...* Psychology as a science was developed out of philosophy, biology, and other well-established disciplines. * Until 1920, psychology was a science of mental processes explored by Wundt, Titchener, James, and Freud. * From the 1920's until the 1960's, Americans John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner led the school of psychology known as behaviorism, focusing on the observation of people's behaviors. * Humanistic psychology, led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, countered behaviorism during this period by focusing on the personal growth and well-being of people. * In the 1960's, psychology shifted back towards a focus on how the brain approaches information. Recently, cognitive neuroscience studies how brain activity causes mental activity. * To combine the study of both the internal mental activities and observable human behaviors, psychology became the science of behavior and mental processes. TERMS * ------------------------------------------------- cognitive neuroscience An academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in...
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...according to me have made significant contributions to providing insight into dynamics of human behavior are 1. Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory 2. Carl Gustav Jung- Analytic Psychology 3. Alfred Adler- Individual Psychology 4. William James- The Psychology of Consciousness 5. B.F Skinner- Radical Behaviorism Rationale for the above choices: Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory: Freud explanation about the Structure of Personality and the psychosexual stages of development are a breakthrough in the history of Psychoanalysis. His contribution led to further Research in this field and many other personality theorists based his study and continued his theory. Even though what Carl Jung has proposed may sound contradictory to what Freud has proposed, each theory has its own significance and clearly explains various aspects of psychology. * Structure of Personality: * Id: Original core out of which the rest of the personality emerges. Stands for untamed passions. * Ego: Stands for reason and good sense * Super Ego: Is like a secret police department, unerringly detecting any trends of forbidden impulses, particularly of an aggressive kind, and punishing the individual inexorably if any are present. * Freud’s theory also clearly explains the concepts like Anxiety, Anna Freud and the Defense Mechanisms, Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Reaction formation, Projection, Isolation, Regression, Sublimation. * ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...29, 2013 Les Binnix Theoretical Approaches In the world of psychology there are numerous personality theories. Many people have heard of Maslow with the hierarchy of needs or the dispositional theories with types and traits. Both of these theories attempts to understand and explain human thoughts and behaviors through different perspectives. The focus of this paper is to compare and contrast these two different theories. Humanistic and existential theory of personality looks at the individual in a holistic and optimistic manner; this includes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rodger's theory of self. The dispositional theories started with a comprehensive definition of personality by Gordon Allport and went on to the investigations of thousands of descriptive words dealing with personality characteristics. Measurements of these characteristics led to the big five or the five factor theory. Both of these major theories are complex, optimistic, and help increase understanding of personalities through different lenses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the personality characteristics attributed to these theories, explain the interpersonal relational aspect associated, and describe the role of personality in affecting situational behavior. Humanistic and existential theory of personality. The humanistic and existential theory of personality is also known as the "Third Force" within psychology, as a result of resisting against the dominant culture of psychoanalysis...
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...Education--Site providing biographical information as well as examination of Rogers's ideas about education. Introduction to Person-Centred Counselling--A clear overview by Dr. Greg Mulhauser, on CounsellingResources.com. Abraham Maslow Like Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow is widely regarded as one of the founders of the Humanistic Approach. While less influential among therapists than Rogers, Maslow may actually be better known to the general public, because of his interest in applying psychological principles to areas like behavior in business settings. In this regard, his hierarchy of needs has been a basic concept in human resources and organizational behavior for several decades. Maslow coined the term "the Third Force" to describe the Humanistic Approach, to emphasize how it differed from the Psychodynamic and Behaviorist Approaches, which dominated psychology (at least in North America) in the 1950's. His theory emphasizes motivation as the key to understanding human behavior (an emphasis which is somewhat reminiscent of Freud's theory, though the two models focus on very different types of motives). Nonetheless, it becomes the basis of a theory of personality (as discussed in the text, talking about motives implies a person who experiences those motives!), and ends up describing the characteristics of healthy growth in ways that are very similar to Rogers's "fully functioning person". One difference between Maslow and Rogers is the emphasis that Maslow gave...
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE This course aims at preparing students for a professional journey in the growing field of psychology by creating interest and developing an understanding of basic concepts of the discipline. Its major concerns include fostering capability to meet the challenges of self-discovery and effective participation in responding to the needs of society. With a vision to create a balance between society and the individual, the course intends to enable students in developing abilities needed for meeting the challenges and needs of the real world effectively. Along with it, students would also be encouraged to build a relationship with oneself, requisite for self discovery. To this end, the course emphasizes on building the conceptual foundations and acquiring psychological skills through classroom teaching/learning consisting of reflective as well as creative engagement in exercises, projects and hands on experiences. The teaching-learning of the programme would be organized through lectures, group discussions, experiential exercises, group projects, presentations, workshops and seminars. Students would be encouraged to connect to real life issues and participate in the programs and practices in the different social context. To this end practicum is incorporated as an important component in most of the papers with hands on training in the use of various research methods such as: laboratory experiments, field experiments, observation, testing, survey, interview, case...
