...Injurious Adulterants/Contaminants in Foods and their Health Effects S.No Adulterant Foods Commonly Involved Diseases or Health Effects Adulterants in food 1 Argemone seeds Argemone oil Mustard seeds Edible oils and fats Epidemic dropsy, Glaucoma, Cardiac arrest 2 Artificially coloured foreign seeds As a substitute for cumin seed, Poppy seed, black pepper Injurious to health 3 Foreign leaves or exhausted tea leaves, saw dust artificially coloured Tea Injurious to health, cancer 4 TCP Oils Paralysis 5 Rancid oil Oils Destroys vitamin A and E 6 Sand, marble chips, stones, filth Food grains, pulses etc. Damage digestive tract 7 Lathyrus sativus Khesari dal alone or Mixed in other pulses Lathyrism (crippling spastic paraplegia) Chemical Contamination 8 Mineral oil (white oil, petroleum fractions) Edible oils and fats, Black pepper Cancer 9 Lead chromate Turmeric whole and powdered, mixed spices Anemia, abortion, paralysis, brain damage 10 Methanol Alcoholic liquors Blurred vision, blindness, death 11 Arsenic Fruits such as apples sprayed over with lead arsenate Dizziness, chills, cramps, paralysis, death 12 Barium Foods contaminated by rat poisons (Barium carbonate) Violent peristalisis...
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...Introduction Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginal infection that occurs when the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted. It results from an overgrowth of certain bacteria. This is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. Treatment is important to prevent complications, especially in pregnant women, as it can cause a premature delivery. What are the causes? This condition is caused by an increase in harmful bacteria that are normally present in small amounts in the vagina. Several different kinds of bacteria can cause bacterial vaginosis. However, the reason that the condition develops is not fully understood. What increases the risk? The following factors may make you more likely to develop this condition:...
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...Was Welfare Reform the Right Approach to Poverty? Similar to a majority of children I grew up with in my neighborhood, my family had welfare. I, however, was not fully aware of the fact that what we had was any different than anyone else until my early teens. Food stamps, now referred to as the EBT card, is a center of controversy much like the selling of food stamps for cash was, years ago while growing up. Discovering that we were on welfare, and that we received handouts from the Government, became a secretive and embarrassing thing in order to ensure my sister and I to not get picked on within school. Today, neither I nor my younger sister use the Government for assistance in that way. Reading both of these viewpoints brought up valid arguments, however I feel that if I didn’t grow up on assistance from the Government, then it would be harder for me to decide who I side with. I feel that both viewpoints, one over the administration background and its shortcomings, and the other more detailed in what the Government has done to help the new system along, are extremely valid and if they could just both come together on a common ground overall, the outcome could be actual improvement. Menicmer’s account of Leoterra Clark’s life and struggle through the welfare system has a common theme within the Government. The Government has a mindset on doing what is most advantageous to and for the Government and thus the Government will ensure that everything is taken care of for everyone...
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...Case Study One Common Cause Rebecca is having a vaginal discharge for 3 days without other symptoms and significant clinical findings. According to previous study, approximately 75% women have vulvovaginal candidiasis at least once in their live, while 40-50% of them develop 2 or more than two episodes (1). Another common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis (BV), also have a considerably high prevalence (1). Since Rebecca was having unprotected vaginal sex with her male partner for 9-months, an un-safe sex preference must be considered in this situation. Which means, Rebecca is likely to have unprotected sex with her casual male partners (e.g. no condoms), and STIs must be considered. Trichomonas vaginalis is a common bacterial cause of abnormal vaginal discharge (1), also the commonest non-viral STI across the world (2), it should be considered in this case. Thus, three most likely conditions of Rebecca may be, * Bacterial vaginosis (BV) * Vulvovaginal candidiasis * Trichomoniasis Testing According to the Australian STI Management Guidelines and the STI Treatment Guideline (2010) provided by US CDC, the tests of each listed possible causes can be performed as, 1. BV a) Point of care tests Generally, BV can be diagnosed using gram stain microscopy and Amstel’s criteria (3,4,5). Direct observation of vaginal discharge (using speculum), vaginal pH test (using pH paper) and whiff test (using 10% KOH) need to be performed (3,4...
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...Comparing Growth of E. Coli at 37°C and 25°C and on rich and minimal mediums Lab report 1 Richard Montez MCB 3020L Monday 2 pm June 15, 2013 Abstract: Bacteria is a very diverse creature, and can grow in extreme conditions. There are two variables that factor in finding out what are more optimal conditions in which E. coli can grow, temperature and difference in medium. The two ways to determine the amount of bacteria growth are: optical density by using the spectrophotometer, and also the 10-fold serial dilution, the latter of which is the most accurate way. The 4 phases: lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase, show the strength of the life cycle of a bacteria cell. The results show that at 37°C (normal body temperature) and the LB agar plate (rich medium) gives E. coli better optimal conditions to grow. Introduction Although bacteria is composed of only a single cell, they are extremely involved and we have so much to learn about these creatures. Bacteria can live in some of the most extreme temperatures- from temperatures that could potentially freeze the blood under your skin, to the other end of the spectrum where they could be found at temperatures near 100°C at the mid-ocean volcanic vents. The bacteria we chose to further learn about it's optimal growth conditions was Escherichia Coli. There are two variables in this experiment, temperature and choice of medium. The first variable, the sample was incubated E. Coli at 25°C...
