...Black Swan Event By Adam Murad 1) What was the event? The arrival of European settlement in Australia. 2) What were the consequences? The consequences of European settlement in Australia during 1788 thousands of Aborigines died from diseases that the colonists have spread. At first contact there were over 250,000 Aboriginals in Australia. 3) What period of time did it effect? European settlement effected Australia from 1770 till today. 4) How global was the consequence? European settlement/colonisation has not only happened in Australia but all over the world stretching out from the Americas to Asia, Africa New Zealand and the Pacific islands. 5) How has Hindsight history explained the event? Australian history is not taught properly, kids at schools learn more about the European colonisation side of Australia and how they developed the country rather than the Aboriginal side. Australian history should be taught about the ancestors and the original custodians of this land the dream time stories, the stolen generation and the wars they had also the culture and language. If kids at school learn about the ancestors of Australia they will understand what ‘Australia day’ really means, 6) Has History repeated itself? History has not repeated itself European colonisation has stopped to this day and era, but the opposite is happening immigrants from other countries that have had a past of invasion from European settlement are now doing the...
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...Australia post 1945 - Key terminology – * Assimilation Policy – official government policy which aims to integrate minority groups into the dominant culture group. This results in a loss of culture, tradition and languages. * Balance rites – Aboriginal rituals that aim to make a supernatural connection with ancestral beings from the dreaming * Crown land – Public land owned by the commonwealth of Australia and managed by Australian government * Dispossession – The forced removal of aboriginal people from their native land. * Dreaming – Aboriginal spiritual beliefs about creation and existence. The dreaming establishes the rules governing relationships between people, land and all things for Aboriginal people. It links together the past, present and future. * Freehold title – Absolute and permanent ownership of the land. * Half-castes – An offensive term referring to a person of mixed decent or ethnicity. * Land rites – Property rights pertaining to land. * Meta-temporal – the trinity of the past, present and future. * Native title – Form of land title, which recognises aboriginal people as rightful owners of their traditional land. * Protection policy – official government policy stating in the late 19th century. Removed aboriginal people from unsuitable environments and placed them under the protection of the state. * Sacred sites – Places of spiritual significance to Aboriginal people as they are connected with ancestor beings...
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...Australians with the land in The Secret River? In The Secret River the lead protagonist soon after arriving in Australia claims that ‘on land he was always within range of a spear’. This assertion is an example where Grenville uses the link between the native inhabitants of Australia and the land to heighten the tension in the novel. A consequence of which is a more gripping narrative, one of the benefits afforded to Grenville due to her identifying Indigenous Australians with the land. This technique has numerous other benefits such as being able to represent the land in a more personal way and as a device which can explore the best and worst facets of humanity. Conversely identifying the Darug people with the land in some ways inhibits the text as it limits the extent to which the Natives can be developed. Ultimately however the additional focus the novel places on the natives ties to the land is a successful ploy. In order to argue for benefits to be gained from the identification of the Indigenous Australians with the land it must be determined whether Grenville was successful in relaying to the reader the authenticity of her portrayal of the Indigenous Australians link with the land. A link to the land that it is known the Aboriginals do have. William has a fixation with having land that belongs to...
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...The Betoota Advocate ironically compares the “oppressive” approach Australia has to gun control, and America’s “sick,” historical ideology. The author repeatedly refers to American citizens being gifted with a “God given right” to use automatic weapons within the country. These residents are also referred to as “freaks”, “weirdos”, and “losers” when participating in gun violence, all while Australia is kept up as a “peaceful” and ordinary land. The article shows how Australians view the current dispute that is apparent in America, their lenient gun laws. The Betoota Advocate article uses satire to discuss the gun laws of America, this satirical tone including the repetitive words of “God given rights” and referring to the mass shooters...