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...Introduction to Psychology PSYC 2510.06 A Prof. Richard Lalonde with Dr. Heather Jordan Welcome – Bienvenue à Glendon Intro to Psych – Textbook • Please report any errors in this 4th ed to me via e‐ mail Introduction to Psychology • Textbook – the cool stuff – https://login.nelsonbrain.com/course/MTPQ‐ 8LJP‐505M Breken Finnie or David Groth? • Moodle – http://www.glendon.yorku.ca/eclass/ • Course syllabus What Moodle will be used for? • Posting class notes in pdf format (after class) • Dr. Jordan’s Practice Questions & Study Skills • Class announcements (infrequently) • Checking your scores on exams • Some links of interest 1 Course Evaluation • Four non‐cumulative exams – 20% (lowest mark) & 30% (highest mark) by term Weekly lectures • Selected topic from textbook • Additional, related material and concepts – demos, videos, discussions, … • 2 bonus points for research participation • no opportunities for extra assignments • Exam questions: from textbook & lectures including info from lectures not found in the text, as well as material covered in the text but not covered in lectures • If you miss a class, borrow notes from a classmate Course Objectives • To gain a working knowledge of the scope of the discipline of Psychology and a foundation for future studies within the field. • Required course for students who intend to pursue additional courses in Psychology. • Students must pass the course with a grade of ...
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... | | |Chapter Summary/Lecture Organizer | I. INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY A. What is Psychology? - The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology values empirical evidence - information acquired by direct observation and measurement using systematic scientific methods and critical thinking – the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information. Studying psychology offers practical solutions to everyday problems and develops an appreciation for scientific methods of research, as opposed to pseudo psychologies (“false psychologies”) that pretend to discover psychological information through nonscientific methods. B. Psychology’s Goals -The four goals of psychology are: (1) Description - to describe particular behaviors by careful scientific observation, (2) Explanation – to explain behaviors by conducting experiments to determine their causes, (3) Prediction – to predict when a behavior being studied will occur in the future, and (4) Change – to change inappropriate behavior or circumstances. psychologists investigate behavior with basic research or...
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...certain needs that have to be met. So energy is focused on most basic physiological needs first before we can progress through the higher level needs. Humanistic theory also says that we are motivated to reach our full potential. This is self-actualisation. In residential care it is important that we help and encourage residents to move through this hierarchy of needs so they can keep developing throughout life and don’t stop just because they are in long-term residential care. I believe this is an important aspect of humanistic psychology. It helps the workers understand about needs so that good practice can be developed to help residents reach their potential. For example, maintain and facilitate their cognitive and spiritual interests. Carl Rogers says there are many aspects of the self, but one of the important aspects of our self-concept is how we see ourselves (our self-perception). In residential care the staff should empower the service user so they have positive self-perceptions and can move up their hierarchy of needs. The staff can do this by helping the service users achieve their basic needs for example by giving them food and shelter. They also give them safety by making sure they are in a safe environment by carrying out risk assessments. When the basic needs are met, then residents can be helped move through their higher needs for example, intellectual and aesthetic needs. I like that Humanistic psychology is not deterministic, it sees individuals as being empowered...
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...privileges (breaks during class, no football games, graduation dinner etc.). After the rule was implemented, there seemed to be a marked improvement in student attendance in class. How does operant conditioning explain the students’ behavior? Introduction Operant conditioning was thoroughly studied by Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B.F. Skinner), which he confirmed that someone learning ability is displayed by his or her behavior. When a factor in the person’s environment changes the consequences that they endure from their learning, can cause a positive or a negative impact on their behavior, which he categorize as reinforcers or punishments. Therefore, Operant Conditioning is a tool that can influence a person’s increasing or decrease his or her behavior by the consequences of their behavior. Operant conditioning will be illustrated by the behavior of the students when removing negative reinforcement or punishment or adding positive reinforcement or punishment (Robins et al, 2013). In this paragraph, the student’s behavior will be explained using Negative Reinforcement with the illustration of their behavior being increased frequently, towards the termination of the unfavorable consequence, which is, not having the privileges. From the question, the students attended to class early, which is their behavior, in order to avoid the undesired privileges that are associated with their late attendance. Therefore, the students displayed negative reinforcement when, their attendance...
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...| The five major theoretical perspectives in psychology are biological, learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, and social cultural perspectives. Each one of these perspectives searches for answers about behavior through different techniques and through looking for answers to different kinds of questions. Due to the different approaches, each perspective formed their own assumption and explanations. Some perspectives are widely accepted while others struggle for acceptance. Biological perspective “The premise behind the biological perspective in psychology is that all action, feelings, and thought s are associated with bodily events.”Biological psychologists examine how all of the electrical impulse, hormones, and chemical flowing through the body can affect behavior and how changes to these bodily functions can change behavior. They are concerned with how the aspect of biology effects peoples emotions, learning abilities, and their perception of events. One of the major theories of biological psychology is that “we cannot know ourselves if we do not know our bodies”. Through application of this theory, biological psychologists strive to understand the relationship between the mind and body and they influence sickness or health. It is believed that poor health can lead to negative attitudes while poor attitudes can lead to poor health. Biological psychologists research and study the correlation of this theory in an attempt to help solve some mental and emotional problems. Learning...
