggers. During an asthma flare-up the muscle sorrounding the tubes that carry air into the lungs ( bronchial tubes ) go into spasm; the...
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...Asthma Disease Outline By Ifeoma Uzoma HCS 245 - Introduction to Health And Disease. December 20th 2010. Dr. Michelle Clemons Introduction: Asthma is a respiratory disease of the lungs that usually obstructs human breathing. Types of Asthma: the classification of asthma is based on severalty or chronicity of the disease. 1. Season A. seasonal asthma B. perennial asthma 2. Allergen A. Atopic or extrinsic asthma. B. Non atopic asthma or intrinsic asthma 3. Trigger A. occupational asthma B. nocturnal asthma C. Exercise induced asthma. The transmission of Asthma. A. Asthma is a chronic disease of the lungs. 1. Breathing becomes obstructed 2. Airway constriction 3. Airway inflammation 4. muscles of the chest get strained. 5. Narrowing of the bronchial tubes. B. Asthma cannot be transmitted from person to person. 1. It is not contagious. 2. It is hereditary in nature. 3. It is inherited i.e. from forefathers. 4. It is not a communicable disease. C. Asthma manifest differently in various degrees in patients. 1. some experience it once in a while. 2. Others a have a regular attacks. 3. Coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing sound in breathing accompany. D. Asthma is widespread. 1. Asthma starts from childhood. 2. Asthma may be fatal if not controlled properly. Affected Populations I. Asthma affects all areas of the population II. Number of Asthma cases is consistently rising A. Populations affected...
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... including moisturizing the skin and avoiding irritants. Eczema affects the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, and the underlying blood vessels. Causes & Triggers The exact causes of eczema are unknown. You might have inherited a tendency for eczema. You may have a family member who has eczema or who has hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or asthma. Many doctors think eczema causes are linked to allergic disease, such as hay fever or asthma. Doctors call this the atopic triad. Many children with eczema (up to 80%) will develop hay fever and/or asthma. There are many triggers of eczema that can make it flare or get worse. Below are some of the common triggers. You should learn what triggers your eczema to flare, and then try to avoid it. IRRITANTS: Irritants can make your symptoms worse. What irritates you may be different from what irritates someone else with the condition, but could include: • Soaps and detergents, • Shampoos, dish-washing liquids • Bubble Bath • Disinfectants like chlorine • Contact with juices from fresh fruits, meats, vegetables ALLERGENS: If your genes make you more likely to develop atopic eczema, the condition will develop after you are exposed to...
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...Asthma Asthma is a chronic lung disease which inflames and narrows the airways. Inflammation causes the airways to swell and become sensitive. Symptoms are prominent when the airways are obstructed. Sometimes the symptoms go away on their own or with minor treatment. There is no known cure for asthma. You will have the disease even when symptoms subside, because you can have a flare up at anytime. Etiology Asthma is caused by different triggers. Each person has a different trigger, what may trigger my asthma may be different for you. Some triggers are allergens, such as animal fur, mold or pollen irritant, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. Sprays such as hairspray or air fresheners can cause your airways to be blocked. Medications such as beta blockers and NSAIDs can also cause your airways to flare. Physical activity, including exercise is another trigger. Signs and Symptoms There are many signs and symptoms that can determine an asthma attack, some of them are coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and dyspnea (shortness of breath). Coughing is worst at night or early in the morning, making it difficult for you to sleep. Wheezing sounds like a whistling or squeaky sound, it is done during aspiration. When your chest tightens it feels as though someone is squeezing you or sitting directly on your chest, which makes it harder for you to breath. Epidemiology Asthma affects 5-10% of the population or an estimated 23.4 million persons, including 7 million children. It...
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...related to someone with that condition. If your family has this disorder, the likelihood of getting it at a young age is very high. A sixty percentile of people with alopecia areata are below the age of twenty according to a study done by Mayo clinic. Autoimmune diseases Study done by Academy of Dermatology in America, Alopecia areata will occur as a result of the immune system posing an attack on a person’s hair follicles. It is a common condition with families that have autoimmune diseases like diabetes, asthma and atopic eczema. These diseases raise the chances of getting the disorder. Viral trigger Alopecia areata can be triggered by a virus. People that succumb to viral allergies and illness are at a higher risk of contracting the disorder. Diagnosing alopecia areata To determine whether a patient has alopecia areata, doctors usually examine the patient’s medical history to see if they have any of the diseases that are associated with people with that disorder like atopic eczema and check out the patients hair loss patterns. The doctor may also conduct a physical examination of their hair. The physical examination will involve examination of the patients scalp and hair or doing some tests on the patient’s blood to see if they have an overactive thyroid glands or an underactive one. Treatment of...
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...Questions and Discussion 1. Explain the basis of Josh’s chest tightness and radiographic findings. Due to his asthma Josh’s airways can become inflamed and the smooth muscle constricted, this can resulting in negative pressure in the airways during inspiration and positive pressure during expiration causing a narrowing of the airways. Air can become trapped in the lungs due to the narrowing of the airways resulting in an increased residual lung volume at the end of expiration. A high residual lung volume causes the muscles to work harder and therefore chest tightness can be felt. The high residual lung volume can also account for the hyperinflation of lungs which was seen on Josh’s radiograph, the peribronchial inflammation in asthma causes bronical marking around the airways, which occurs when excess mucus builds up in the small airway passages of the lungs. 2. Explain the failure of Josh’s asthma to improve despite frequent use of bronchodilators, and his response to steroid therapy. Bronchodilators simply cause the smooth tissue to relax, allow the airways in the lungs to open up, but in severe/ chronic cases of allergic asthma there are multiple symptoms other than constriction of the smooth muscles. Patients with chronic allergic asthma also experience production of excess mucus and...