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...The Dreaming The Dreaming is a term penned by famous anthropologist W.H. Stanner in 1956. (Fryer-Smith, 2002) It defines the conception of mystical spirits of the universe and encompasses everything within. This concept allows for explanations about the ‘Ancestral Beings’ and their travels, creating everything we see today. (Fryer-Smith, 2002) In customary principles, these ‘Ancestral Beings’ hold the power to arbitrate and guide the Aboriginal people’s lives. Indigenous Australians are the oldest inhabitants of the land with the most extensive practise of religion and customs, what we know as the Dreaming. (Edwards, 1998) The role and function of the Dreaming is to teach the Aboriginal people about the norms and mores of the sacred laws. Also known as customary law, these guidelines are an integral part of the Aboriginal culture as it maintains societal normalities. (ALRC, 1986) The Dreaming is a philosophy that binds every aspect of life together, it assists in knowing the past, present and future, and how to make conscious decisions to ensure the world continues triumphantly. According to Korff (2015) white man cannot comprehend the depth of the Dreaming, as it is more an analogy for providing identity and spiritualism to individuals. The diversity within the various communities explains how in-depth the spirituality is and how important this religion is to each Aboriginal person. Each tribe has their own definition and reason behind the Dreaming. The Ngarinyan kin...
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...The Stolen Generation in Australia The Aboriginal people lived long on their land without any contact from the Europeans. They are believed to first arrive in Australia between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Beck). They managed to live in often inhospitable conditions unbearable for the inhabitants of the “old continent”. The Aborigines did not differ only in their living conditions, but also in their way of living in general, their culture. The aboriginal culture was based on several principles which did not come to understanding when the Europeans first arrived. Perhaps the most essential aspect of the Aboriginal culture is the “kinship obligation”, when everyone in the tribe is expected to perform certain tasks without being asked to (Encyclopædia Britannica 4). The white society, in contrast with the Australian indigenous people, was based (and still is) on the concept of private membership, something absolutely unknown in Australia prior to the European settlements. The irreconcilable differences led, in consequence, to clashes and misunderstandings between the two cultures. The Europeans, however, regarded themselves superior. Lloyd describes the situation in Australia after the arrival of the European settlers as being based on “the idea of Aborigines as an inferior ‘doomed race,’ superseded by more highly developed, more enlightened Europeans” (Lloyd). No matter whether this claim was legitimate or not, it had damaging consequences. James Cook landed in Botany Bay in...
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...The Freedom Rides in the U.S were one of the many events that further inspired Indigenous Australian activists and protesters to replicate events of their fellow activists in the U.S in Australia to bring equality to Indigenous Australian. . A major example of this are the Freedom Rides that took place in the segregated Southern States of the U.S that later took place in the rural state of NSW led by Charles Perkin and fellow student Jim Spiglem. He had led many peaceful protests around Australia for a push for recognition and equality for Indigenous Australians. Role of the media was a major one throughout the push for indigenous equality as well as for African Americans especially as the media gave large exposure of the injustices against the African-Americans and the Aborigines. This brought a big opportunity for the Indigenous Australians to surge in their cause for land rights and recognition of their ownership of the land. The freedom rides of the U.S were a enormous factor in bringing a push for activism, equality, recognition and peaceful protest for Indigenous Australians. This thesis will be further backed through the body paragraphs about the 1961 US Freedom Rides, the influence on Australian freedom rides and other peaceful protests and the influence on Aboriginal activism and Recognition. On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation...
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...There are several reasons for this upward trend during this period, which are specifically, advanced technology, change in farm structure, the change in demands, and trade. Even though there has been negative impact on agriculture, those four areas have led to the high performance of agricultural productivity during this period. Over the last thirty years, the use of technology in the agricultural industry in Australia has changed and improved dramatically. Layton states that one of the key elements to increase in supply is new and more efficient technology (2012, p67). The adoption of new technology is essential for farmers to maintain the level of profitability and to shift production possibility frontier out (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). For instance, satellite technology has been installed when making decisions on land use and some larger farms have invested in more sophisticated machinery and equipment to produce crops more efficiently. Technology has been developed to improve the quality of herbicides, fertilisers and other chemicals to enhance farm lands. In addition, genetic modification (GM) technique makes farm products more resilient to diseases and harsh climate conditions. (Kingwell, R 2011). However, serious natural disasters,...
