...BELIEFS E r j h h h h h b h h h h h l a w w h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w k kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k d d d d d d d d d d d dd d dd d d dd d dd y y y yy y y y y y y y y y y yy yy y y y y y y yy yy y yy y y y y y y y y yy yy y y yy y y yy y y y y y y yyye e e e e e e e ee e ee e e ee e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ee ee e e e e e ee e JJ J JJ J J J JJ J J J J J J...
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...geography known as Islam”(Smith 221). Islam has been an established religion for over 1400 years, originating around the beginning of 600 AD (Robinson). Robinson also states that Islam’s religious definition means “voluntary submission to God” and is also commonly known to be defined as peace or submission. The Five Pillars of Islam, which are considered to be the foundations of Muslim life, are the confession of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage (Robinson). By learning what the Five Pillars of Islam are one will be able to gain an understanding of the fundamental beliefs of Islam. Shahada is the first of the Pillars of Islam and it is the Muslim profession of faith that is expressed by two beliefs (Bowker 531). Bowker also defines shahada as an oath that focuses on the two beliefs that Allah is the one and only God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Farah explains how shahada is “the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath” and is essential to have memorized as a Muslim (135). This means that non-Muslims who are wishing to convert to Islam must be able to properly recite it as one of their requirements for conversion (Farah 135). Farah eventually gets to the point that without knowing this profession of faith one can not be a Muslim and is not a part of the Islam faith (135). The second of the Pillars of Islam is salat, which is the Islamic prayer that is normally performed fives times a day at set times (Ghamadi). These prayers consist of a repeated...
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...Basic Beliefs Must Exist The root of knowledge has always been a great question of philosophy. What do we know? Or do we really know what we think we know? What justifies our beliefs as knowledge? It all comes down to the same question, same question asked in cosmology, biology and many others: How did it all begin? Where scientific data is inadequate, epistemology tried to find answers and possibilities and asked their version of the question: Are there any epistemically basic beliefs? In other words, how does knowing begin? Or to some, does knowledge exist at all? Foundationalism suggested that after all there must be an epistemically basic belief at the root of the rest of them, a starting point that doesn’t need justification because it justifies itself. In this essay I will explain that there are epistemically basic beliefs, which has been proven and exemplified by various philosophers of Foundationalism. First I will explain Foundationalism and give examples to epistemically basic beliefs, then I will explain how coherentism refutes the idea of a basic belief and lastly I will examine how both stand in front of the regress argument, proving the existence of basic belief for the existence of knowledge. If there is knowledge it must have a starting point. Foundationalism is an epistemological view that suggests that the chain of justification of beliefs has a starting point, which is called basic belief. All our beliefs are justified by these basic or foundational...
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...Knowledge and Justified Belief What is knowledge? This is the question we used to be sure of according to Plato’s theory of recollection, which tells that the knowledge is the justified belief; if this belief is true, then there is some fact make the proposition for this belief to be true; since the belief is justified by some evidence; therefore people comes up with the standard analysis of knowledge. This idea has been generally agreed till Edmund Gettier came up with the article questioning if knowledge is the justified true belief. Gettier provides two cases wherein intuitively the subject gains a justified true belief does not equal to knowledge. By contrast, Gettier’s arguments indicate the situation in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence but fails to be knowledge. That is, it is sufficient and necessary to have belief, truth and justification to define knowledge as in classical theory, yet, the Gettier’s theory by questioning knowledge that justifiably believe one of the true proposition and dismiss the other is necessary and sufficient add-on to the classical theory to redefine knowledge. First of all, according to Plato’s theory of knowledge, that knowledge is justified true belief, or as Gettier concluded Plato’s classical theory of knowledge as: “ S knows that P if and only if P is true; S believes in P and S is justified in believing P” (Gettier 1). In the Meno, written by Plato, he believes that knowledge appears to...