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...inner impetus to implement sustained change independent of control by others (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008). Deci and Ryan (2008) and Milyavskaya and Koestner (2011) suggested that SDT applies to multiple spheres of life domains such as health, education, and work. The concept of motivation and self-determination goes beyond mere goal achievement and addresses the concepts of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being (McGilloway, 2011). According to Deci & Ryan (2009), SDT is in contrast to the Hull drive (Hull, 1943) and Skinner reinforcement theories (Skinner, 1953). However, White (1959) suggested that an innate motive that is psychological supplements drive theory - a precursor to the concept of intrinsic motivation and the satisfaction of psychological needs. In contrast to the drive theory of Hull and the reinforcement theory of Skinner, SDT strays from the concept of “deficit principles” (Deci & Ryan, 2000). In SDT psychological needs are understood as constructs that strengthen the individual’s movement toward a desired state (White, 1959). Deci & Ryan (2000) describe this phenomenon as “psychological need” (p. 231) rather than the White (1959) term ¬“motive.” (p. 298). SDT extends beyond the mere concept of goal direction and achievement by associating these constructs with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation regulatory processes (Deci...
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... | | |Positive Psychology | Copyright © 2012, 2009. 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description How much control does a person have over his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors? What does it mean to be “free”? PSY/220 offers students a contemporary and relevant approach to the study of psychology and the opportunity to learn more about themselves in the process. In this course, students evaluate, understand, and build on their psychological strengths and those of others. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Baumgardner, S. R. and Crothers, M. .K. (2009). Positive psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available...
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...also talk about contributions from others and expansion of his theory and lastly, I will discuss the limitations of person-centred approach that may result in ineffective therapy. Philosophy of person-centred approach Carl Rogers developed person-centred therapy in the 1940s. He wanted to move away from therapist reliant to a therapeutic relationship where he had a more humanistic philosophy which is captured nicely by the metaphor of “how an acorn, if provided with the appropriate conditions will “automatically” grow in positive ways, pushed naturally towards its actualization as an oak.” Rogers was born in Illinois to a very strict religions family. He originally studied agriculture, then theology and finally psychology. Rogers approach was developed over four periods. The first being in the 1940s which saw the birth of “non-directive counselling”. Rogers became the leading figure in the third force of psychology known as the Humanistic psychology movement. His philosophy was that people are essentially all good and for the most part able to solve their own problems without direct intervention by the therapist. The therapist’s role is to provide a specific therapeutic climate in order for this change to occur. Thorne B (1992) sums this up nicely by saying “The person-centred counsellor believes that each individual has the potential to become a unique and beautiful creation but that none of...
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...EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OSIJEK, CROATIA ANALYSIS OF BASIC CONCEPTS OF CARL ROGERS’ CLIENT – CENTRED THERAPY COURSE: Individual Counseling PROFESSOR: dr. Sc. Zoran Vargović STUDENT: Damir Pil YEAR OF STUDY: 2nd – Mth DATE: 29th May 2012 1 CONTENT Introduction............................................................................................................................. ............... 3 I Rogers’ Theory of Personality .................................................................................................. ..........4 Organismic Valuing Process........................... ....................................................................4 a. The Structure and Dynamics of Personality.............................................................5 b. Self – Actualization..................................................................................................6 II Relationship between Therapist and the Client in Client – Centred Therapy.............................7 Introduction to Rogers’ General Hypothesis ...............................................................................7 Conditions of Worth.....................................................................................................................9 a. Core Conditions................................................................................ ....................... 10 III Biblical Perspective on Person – Centred Counselling...........
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...Question 2: Critically discuss the basic principles of CP. Situate your argument by referring to how a specific school can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. In discussing the basic principles of Critical Psychology, we need to establish what Critical psychology is – what its basic concerns are, etc. After doing that and reaching an understanding of what critical psychology is, we can look at how specific schools can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. Critical psychology is an approach rather than a theory, an orientation towards psychological knowledge and practice – and to relations of power in general. It is an orientation that cuts across the various sub-disciplines in psychology and is made up of diverse theoretical perspectives and forms of practice. An omnipresent theme is critical psychology is that of psychology and power itself. At its most basic it is an investigation of the relationship between power and psychology. It is an awareness that psychology itself is powerful and that it plays a role in maintaining and extending existing relations of power. Critical psychology is concerned with both critiquing oppressive uses of psychology and with enabling potentially transformatory forms of practice that disrupt imbalances of power and which have social equality as their goal. The mainstream practice of psychology has attempted to play down its...
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