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...Continental Drift A German geologist and meteorologist named Alfred Wegener introduced a theory in 1915 that the Earth’s crust is slowly drifting using fossil records as his supporting evidence. Wegeners idea was Earth was one big continent 200 million years ago, he called it Pangaea, which means “All earth”. Albert Wegener published a book about this theory in 1915 called, On the Origin of Continents and Oceans. An Austrian geologist named Eduard Seuss was the first to find that there had once been a land bridge that connecting South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica, he named the large piece of land Gondwanaland, the southern part of the huge continent Pangaea after it broke up during the Jurassic period. Seuss’s theory is supported by the fossil plants that are found throughout India, South America, southern Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Fossils of the first marine reptiles known as Mesosaurus that are even older than dinosaurs were found in South America and South Africa. With the discovery of the fossil in two different locations across water and the study of sedimentation and fossil plant in these southern continents led a South African scientist named Alexander duToit to supporting the idea that at one point all of the continents were once together and have drifted apart like Albert Wegener theorized. In 1960, a theory was made explaining the movement of the Earth’s plates and explains the causes of volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain...
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...It is no exaggeration to say that climate change has been a serious global problem which influences the whole world. The main driver of climate change is the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping the atmosphere, which in turn causes change in climate. Some greenhouse gases are neutral but many of them are manmade. With the outstanding industrial development, more fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are used and burnt, which release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. Deforestation also produces a lot of carbon dioxide. In fact, many scientists believe that man's activities are making the natural greenhouse effect stronger. Indeed, due to the climate change, there are islands which have been evacuated. As the sea level rises and plants are poisoned, islanders are not able to live on the islands so that they need to leave their homeland and build homes in a new place. And it is believed that if the climate change continues as the scientists expect, many more will soon suffer the same fate. Moreover, there are three extreme cases that scientists are aware of for Earth's climate change. They are collapse of the Gulf Stream, the demise of the Amazon rain forests and the release of gas hydrates from the sea level. Some of them may eventually take place in the foreseeable future if the situation continues to be serious. For the purpose of fighting climate change, many countries start to use renewable...
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...Fiji is a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific. The archipelago consists nearly of 900 islands and islets. Around 106 are permanently inhabited. The largest island, Viti Levu, covers about 57 % of the nation's land area. It also hosts the two most important cities, Suva, and Lautoka. Most other major towns contain around 70% of the population. Vanua Levu, north of Viti Levu, covers a little over 30 % of the land area and holds 15% of the population. The two main islands are mountainous, with peaks up to 1300 meters. Fiji gets a lot of rain per year and the tropical rain forests that developed on these mountains flourish. The lowlands on the western portions of each of the main islands are sheltered by the mountains. These spots are well equipped for a dry and well-marked season which is favorable to crops such as sugarcane. In the past decade, the island of Fiji has had a very unstable pattern for economic growth. Year Real GDP Population Real GDP per capita RealGrowth Rate 1995 1,519,000,000 767,936 1978 4.81% 1996 1,592,000,000 775,950 2052 -2.20% 1997 1,557,000,000 783,156 1988 1.28% 1998 1,577,000,000 789,680 1997 8.81% 1999 1,716,000,000 795,788 2156 -1.69% 2000 1,687,000,000 801,681 2104 1.96% 2001 1,720,000,000 807,329 2130 3% 2002 1,775,000,000 812,658 2184 1.01% 2003 1,793,000,000 817,791 2192 5% 2004 1,888,000,000 822,885 2294 0.69% 2005 1,901,000,000 828,046 2296 3.42% 2006 1,966,000,000 833,330 2359 From the evidence above, you can see the...