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...practices are discussed. Medical beliefs and daily activities that are affected when members of these faiths are hospitalized and options for adjustments related to those beliefs are highlighted. Appling these adjustments to practices can be made. Diverse Faiths and Health Care Practices: Nursing Integration Health care providers come in contact with many patients of various backgrounds and religions. Knowing and understanding the diversity and how it affects health care practices is an important factor in treatment and care of patients. Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam are just a few of the faiths with differing beliefs relating to healthcare that differ from traditional Christian philosophy. Hindu According to Robinson (2012), Hinduism is the third largest religion and considered the oldest religion in the world. There are many diverse sects within the Hindu faith, but all have a common belief in karma, which means for every action there is a reaction that will affect the person’s future resulting in acceptance and compliance regarding health care provider instructions, and this will have an affect on the decision making process (Queensland Health, 2011). Some basic Hindu practices related to health care and healing that need to be addressed are medical beliefs, prayer, bathing, dietary factors, and personal space. Many Hindus beliefs have a direct relationship with medical care and will have an effect on outcomes. The basic belief in the Hindu faith is that illness...
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...550 – Knowledge, Truth and Belief “Plan your work, work your plan”. – Vince Lombardi General Instructions Make sure to consult the Basic Style Guidelines Document and the Tips for Writing an Effective CPHL550 Essay Document in order to confirm the details for each assignment (both the minor and the major essay) especially with respect to the minimal length requirement. The Course Statement on Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct is also required reading “before” starting any assignment in this course. Since there is no final exam in this course, your essay assignments need to be treated with the same (if not more) attention and effort that you would give to an in-class midterm or final exam. It takes research,planning, contemplation and above all an adequate amount of time in order to make sure that you have the opportunity to fully engage in these activities before the writing process itself begins. Please bear in mind that your essay marks combined represent almost half of your total course mark, my advice (in advance) is for all students to proportion their effort accordingly in this regard. Make sure that you begin by consulting (or reviewing if we already covered the material previously) the relevant module (both the lecture and readings) before writing on a particular topic. You may consult other readings on the issue (preferably academic journal articles, or scholarly works) but keep your noncourse sources to a minimum (see the basic style requirements document...
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...Apologia-Greek word “defense’ 2. Atheism-The lack of belief in a god and/or the belief that there is no god. The position held by a person or persons that 'lack belief' in god(s) and/or deny that god(s) exist. 3. Circular argument- argument in which the conclusion of an argument is one of its premises; argument assuming something that would ordinarily not be assumed by someone who didn’t believe the conclusion 4. Coventalism- or Covenant theology; is an interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible, focusing on the covenants God made. 5. Deduction-A system of logic, inference, and conclusion drawn from examination of 6. Dispensationalism-a method of interpreting the Bible that divides history into periods of time called “dispensations.” 7. Empiricism-The belief that real knowledge is only acquired through sense experience. 8. Epistemological Dualism-Knowledge consists of a mind that knows and ideas that are known. 9. Epistemology--The branch of philosophy that deals with knowing and the methods of obtaining knowledge. 10. Ethics-Study of right and wrong, good and bad, moral judgment, etc. 11. Evidential Apologetics-An apologetic approach emphasizing individual facts and arguments, including: archaeology, effects on society, historical evidences, miracles, prophecy, and the uniqueness of Christianity and/or Scripture. 12. Faith-Acceptance of ideals, beliefs, etc., which are not necessarily demonstrable through...
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...Philosophers sometimes view the idea of human freedom of action as the real problem of free will, but this classification is one of the main misunderstandings in both subject matters. The misunderstanding between freedom and free will may have begun as early as the time when Thomas Hobbes and David Hume, argued their cases to support the theory of the modern concept of compatibilism. From both Hobbes’ and Hume’s perspective, to be free to act on one's will is basically to be free of external restrictions, limitations, constraints, and controls. From their perspective, the absence any external constraint gives makes the agent freedom to do as he or she wills, even if the person’s will itself is determined (or predetermined) by causal laws of nature. Factors That Affect Personal Development Take a moment to consider all of the genetic and environmental factors that have shaped who you are today, and you will quickly become overwhelmed. From gender, race, and socioeconomic background—to family dynamics, education, and genetics—there are millions of factors that have converged to make you who you are. Most people believe that humans are responsible for their own actions and that they all have the opportunity to make the right choices. But when you consider how large a role race, gender, wealth, and family upbringing all play in shaping an individual, can you truly believe that everyone has the same opportunities? Furthermore, are there some conditions under which people cannot...
