...INTRODUCTION GROUP 2 (THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS) These elements are categorized as group 2 because they have two electrons in their outer shell, therefore each element in this group will lose two electrons in order to form a 2+. According to RSC (n.d) group 2 elements are all metals with silver-white color. ELEMENT | SYMBOL | No. OF ELECTRONS | Beryllium | Be | 2,2 | Magnesium | Mg | 2,8,2 | Calcium | Ca | 2,8,8,2 | Strontium | Sr | 2,8,18,8,2 | Barium | Ba | 2,8,18,18,2 | TRENDS IN ATOMIC RADIUS The graph below shows that the atomic radius of group 2 elements increases as it descends down the group. (Jim Clark, 2002) “The radius of an atom is governed by the number of layers of electrons around the nucleus due to the pulling power of the nucleus to the outer electrons”(jim clark,2002). For example: Be 1s2 2s2 Mg 1s22s22p63s2 In both atoms the two outer electrons feel a net pull of 2+ from the nucleus. (Jim Clark, 2002) ...
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...such as lead, copper and zinc which accumulate in the human body. The process of chelation causes a chemical reaction involving a shift of equilibrium to remove the metals before the organs get permanently damaged. The shift in equilibrium occurs because when the agent is introduced to the body to try and reduce the effects, with the body being the system it tries to re-establish equilibrium by shifting from left to right. Barium sulphate is usually made by a combination of a solution of the ions and salts of barium and sulphate. Barium being a heavy metal is highly toxic. In colour it is a white solid with a crystal structure. The reason that Barium sulphate salt is used is that the ions of Barium are opaque to x-rays and can absorb the rays much better than other compounds. Without it, the x-ray would not show our organs clearly because our digestive system is mainly composed of soft-tissue structures that don’t show up. Even though the ions are poisonous it is safe to use because the ions have been added into water and suspended. The compound of barium sulphate is nearly insoluble and it’s because of its very low solubility that makes it safe. Because it is nearly...
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...Dr. Max Gerson Jamie Kays Charter College MAP 102 Abstract Dr. Max Gerson found a cure for cancer and many other degenerative diseases in the 1930s. Gerson Therapy is an entirely organic and vegetarian diet. This unique diet detoxifies the body and super charges the immune system. Dr. Max Gerson was poisoned to death in 1959. Dr. Max Gerson Dr. Max Gerson (18 October 1881–8 March 1959) was a German physician, that discovered the cure to cancer, migraines, tuberculosis, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, auto-immune disorders and many other degenerative diseases. He studied medicine at the University of Freinburg, from 1899 to 1906. Dr. Gerson started his first clinic in Bielefield, Germany. Dr. Gerson had started getting debilitating migraines while in school. Dr. Gerson was determined to come up with a cure, so he started with massive changes to his diet. Dr. Gerson removed salt, processed foods, fat and meat from his diet. He also added many natural supplements and a wide array of organic raw foods. Dr. Gerson had cured his migraines in a matter of weeks and stumbled upon the greatest medicine in the world. Dr. Gerson had started using his “migraine” diet to treat some of his patient with skin tuberculosis. He saw staggering results with the healing power of his diet. He had started to make subtle changes finding some things worked better than others. A renowned thoracic surgeon, Ferdinand Saverbruch, heard of the work that Dr. Gerson was doing...
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...Laryngospasms are a serious medical condition that can occur among the pediatric population who are receiving administration of anesthesia agents. In the pediatric population, incidences of laryngospasms range from 0.9% to as high as 14%. Laryngospasms are considered to be “one of the more frequent unanticipated complications that occur under general anesthesia” (McDonnell, 2012). Anesthesia providers perform inhalational inductions with Sevoflurane to pediatric patients on a daily basis with intravenous cannulation following the induction. It is common practice for the majority of pediatric patients enduring medical procedures to undergo this routine in order to be anesthetized (Joshi et al., 2012). The incidence of laryngospasms occurring has been associated with the time frame for attempting intravenous cannulation on the child following an inhalational induction with Sevoflurane (Schwartz et al., 2004). Laryngospasms are frequently associated with early placement of intravenous cannulation and increased physical movement among the child during cannulation insertion (Kilicaslan et al., 2014). A variety of times have been implemented regarding the adequate time frame for proceeding with intravenous cannulation after Sevoflurane inhalational induction within the pediatric population. Factors have been taken into consideration based on whether the child was premedicated with oral Midazolam. The time frame of waiting 120 seconds after loss of lid reflex before initiating...