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...The continental drift theory was first proposed by a German called Alfred Wenger in 1915. He suggested that the earth’s continents were once joined together, but gradually moved apart over millions of years. This once ‘supercontinent’ was known as Pangea – which translates to ‘’All Earth’’. Pangaea started to break up into two smaller supercontinents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland, during the Jurassic period. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents were separating into land masses that look like our modern-day continents. However, Wenger did not have the evidence to explain how these continents could move. Over the course of this essay I will review some of the evidence that support continental drift, such as fossil records and mountain ranges. One of the strongest pieces of evidence is Continental break up/fit, this is the idea that the continents were once joined together. This theory became apparent when Alfred Wenger identified that the edge of tectonic plates, continental shelf, seeming to fit together in a jig-saw fashion. For example, if you take the eastern edge of South America and the Western side of Africa they fit together almost perfectly, too perfect for it to be a coincidence. Note that it is the edge of the tectonic plates themselves that fit together and not the forever changing individual shorelines of the countries. Continental fit is the case with all the continents around the world. Therefore continental break up is a strong piece of evidence...
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...We need to appreciate the complexity of the past and not reduce history to a shallow field of point scoring. I believe that there is much that is worth preserving in the cultural heritage of our dispossessors as a nation, the Australian community has a collective consciousness that encompasses a responsibility for the present and future, and the past. To say that ordinary Australians who are part of the national community today do not have any connection with the shameful aspects of our past is at odds with our exhortations that they have connections to the prideful bits. If there is one thing about the colonial heritage of Australia that indigenous Australians might celebrate along with John Howard it must surely be the fact that upon the shoulders of the English settlers or invaders-call them what you will, came the common law of England and with it the civilised institution of native title. What more redemptive prospect can be painted about our country's colonial past?(65) From this perspective, the black armband view of history is a strand of 'political correctness'-the dominant but erroneous view of how we see ourselves and what we see as worthwhile in our culture. Historical understanding cannot be fixed for all time, Out of the present emerge new problems that require a re-examination of the past. The question we must ask is not “does history have to be rewritten?” but “does the re-evaluation of history lead to the discovery of historical truth?” In other words, does...
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...Aboriginals culture is a very complex and diverse culture. The Indigenous cultures of Australia are the oldest living culture in the world. “They go back at 50,000 years. ( http://australia.gov.au) They survived that long because of their ability to adapt to their environment and change over time. The Aboriginals are divided into small groups called clans. The clan’s usually had a common ancestor and they all considered themselves related.”(Australian.gov.au) Members of tribes distinguished themselves from each other through their dialects.” There were probably about 600 tribes within Australia in 1788, when the first Europeans arrived.” (indigenousaustralia.info)Tribes that spoke closely related dialects often grouped themselves together under the term of being a nation. “Australian Aboriginal kinship is the system of law governing social interaction, particularly marriage, in traditional Australian Aboriginal culture.”( wikipedia.org ) It is an integral part of the culture of every Aboriginal group across Australia. “The system of kinship put everybody in a specific relationship to each other as well special relationships with land areas based on their clan or kin. “Kinship influences marriage decisions and governs much of everyday behavior. By adulthood people know exactly how to behave, and in what manner, to all other people around them as well as in respect to specific land areas. Kinship is about meeting the obligations of one's clan, and forms part of Aboriginal...
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...Book bonus: sex botany and empire Michelle lea Pervin 130673150 For the first chapter the three S’s, I thought that it was very smart of the author, Patricia Fara to start the book of with a quote. This quote gave an outline of the man topics of the book, travel, botany and of course how it relates to sex. Although, this was a non-fictional book the author still opened the book as if it was a fictional story. It appears to be fictional because of the way the author described Harriet Blosset. Patricia Fara described her as “Harriet Blosset was rich, beautiful, and delighted to be watching opera with her fiancé, a wealthy young Lincolnshire landowner called Joseph Banks. “ If someone were to read that the first sentence of Sex, Botany and Empire they make think that this is a non-fiction story about a romance from the 18th century rather than a non-fiction book about plants. This was very surprising for me as the reader, but I think Patricia Fara’s writing style made the book more exciting. I found the book extremely interesting, not dry and textbook like as I thought it would be. In this chapter, the author wrote about Banks adventure to Tahiti. I found it extremely interesting that even though the voyage took place in the eighteenth century Tahiti is still known as “the island of love”. I also found it rather comical that Banks fiancée Harriet Blosset became extremely depressed after the departure of Joseph Banks. Yet, Banks seemed to have an amazing time on his endeavor...
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