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...epistemology, Dew and Foreman discuss some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology and then discuss the nature of knowledge itself. They consider questions such as, “What do we mean when we say we know something?” “What exactly is knowledge? Tasks View and take notes of the presentation, “What is Knowledge?” * Describe the 3 different ways we use the term know. * Explain the traditional definition of knowledge from Plato. * Know what each aspect of the traditional definition means. Read Chapters One, “What is Epistemology?” and Two, “What is Knowledge?” of How Do we Know?” As you do, make sure you understand the following points and questions: * What are the kinds of questions arise in the study of epistemology? * Know the kinds of questions that preoccupy epistemologists. * Know the basic reasons why the study of epistemology is important. * What are the different ways that the word know might be used? * How did Plato define knowledge? * Know the difference between true opinion and knowledge. * What are some of the basic problems/concerns with JTB? * What is the Gettier Problem? * What are some of the common strategies for resolving the Gettier Problem? * Is JTB of any value to us after the Gettier Problem? Terms Make sure you can explain the following terms and concepts: * Epistemology * Traditional Definition of Knowledge * Justified, True, Belief * Gettier Problem * Necessary Condition...
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...• What is the motivation that drives internalism? We have an epistemic obligation to form belifs responsibly and this obligation can only be filled if we can jusify our beliefs. Not only should we have good reasons to hold a particular belief, but we should know what those reasons are. We should know not only that we know, but we should know why we know. • What is the motivation behind externalism? This accors with our basic intuitions concerning most our beliefs. Most people do not always know why they believe as they do but they still believe they are rational in believing as they do. Many beliefs we hold are not capable of being justified from an internalist perspective. The reliability of our memories. Our senses are providing an accurate representation of the world. • How does externalism answer the question of quality control? • How does this presentation suggests bringing internalism and externalism together? There are some beliefs that we are warranted in holding which we do not seem to be able to justify: memories and senses are reliable. We have an epistemic duty to withhold affirming some beliefs without sufficient evidence: discovery for cancer, life on other planets. Both internalism and externalism are necessary. Externalism can incorporate internalism (but not vice versa) Read and take notes of chapter 7 of How Do You Know? A Short...
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...have to do is recall that knowledge. To prove his point, he takes one of Meno's slaves and puts forth a mathematical problem that the boy must solve. He uses the slave boy because he was not educated and would not know how to solve the problem through methods learned in a school setting. Socrates, through a series of questions, gets the boy to arrive at the correct answer. Because he never actually taught the boy the basic mathematical principles that he would have needed to solve the problem, Socrates says that this proves that the boy must have had that knowledge inside of him all along. I am going to be quite honest and say that I was not the least bit convinced by Socrates’ argument or example and I take great pleasure in poking holes in this theory. Firstly, the boy does not live in a box. Yes it is true that he did not have access to a formal education like Meno or Socrates did but evidently he had basic mathematical skills. He knows numbers and in his day to day tasks, it is very likely that he would have, at some point, been exposed to the concept of basic mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, etc. Perhaps he was present during other intellectual conversations Meno and his associates were having and picked up a few things. Secondly, Socrates had to mine for that answer from the boy. In much of the conversation with the servant boy, he answers his own questions and, in my opinion, he did actually teach the boy the concepts needed to solve the problem via...