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...mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice of medicine. MARK GLADWIN, MD BILL TRATTLER, MD D CONTENTS Preface v PART 1 1 2 3 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY CELL STRUCTURES, VIRULENCE FACTORS, and TOXINS...
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...“Choose your unknown wisely” were the words that our instructor used when we were picking our unknown bacterial microorganism. Each person was paired with another member of the class, and was expected to work as a team to figure out the unknown that was chosen. Using steps and experiments from the Bergey’s Manual, we were suppose to figure out the unknown and how the bacteria we had chosen was classified and characterized. My hypothesis when first starting the test was that this unknown was going to be something we had already dealt with in class. I thought our unknown would be Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods When we chose our unknown bacterial microorganism, it had the number one on the side. The broth had a one in turbidity on a scale from one (being the lowest) to four (being the highest). To see more clearly in the tube, swirling was used for sediment to be seen. The first experiment we did was testing the unknown to see if it was a gram-negative bacterium or whether it was a gram-positive bacterium. Majority of the bacteria that had been handled with in class fell under gram negative. How to tell whether the bacteria is gram negative or gram positive is by staining the bacteria and watching it change it’s color. If the bacteria turn purple, that would show that the bacteria are gram-positive. If the bacteria turn red, then that would...
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...Six nutrient agar plates, three of which contained 18X and the other three 18Y were streaked using the streak-plate technique outlined in the lab manual. The plates for each unknown were incubated at either room temperature, 30°C, or 37°C for 48 hours to determine optimal growth temperature. The shape, color, texture, elevation, margin, surface, and form of the colonies for each unknown plate that contained the most significant growth were observed and recorded. The other plates were discarded. The two remaining plates were refrigerated for future tests. In order to perform accurate biochemical tests, new bacterial cultures were inoculated and incubated. One sterile trypticase soy broth tube was inoculated with an 18X unknown colony. Two sterile nutrient broth tubes were inoculated with the 18X unknown colony and one sterile nutrient broth tube was inoculated with an 18Y unknown colony. The four broth tubes were placed in the 37°C incubator for 48...
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...Antibiotic Resistance and Gram Staining of Unknown Bacterial Samples Microbiology Lab July 1, 2013 Abstract: In this final laboratory assignment, each student was given an agar plate. Each plate was swiped with a pure culture bacteria sample. Where the sample came from and what kind of bacteria was unknown to the students. We were asked to observe the colony morphology on our plates and to perform the antibiotic sensitivity/resistance test. The plates were put into a 37° incubator oven. The next day the plates were taken out of the oven and we calculated the zone of inhibition. We then performed a gram stain of our bacteria and analyzed it under a microscope. We were then able to assess what kind of bacteria we had and if it was gram positive or negative. Introduction: Simple staining (the use of a single stain) allows a microbiologist to observe the morphology (shape) and arrangement of bacteria. In order to classify bacteria into different groups a differential staining procedure must be done. A differential stain involves the use of two or more stains. Depending on the components of the bacterial cell wall or outer layers, the bacteria will either retain the primary stain or have the primary stain removed in a decolorizing step and then retain the secondary stain. The gram stain is the most common differential stain used in the microbiology laboratory to categorize bacteria. The primary stain is the cationic dye Crystal violet and the secondary...
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...A General Review of Tetracyclines Antibiotics Chang Liu Instructor: Prof. Jasson Sello Department of Chemistry, Brown University Providence 02906, RI Tetracyclines are the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be applied to clinic use. Nevertheless, the increasing incidence of bacterial resistance of tetracyclines led to a series of studies on the development of semisynthetic tetracyclines to circumvent the resistant organisms. In order to better design the structures of tetracycline derivatives, research on the action mode of tetracyclines, mechanisms of resistance, biosynthesis and total synthesis of tetracyclines were also performed. Keywords: Tetracyclines, Structure-activity Relationship, Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, Biosynthesis, Total Synthesis 1. Introduction Tetracyclines are a group of polyketide broad-spectrum antibiotics that has activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae and peotozoan parasites [1]. The discovery of tetracycline was in the 1940s. At that time, the problems related to the production of Pennicillin has been solved and pharmaceutical industry and academic institutes started to concentrate their energy on the development of new antibiotics. In 1948, the first member of tetracycline family—chlorotetracyclin, or Aureomycin was discovered as an isolate of Streptomyces Aureofaciens in an antibiotic screening program functioned in Lederle Labs [2]. In 1950, oxytetracycline or Terramycin—second...
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...Difference between a cell wall And a Gram Stain Janet Myers 12:30p.m. Tuesday February 23 2016 Introduction: Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment. The cell walls for Gram-positive microorganisms have a higher peptidoglycan and lower lipid content than gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria cell walls are stained by the crystal violet. Iodine is subsequently added as a mordant to form the crystal violet-iodine complex so that the dye cannot be removed easily. This step is commonly referred to as fixing the dye. However, subsequent treatment with a decolorizer, which is a mixed solvent of ethanol and acetone, dissolves the lipid layer from the gram-negative cells. The removal of the lipid...
