...CHAP TER Separating Ideas and Shaping Content Writing Paragraphs 1. PURPOSE, AUDIENCE, TONE, AND CONTENT L E A R N I N G 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 O B J E C T I V E S Identify the differences between summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation paragraphs Identify the content in writing paragraphs Demonstrate how audience and tone influence content Apply purpose, audience, tone, and content to a specific assignment Imagine reading a poorly written review of a movie that you would like to see this weekend. You cannot follow the characters, action, or conflict because the author of the review rambles on and on. Without clear paragraphs, this review will likely lose your interest, and you may skip the movie altogether! When you are the writer, it is helpful to position yourself as a reader. Ask yourself whether you can focus easily on each point you make. Effective writers use a single paragraph for each new idea they introduce. Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable, and distinct units. Each paragraph focuses on only one main idea and presents coherent sentences to support that single point. Because all the sentences in one paragraph support the same point, a paragraph may stand on its own. Each paragraph is shaped by Purpose: the reason why the writer composes the paragraph. < Tone: the attitude the writer conveys about the paragraph’s subject. < Audience: the individual or group whom the writer intends to address. < Content: the written material in the paragraph...
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...Solutions to selected exercises from those assigned in outline (Chapters 1, 2 & 3) Message for Analysis (p. 31) Students will recognize this document as ineffective because it presents so many barriers to communication. The memo • Creates emotional barriers right from the first sentence (accusing employees of lying and cheating, later calling them names), preventing readers from perceiving the intended message • Presents a restrictive and authoritarian attitude, reflecting an environment that discourages open communication and thus discourages employee candor • Expresses bias or prejudice (in the slur against women employees) • Reflects the author’s anger and defensiveness (“I simply have no choice”) • Assumes bad intentions on the part of the employees, underlining the lack of audience-centered thinking • Uses vague, confusing language (More than three times during what period? Will have to answer to the author for what specific penalties?) • Polarizes workers by inciting conflict between “punctual” employees and others 1.2 The tasks described have the following communication directions: a. Downward, upward, and horizontal—since the entire company is involved. A memo is the best choice (either printed or electronic) to ensure that everyone receives the message (as opposed to, say, a blog posting, which is more passive). b. Upward. Depending on the situation, could be a formal proposal or a presentation at an executive meeting. c. Horizontal. Because this situation...
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...changes will be communicated to students in writing. Course Description RHET 1302 will prepare you for college-level writing while helping you develop your critical thinking skills. Rhetoric is the study and practice of how people communicate messages, not only in writing and speech, but also through visual and digital mediums. In this class, you will develop skills to analyze the way rhetoric, in its various forms, addresses audiences. By paying attention to the strategies that good writers and speakers use to persuade their particular audiences, you will learn to reason better and to persuade others in your own writing, both through rhetorical appeals and through analysis of audience, purpose, and exigency that is at the heart of the study of rhetoric. For RHET 1302, you will read and reread texts and write multi-draft essays. Practically speaking, you will learn skills that you can use in your future course work regardless of your major. Student Learning Objectives • Students will be able to write in different ways for different audiences. • Students will be able to write effectively using appropriate organization, mechanics, and style. • Students will be able to construct effective written arguments. • Students will be able to gather, incorporate, and interpret source material in their writing. Required Texts Rosenwasser, David and Stephen, Jill. Writing Analytically with Readings. Second edition. Thomson/Wadsworth, 2011. Fall 2011 Assignments...
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...a million members. There are also three locations in Switzerland, Basel, and Zurich. All sport clubs have a multitude of options for everyone, and a wide range of group exercises and fitness programs. Select facilities also offer racquet sports, pools, basketball courts and other recreational activities. The company’s successful growth over the years is a result of many things, including its innovative fitness programs, well-trained staff, dedication to quality and service and continual facility improvement. But foremost, the New York Sports Club success has been earned by placing members satisfaction above all else. So when you have satisfied members, they get results from their fitness program, which becomes a win-win situation for all participants. 2.0 Situation Analysis Membership Driven, which consists of four project management consultants, were hired by New York Sports Club (NYSC) located in New York City on 23rd Street and Park Avenue in the Gramercy area to increase their club membership. The main goal is to establish and increase club membership from three target markets located in the Gramercy area: Gramercy residents, corporations in the Gramercy area (a one mile radius), and continuing education participants. This action will facilitate with the enrollment of mature audiences in which New York Sports Club is targeting and the goal is to reach approximately 1000 new members or a 3 to...