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...What is Colon Cancer? * Colon cancer is cancer that occurs in the cells of the colon. Colon cancer is quite common, being the third most common cancer in men and women in the U.S. About 110,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with colon cancer each year. * Some health experts consider colon and rectum cancers as one group, called colorectal cancer. Others treat these two cancers as completely separate: colon cancer and rectum (rectal) cancer. * In addition to the approximately 110,000 new cases of colon cancer each year, there are an additional 40,000 cases of rectal cancer, bringing the combined total of colon and rectal (colorectal) cancer to approximately 150,000 new cases per year. Types of Colon Cancer * About 95% of all colon cancers are adenocarcinomas. The other 5% of colon cancers are made up of less common cell types including neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, melanomas, leiomyosarcomas, and signet ring cell tumors. * Some of these cell types may sound familiar to you, because they occur in other parts of the body, too. For example, melanoma most commonly occurs in the skin, but it can occur in the colon and other areas, as well. What are the symptoms of colon cancer? * Symptoms of colorectal cancer are numerous and nonspecific. They include: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits, narrowstools,diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood...
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...Abstract The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a gadolinium - barium sulfate solution for use in both conventional and MR enteroclysis. Eighteen vials of 20% barium sulfate and various gadolinium concentrations (lower 2.5 ml/lt, higher 45 ml/lt) were prepared and placed in the magnet. The imaging protocol was consisted of the following sequences: true FISP, HASTE with fat saturation and 3d FLASH with fat saturation in various flip angles. The lowest gadolinium concentration in the barium sulfate solution generating low intraluminal signal on HASTE and high intraluminal signal on true FISP and 3d FLASH sequences was 15 ml/lt. Ten patients underwent conventional enteroclysis with 1.5 lt of 20% barium sulfate enema and 22.5 ml of gadolinium. MR Enteroclysis was performed afterwards using true FISP, fat suppressed 3d FLASH and fat suppressed HASTE sequences. In all patients the proposed contrast medium acted as positive in 3d FLASH (T1w), true FISP (T2/T1 w) and as a negative in HASTE (T2w). In conclusion, a 20% barium sulfate enema with 15 ml/lt gadolinium is appropriate for conventional and MR Enteroclysis studies. Keywords: MRI, contrast medium, gadolinium, Crohn's disease, Enteroclysis Text Introduction Fast and ultrafast sequences, high performance gradient coils and dedicated abdominal phased array coils resulted in significant improvement in MR Imaging of the small bowel (SB). Resent reports indicated that MRI may be clinically...
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...Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment Process Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or IBD for short, refers to two forms of inflammatory conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic disease that affects the colon and rectum, together known as the large intestine. The inner lining of the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcers could form on the surface. Crohn’s Disease is also a chronic disease that causes inflammation in several parts of the digestive tract (Sklar X10). It can affect anywhere in the GI tract. However, inflammation is commonly found in the end of the small bowel and the beginning of the large intestine (Sklar). It is estimated that twenty percent of people worldwide suffer from IBD (Wangen 27). Patients with IBD are offered no cure because there is no identifiable cause for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. However, treatment is offered to IBD patients to suppress or alleviate these symptoms. The treatment process of Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of the testing phase, dietary changes, medication, and surgeries. TESTING PHASE Physicians see about three and half million patients a year; almost thirty percent of people who have an appointment with a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, unfortunately are diagnosed with IBD (Wangen 27). Warning signs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of: extreme abdominal pain, blood in the stool, constant diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever, chronic fatigue, diarrhea...