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...The purpose of this lab was to identify an unknown species of bacteria from 29 possible unknown broth cultures. This was done by conducting a series of tests in an attempt to isolate our particular bacteria. Daily Notes Day 1 – Chose unknown bacteria #70, which is a broth culture. It is cloudy and yellow in color, with sediment gathered at the bottom. It has a strong odor, and I question whether I have smelled it before. The first test I’m doing is a Gram stain. Doing 3 slides – all air dried and heat fixed. Also streaking 2 plates today: TSA plate, and 2nd plate will be based on the results of the Gram stain. Either: MSA= isolates S. aureus, inhibits G-, EMB= fecal coliforms, G- growth (selective isolation G- rods), MAC= promotes G- growth. I am worried that I won’t be able to achieve isolation of separate colonies from the broth culture when I streak the plates. Viewed results of Gram stain with microscope under 100x oil immersion. Results of 1st Gram stain were inconclusive, so staining again with another slide. Many more cells on this slide. 2nd Gram stain = G- bacilli (rods), confirmed with Claudia. Decide to streak 2nd plate = MAC since I believe I have a G- bacteria. Day 2 – Achieved isolation on both TSA and MAC agar’s. Definite growth on MAC means I do have a G- bacteria. Will now perform a 2nd Gram stain from TSA plate to confirm Gram status; confirmed that it is G- . After looking at the chart, decided to try to narrow down options by doing an...
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...During the course of microbiology, there are many organisms to handle and many ways to handle them. One of the oldest and most commonly used technique was gram staining. This technique was used to determine if bacteria is present. Then, it had to be determined if the organism was gram positive or gram negative. During the staining procedure there is a primary stain of crystal violet, the mordant gram iodine, a decolorizer acetone alcohol, and a counterstain of safranin. After the steps are completed the gram positive organism remains purple and the gram negative bacteria shows as a reddish-pinkish organism. Gram staining came about by Hans Christian Gram. He was trying to see cocci in the lungs of individuals who lost their lives to pneumonia. Once Gram gathered a collection of materials to complete a stain, he figured out a way to view the bacteria in the lungs. The stain of crystal violet retained to the people who were infected with pneumonia. He realized that his stain worked with envisioning various types of bacteria pertaining to “cocci of supportive arthritis following scarlet fever”. Because Gram finally discovered how to distinguish between a positive bacteria organism from a negative bacteria organism, many doctors are able to figure out ones illness at an early stage, once a doctor does so they might be able to use the right treatments to get rid of the illness. Gram staining is the most commonly used staining technique used in labs today, even after being around over...
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...ITT Technical College Cellular structures have different impacts on the ability for bacteria to cause disease. Mainly the cells external structures have the biggest effect to adhere to the cells to cause disease. One structure being the pili, a rigid, thin fiber made of protein that expands from the cell surface. The main function are to adhere specific bacterial cells to specific surfaces. There are typically only one or two pili per cell (Hartsock, Angela 2016). Pili that is coated with adhesins can determine the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract and will only adhere to that specific surface to infect those cells (Hartsock, Angela 2016). This bacteria is known as Bordetella. The fimbria is another external structure that is similar to the pili. They are short, filamentous structures that are in large numbers that help in attachment to surfaces (Hartsock, Angela 2016). Like pili the fimbria target tissues they believe will be the best host. Flagella has a completely different function from the pili and fimbria. The main function for flagellum is motility. They are long, tail like appendages attached to bacterial cells that allow the movement (Schuhmacher, J., Rossmann, F., Dempwolff, F., Knauer, C., Altegoer, F., Steinchen, W., Bange, G. 2015). Flagella is made of protein called flagellin. The proteins form a long chain that look like a helical shape. From the cell membrane the flagellum is wide and attaches to proteins, this is known as the flagellar motor (Hartsock...
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...BIOL 1F90 Experiment #5 - Archaea: Characterization of Halophiles Student Name: Brittany Barnes Student Number: 5408224 Lab Section: 35 Date Experiment Performed: January 13, 2014 Lab Partners: Kayla Hutchinson Fallon Fersaud Ashley Maulucci Abstract Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii come from the domain called Archaea and are considered to be halophilic, because they thrive in extreme environments. In this lab experiment, several tasks took place. In order to be able to observe the colony morphology of both Archaea, they were grown on an agar surface that allowed them to form colonies of characteristic colour and appearance. In order to observe the physiology of both Archaea on the effect of salt concentration, pH, and temperature, they needed to be placed on agar plates and incubated for two weeks. Being incubated for two weeks, allowed the halophilic archaeal cultures to grow. The objective of this experiment was to determine the morphological and biochemical characteristics along with the growth requirements of the halophilic Archaeans; Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 and Haloferax volcanii DS2. Introduction The domain, Archaea, possesses prokaryotic cells and has a cell wall that contains no peptidoglycan. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence of molecular regions. Archaea usually live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles...
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