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...CHAP TER Rhetorical Modes 1. NARRATION L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S 10 1. Identify the purpose and structure of narrative writing. 2. Recognize how to write a narrative essay. Rhetorical modes simply mean the ways in which we can effectively communicate through language. This chapter covers nine common rhetorical modes. As you read about these nine modes, keep in mind that the rhetorical mode a writer chooses depends on his or her purpose for writing. Sometimes writers incorporate a variety of modes in one essay. In covering the nine rhetorical modes, this chapter also emphasizes these as a set of tools that will allow you greater flexibility and effectiveness in communicating with your audience and expressing your ideas. rhetorical modes The ways in which we effectively communicate through language. 1.1 The Purpose of Narrative Writing Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. In addition, a narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or imagined, story; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as he or she sees fit. However, the big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer’s purpose...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...perceived opportunity and its implementation. * Understanding the relevance of group and network resources in business opportunity preparation and the student’s own self efficacy in terms of ability, adaptability and behaviours in these social contexts. Module Outcomes On completion of this module you will be able to: 1) Analyse and understand the key concepts around opportunity, entrepreneurial behaviour and the factors in the process of start-up and survival 2) Identify ideas to create opportunities, national or international, through a feasibility analysis and evaluation using relevant disciplines and frameworks 3) Recognise the tension between the creative (innovative) and measured elements (data analysis and evaluation) of a business opportunity and the disjunctive nature of learning this brings. 4) Develop the feasibility assessment through relevant research techniques and sources to create a macro and micro level analysis as the basis to develop a business plan or solve a business problem 5) Present a professional feasibility report for the business opportunity, with appropriate measures, as the base for...
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...you consider ways to help your audience absorb the information. Technical presentations include anything unfamiliar to your audience. Even if your material does not involve quantitative examples or extensive jargon, it is still easy for you to be so engrossed in your field that you forget how little an audience will know about it. Here are three tips you might find helpful: 1) Draw Conclusions and Focus Your Presentation Around Them Technical analysts often feel that they should just present information and let the data speak for itself. This is rarely the case. Unless the presentation is purely an informational briefing, the audience will want an interpretation or judgment about the data, and you, as the technical expert, are often immensely qualified to make that judgement. Technical analysts will also sometimes assume that the conclusions are obvious and that pointing them out is redundant. But the audience does not have your expertise and needs you to directly tell them. 2) Start with a Preview of Your Presentation Previewing your presentation helps in two important ways. One, cognitive researchers have found that a preview spurs an audience to mentally activate related knowledge. For example, if you say that you are about to discuss financial derivatives, the audience members will consciously and subconsciously recall what they know about derivatives, which will better prepare them to learn. Two, a preview gives your audience a reason to listen to your presentation;...
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...The purpose of this essay is to give some examples of the work of sociologists in media analysis. It takes a number of surveys conducted in the past and analyses them from the sociological point of view and determines their significance. The route between sociology and mass communication seems to be a one-way street. This is surprising because the exercise of social power, the mediation of social relations, the reproduction of society and culture, and the organisation of social experience are significant in sociology and media studies. (Sociology has a lot to say about the media and the media very little to say about Sociology.) The sociological study of communication is an attempt to answer the simple question of ‘who says what, in which channel, to whom and with what effect?’ This definition implies overt intention, avowed purpose, and communicative efficiency. However, some sociologists take the view that a greater emphasis on the role of society and external social forces in defining the roles of ‘sender’ and receiver’ is more appropriate. The former view further assumes that messages are as much received as sent and that motives for receiving are as significant as motives for sending. Thirdly, it further assumes the media are not neutral but complex social institutions with motives. Fourthly, messages are sent by media that have encoded purposes with many possible interpretations of origin and function. Developments Of Theory: Directions of change are occurring in media...
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...content preparation, content design and content presentation skills Type, plan and session-wise content of the course: Each session is assumed for 1 hour 20 minutes. Total duration: 10 sessions Session | Topics | Case/discussions | 1 | Importance of strategic business communication in corporate world.Characteristics of “persuasive presentation”Experiential case studyS3P3 Presentation Model elements | Anchor case from Faculty corporate experience | 2 | Learning from top leader presentation skills- Presentation secrets of Steve Jobs – Video based discussion | Video based case | 3 | "Stages of business communication" model framework.analysis of Types of Audience Applying Types of information processing to business communication | Caselet: Applying Business communication model | 4 | Audience analysis: Managing Cognitive and selective perception type...