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...finger into the rectum swelling of the belly, also known as the abdomen lots of gas bloody diarrhea Symptoms in Symptoms in Toddlers and Older Children Symptoms of Hirschsprung disease in toddlers and older children include not being able to pass stools without laxatives or enemas. A laxative is medicine that loosens stool and increases bowel movements. An enema is performed by flushing water, or sometimes a mild soap solution, into the anus using a special wash bottle swelling of the abdomen lots of gas bloody diarrhea slow growth or development lack of energy because of a shortage of red blood cells, called anemia. How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed? Hirschsprung disease is diagnosed based on symptoms and test results. A doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child's bowel movements. Hirschsprung disease is much less likely if parents can identify a time when their child's bowel habits were normal. If Hirschsprung disease is suspected, the doctor will do one or more tests. X rays An X-ray is a black-and-white picture of the inside of the body. To make the large intestine show up better, the doctor may fill it with barium liquid. Barium liquid is inserted into the large intestine through the anus. If Hirschsprung disease is...
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...Fluoroscopy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Fluoroscopy | Intervention | A modern fluoroscope | ICD-10-PCS | B?1 | MeSH | D005471 | A barium swallow exam taken via fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor. The use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. While physicians always try to use low dose rates during fluoroscopic procedures, the length of a typical procedure often results in a relatively high absorbed dose to the patient. Recent advances include the digitization of the images captured and flat panel detector systems; modern advances allow further reduction of the radiation dose to the patient. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Invention of commercial instruments * 2.1 Analog instrument * 2.2 Digital instrument * 3 Risks * 4 Equipment * 4.1 X-ray image intensifiers * 4.2 Flat-panel detectors * 4.3 Contrast agents * 5 Imaging concerns * 6 Common procedures...
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...The risk factors B.Z. may have for contracting NIDDM are genetics and obesity. The case study had stated that his father and paternal grandmother had developed diabetes. The other risk factor is obesity because B.Z. is 5’8” and 210lbs, which is very much over weight for his height. The pathophysiology of NIDDM, which is a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the body stops producing enough insulin for the body. The body does not have any ketones and occurs more frequently in people over the age of 30. The signs and symptoms of NIDDM are a delay in the secretion of insulin, it gets worse with age, Muscle and adipose tissue are most resistant, you will have high blood sugar levels, and the liver will initiate gluconeogenesis. The basic defect in this type of diabetes is genetics and obesity. 2. The significance of B.Z.’s report of Polydipsia and Polyuria are that the signs and symptoms are very similar to the signs and symptoms of diabetes. The 3 P’s in diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. Polyuria is increased urine output. Polydipsia is increased thirst. Polyphagia is increased eating or hunger. The water is pulled intracellular causing dehydration. - The recent weight loss of B.Z. is due to the fluid in the osmolarity levels and the loss of body tissue. - Orthostatic Hypotention is an abnormal decrease in blood pressure when a person stands up. B.Z. has orthostatic hypotension because he is not getting enough blood flow to the brain. 3...
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...Christmas of last year, my mother, 42, became very ill. The first doctor visit sent her home with a failed diagnoses and medication for her pain and vomiting. The symptoms progressed during the week. She began vomiting blood, which alarmed my grandparents. My grandparents did not hesitate to rush her to the emergency room; she was immediately cared for under her severe condition. The doctor began to performing a numerous of test and x-rays based on her symptoms. They soon discovered that the tumor had formed on her colon and admitted her into the hospital for further examination. Doctors informed her that if she had waited a day later she would not have survived. After being under close watch, they pronounced the tumor cancerous. The doctor explained to her that she would have to undergo surgery to remove the tumor to insure that the cancer did not spread. My mother went through months of surgeries, one in which she had to get a colostomy, filled with complications. She began a six-month long treatment of chemotherapy soon after she was unconstrained from the hospital. My mothers’ cancer is in remission as of now and she is making every possible change to keep it that way. Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst males and females of varying ages in the U.S. and is the most preventable of cancers. Since colon cancer is becoming very common in deaths in the U.S., I will be providing an educative look on the history of colon cancer, the risk factors associated...