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...self-reliant. Along with these self-reliance a person will also live with inner peace and happiness, trusting his or her self.of self-reliance. Emerson makes some very good points about non-conformity and the negatives that can come with it. In Emerson’s “Self-Reliance” essay, he believes that self-reliance is the unbreakable trust in one’s own intuitions. He states this when he says, “To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men,—that is genius” (3). He believes that if a person believes that his or her belief is true for everyone, then that person is self-reliant, and in his eyes, that makes this person a genius. Emerson also believes that it can be hard to be self-reliant because of today’s world and the harsh society that it harbors. An example of this is when he says, “For non-conformity the world whips you with its displeasure” (6). His belief is that if someone has strong trust in his or her own intuition, which is known as self-reliance, then they will not conform to something. Now in return a person might feel displeasure from society’s reaction. However at least that person can be happy that they didn’t let the world around them break their self-reliance. There are many...
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...this paper we will compare the philosophies of three diverse faiths. The faiths chosen are Islam, Christian Science and Buddhism, and how they compare to Christianity. We will learn about basic beliefs, spiritual perspectives on healing, and the components of healing such as meditation, prayer and other rituals they follow. Furthermore, addressing the importance and perceptive of how to care for a patient with a different faith and cultural view. In the field of nursing we are in constant contact with patients of several different faiths. This requires an abundance of knowledge and acceptance towards multiple beliefs and religions. The philosophies of Christian Science, Buddhism and Islam compared to Christianity have significantly diverse beliefs surrounding health, illness, death and healing. From a spiritual perspective we will learn about each of these faiths. We will place focus on their beliefs on healing, meditation, rituals, prayer and their views on afterlife. We as healthcare providers need to know what is viewed with importance in their faith in order to treat the patient with respect and dignity. Buddhism is a religion based on the teaching and traditions of Siddhartha Gautama, who is also referred to as the Buddha implicating “the Awakened one”. Buddhists mimic a belief of freedom from the world (Tanaka, 1999). From the Buddhist perspective healing comes from within the body and mind. They feel that the mind is non-physical and limitless, genderless...
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...Research World Religions If there's a specific religion with which you are unfamiliar, research the basic beliefs of that religion to form the basis of a fascinating research paper. Because religions are complicated and dynamic, it's impossible to outline the entire doctrine of a religion in a single paper. Instead, stick to a limited topic. For example, you might research the ethical mandates of Christianity or the gods of Hinduism. Explore History and Religion If you find a particular religion fascinating, explore it through a historical lens. For example, you might research the historical evidence that Jesus existed or address the social trends that led to the rise of Islam. For such a paper, rely primarily on secular and historical sources, though you can use the religion's sacred texts to inform your historical analysis. Sponsored Links 2013 Pri Sch Exam Papers Come with Free 2006-2012 Papers P1-P6 Primary School Exam Papers. www.filomaths.com Debate a Religious Topic If there's a particular religious doctrine with which you agree or disagree, use research to support your argument. You might, for example, discuss the role of abortion or premarital sex in a specific religion, then provide statistical or scientific evidence either supporting or refuting that religion's claims. Because this is a research paper, support your opinions with facts rather than simply asserting an idea. Research Religion and Society Religion...
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...HOW TO OVERCOME POVERTY OF MIND (MINDSET) IN MALAWI Poverty of mind is or can be described as luck of knowledge or having poor thinking capacity. My assignment will outline the following: * Education sector * Health sector * Culture * Beliefs Human growth is about acquiring new knowledge and skills to improve the living standard thereby aiding in their thinking capability. (1) Education empowers people because it gives them the information they need or choose to learn in their lives and with that opens more door ways to possibility for their success. Regardless of how one may define their success I simply believe it is through educating yourself in whatever it is you choose to that helps you to make concrete decision. The thinking capacity of mankind is limited to what they know. If we educate Malawian, the country is likely to develop. Though not all who are educated has ability to make developmental decision but with the little knowledge they have acquired from school they are able to boost the Malawi economy. Our education system is not improving one of the well known reason is that our teachers are not motivated and respected. Empowering a child with required skills is a transitional process. (2) A healthy person will always make sound decisions. Having the correct mind-set for a particular task is almost a pre-requisite for success. No one has ever been successful who has not had to overcome hurdles and obstacles to that success...
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