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...such as Olympic Games are, inevitably, sees in competition not only the athletes but also the brand they wear; it is a battle led through campaigns in various mass media. Focus of my analysis is placed on three TV commercials, videos each of which lasts 30 seconds. I find it necessary to describe them before proceeding with my analysis in order to provide a better insight in the material I will discuss and to present the way I saw and understood this campaign. Each of the videos has famous athletes as its protagonists and they are all made in the way that with digital trickery present day athletes are matched with champions from the past. First of them is Olympic champion Haile Geberlassie. In the video we find this Ethiopian athlete preparing himself for a surreal, 10 000 meters long race. He is surrounded with his clones, all dressed slightly different but all in Adidas. In the background we hear his voice talking in first person saying that despite all medals won and the records broken it is necessary and possible to always improve yourself and beat yourself one more time. The video closes with Adidas logo and the suffix “com” added to the name of the brand. In the second video of the campaign the role of main character is played by famous gymnast Nadia Comanci. She performs a utopian exercise simultaneously with another Russian Olympic heroine Nastia Luikin on two uneven bars. As in the previous video, different filmings are united in one spectacular...
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...consecutive console generations. However, in recent times, the ecosystem has changed to include a larger audience and usability has trumped technological superiority as a key metric in generating buyer interest. In 2008, Nintendo’s Wii had 2 times the market share that Sony’s offering, the Play Station 3, had. I feel Sony should assess the following options. (1) Focus on catering to its niche advance game segment and focus on leveraging its progress form the previous 2 generations. (2) Respond to Wii onslaught by developing its previous generation console to include a low end offering that directly competes with Wii. (3) Partner with Nintendo and others to strengthen offerings in the gaming console space, eliminating Microsoft and creating a “co-opetition” I recommend a combination of (1) and (3) to ensure sustained dominance in the gaming console market. I would not look to option (2) since it undermines SCEI’s position as a focused differentiator (Exhibit 1 in appendix) and also because this would be a knee jerk reaction forcing Sony to play on Nintendo’s terms. Analysis As evident from Porters five forces analysis (Exhibit 2) the console market is not very attractive for new entrants. . However, there is a huge growth opportunity for established players since there is only moderate buyer bargaining power and few substitutes. To substantiate the Five Forces analysis, this paper will detail a strategy that could enable SCEI to create a sustained unique advantage in the...
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...ACNT 2345 Research Assignment Scenario Refer to Effective Writing, p.112, exercise 6-5 for scenario. Part One – Prewriting Answer the following questions: 1. What is the goal of this communication? 2. Please refer to the information in Lesson 4. Conduct a brief audience analysis. Invent any information you feel is necessary to make the scenario complete. How will this analysis help you shape your message? 3. Considering your purpose and audience, what is the best channel for this communication? 4. Write a brief summary of your client’s current situation, including relevant facts and all issues involved. You can also use this summary in your final draft. 5. Please refer to the information in Lesson 6. Identify at least one specific source you will use in your research. 6. Please refer to the information in Lesson 5. Based on the prewriting steps you have taken in 1-6, how you will organize your document? Will you use a direct or indirect strategy? Write a brief outline. Part Two – Final Draft Write a response to your client, Mr. Young. Remember to focus on the information that will benefit your reader. Emphasize the “you” view. ** In this situation, presumably you are a paid advisor. As a professional, you will need to summarize your findings in your own words and in a way that specifically addresses your client’s situation. This is what he is paying you to do. Do not copy large passages from your sources, even if you give proper credit ** Instructions Create your two-part assignment...
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...Vertical Reports= Control, Lateral Reports= Coordination. Formal, informal, periodic, internal, external, analytical, inform. Reports travel upward and are objective and usually are for a limited audience. The Problem Solving Process 1. Recognize/Define The Problem- problem statement/purpose approach or null hypothesis approach and limit the scope of the problem. 2. Select a Method of Solution- Find research from either primary, secondary or both. 3. Collect/organize data and document sources-avoid too small samples, biased, too much info, not representative, gathering not enough info 4. Arrive at answer (2) Secondary Research- information that has already been reported by others Primary Research- Firsthand data such as observational studies, experimental research (taking 2 equal samples and adding a variable to 1.), Normative Studies (surveys, questionnaires,) or Sampling (not taking 100% of population). All research needs to be valid and reliable. (3) Secondary: Don’t collect too much secondary data. Be concise. Read articles rapidly, from memory list main points, review the article to double check. Use either direct quotation or paraphrasing. Primary: Surveys should be easy to follow, logical sequence, appealing, single answer, provide all of the above in MC, avoid threating questions. Mail- Inexpensive, reach wide #, allows anonymity---could get low response rate, not good for detailed info Personal Interviews-in depth, personal contact----very time consuming...
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...meant to “crush and hypnotize” the sensibilities of the audience. Like symbolism, images, and words are not direct and literal, instead they focus on nonsense, and a lack of the real. However, unlike symbolism, Artaud wishes to abandon psychology, and representations, for more of an attack on the audience’s senses, and morals (Artaud, pgs.359-62). Artaud thought that theater should not be an intellectual exercise, but one that deems to shock the audience, and rid them of the disease of the...
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