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...Ulcerative Colitis A. Description Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disorder that, along with Crohn’s disease, is referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by diarrhea (up to 20 stools during acute exacerbation), crampy abdominal pain, and exacerbations (“flare-ups”)/remissions. B. Pathophysiology Ulcerative colitis usually starts in the rectum and moves in a continual fashion toward the cecum. Although there is sometimes mild inflammation in the terminal ileum, ulcerative colitis is a disease of the colon and the rectum. The inflammation and ulcerations occur in the mucosal layer, the inner-most layer of the bowel wall. Since it does not extend through all bowel wall layers, fistulas and abscesses are rare. Water and electrolytes cannot be absorbed through inflamed mucosa. Diarrhea with large fluid and electrolyte losses is a characteristic feature of damage to the colonic mucosa epithelium. Breakdown of cells results in protein loss through stool. Areas of inflamed mucosa form pseudo-polyps, tongue-like projections into the bowel lumen. C. Common signs & symptoms or clinical manifestations The common signs of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, bloody stools, weight loss, abdominal pain, fever and fatigue. It is considered a chronic disorder a chronic disorder with mild to severe acute exacerbations that occur at unpredictable intervals over many years. The primary manifestations...
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...BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube RECTUM==RECTO,PROCT-O ...
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...Running head: CRC-S INCREASED BY VARIOUS METHODS CRC-S Increased By Various Methods Rebecca Bruce Oklahoma City University Abstract Colorectal cancer screening (CRC-S) should be a simple, safe, convenient, and inexpensive as possible, with high sensitivity and specificity that allows increased patient participation (Stevenson, 1991). As the third leading cause of US cancer-related deaths, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health concern (CDC, 2014). In 2007, an estimated 158,500 people in the United States were diagnosed with CRC and an estimated 53,000 people died from colon cancer related deaths (ACA, 2014). A goal of healthcare professionals should be to provide education and outreach to all eligible patients for colorectal cancer screening at every possible opportunity. This goal will involve many different screening methods or a combination of these methods. The effort to reach more patients for CRC-S is a group effort among all disciplines and education levels. Keywords: colon cancer, colorectal screening, patient participation, screening methods CRC-S Increasing By Various Methods In the United States, Colorectal cancer can be prevented by the detection and removal of adenomatous polyps. Whenever possible, providers should educate and discuss with their patients the various methods available. Background and Significance The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) currently recommends screening for colorectal cancer using high-sensitivity...
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...diagnosis of cecal volvulus may be suggested by plain film examination, with abdominal films demonstrating a largely dilated cecum most commonly found in the epigastric area or the left upper quadrant.4 The classic description for the dilated cecum is a “coffee bean” appearance, with the concave surface directed toward the right lower quadrant. Conversely, a sigmoid volvulus typically demonstrates a “coffee bean” with the convexity toward the left lower quadrant. Care should be taken not to mistake a fluid level in early volvulus for the gastric bubble, which cannot be aspirated with tube decompression.1 The classic “coffee bean” is only demonstrated in approximately 25% of cases, typically requiring further evaluation with other imaging.3 Barium enema may be utilized, demonstrating a “bird beak” sign, indicating the gradual narrowing of the bowel lumen at the site of occlusion, with a diagnostic accuracy of 88%.2 CT is typically utilized for diagnosis, with a detection rate of 90%. Findings include a “whirl sign,” indicating an axial volvulus of the ileocolic vessels. Other signs include small bowel obstruction and/or signs of bowel ischemia (mural thickening and edema).4 A unique finding in this patient is the compression of the duodenum by the obstructed cecal loop, resulting in gastric outlet...
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