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...(Chief of Department) MEDICINE __________________________________________ DATE ______________ (PIC/Designee) NURSING ___________________________________________ DATE ______________ (Director of Nursing Practice) ADMINISTRATION ___________________________________ DATE ______________ (Medical Group Administrator) IV. PRACTITIONERS FUNCTION UNDER THIS STANDARDIZED PROCEDURE: Current list of authorized personnel are on file in the office of the Medical Group Administrator and department manager. PROTOCOLS: Childhood Asthma Acute Asthma Chronic Asthma References: Attached CHILDHOOD ASTHMA PROTOCOL I. RATIONALE This protocol will assist in the history, symptoms, physical exam, diagnostic tests, treatment, and follow-up visit for Childhood Asthma II. SYMPTOMS A. Acute 1. Dyspnea 2. Hypoxemia 3. Tachypnea 4. Use of accessory muscles 5. Loud wheezing 6. Fatigue 7. Diaphoresis 8. Anxiety 9. Apprehension 10. Respiratory failure...
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...INTRODUCTION • Asthma is a long-term, inflammatory condition that affects the lung, which results to a difficulty of breathing of a person experiencing it (Morris, 2011). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 235 million people worldwide are affected by asthma. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , the number of people with asthma increased by 4.3 million from 2001 to 2009 and that during this time period, asthma rates rose the most (almost 50 percent) in black children. In 2007, asthma was linked to 3,447 deaths in the United States. (Morris, 2011) Severe asthma is a serious health concern that can lead to respiratory failure. Each year in the United States, as many as 470,000 people seek hospital treatment for asthma-related symptoms and the disease causes about 5000 deaths. Despite its prevalence, experts differ in the definition of the disease. Clinical authorities typically favor a broad, comprehensive definition. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, defines asthma as: "A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways (which causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning) usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment." (Homer SD, 2009) Asthma was recognized...
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...Good morning, I will be discussing the medical condition Asthma that has been identified as a national health priority in relation to my patient Jane smith. Asthma is a chronic disease of the Respiratory system in which the air passages or bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed, swollen and narrowed, preventing free/ easy air flow into and out of lungs. Miss smith is a 12 year old female that suffers from asthma, she is in a healthy weight range although she finds it difficult to exercise because of the seriousness of her disease. She is a student that lives with her two parents and is an only child. Jane smith has no previous family history of asthma and does not have a history of smoking or drinking Although her father smokes frequently. She is prescribed salbutamol for her Asthma. Question 1. Three major pathological changes that occur in the lungs during an asthma attack are: ♣ bronchial smooth muscle contraction- muscles around airways tighten ♣ inflammation of the bronchi ♣ production of extra mucus – causes narrowing Choose TWO of these and for each explain how these pathological changes arise in your person/client (ie. the pathophysiology). There are five signs of inflammation. Redness caused by vasodilation of the capillaries, Heat caused by vasodilation as well as an increase in core body temperature, otherwise known as fever. Swelling caused by increased permeability of the capillaries enabling fluid to move into the tissues, Pain from sensitization...
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...Asthma Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are the small tubes, called bronchi, which carry air in and out the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi will be inflamed and more sensive than normal. Symptoms: * Felling breathless * A tight chest, like a band tightening around it * Wheezing * Coughing What causes asthma? The cause of asthma is not fully understood, although it is known to run in families You are more likely to have asthma if one or both your parents has the condition. Common triggers: A trigger is anything irritates the airways in the symptoms of asthma. This different person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers, such as: house dust mites, animal fur, tobacco smoke, exercise, clod air, chest infections. . Will asthma ever go away? If asthma developed in childhood, your symptoms may become milder or completely disappear by your mid-teens. It can, but does not always, return in later life. If asthma first appears in adulthood, it generally continues at some level. Who is at risk? * A family of asthma or other related allergic conditions, such as eczema. * Developing another atopic condition, such as food allergy * A low weigh * Being born prematurely * Being exposed to tobacco smoke as a child How to prevent? * Patients may use inhalers; depending on the asthma level they may have (one, two, three or four level). * Tablets steroids * Keep houses free of dust...
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...Asthma Bronchial asthma; Exercise-induced asthma Last reviewed: July 14, 2010. PubMed Health U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health National Center for Biotechnology Information U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, which causes attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. See also: Pediatric asthma Causes, incidence, and risk factors Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways. When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass by. In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be triggered by breathing in allergy-causing substances (called allergens or triggers). Common asthma triggers include: * Animals (pet hair or dander) * Dust * Changes in weather (most often cold weather) * Chemicals in the air or in food * Exercise * Mold * Pollen * Respiratory infections, such as the common cold * Strong emotions (stress) * Tobacco smoke Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provoke asthma in some patients. Many people with asthma have a personal or family history of allergies, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or eczema. Others have no history of allergies. Symptoms Most people with asthma have attacks...
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