...The Crucial Importance of Production and Operations Management Author(s): Charles G. Andrew and George A. Johnson Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Jan., 1982), pp. 143-147 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/257260 . Accessed: 22/10/2013 05:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 14.139.155.243 on Tue, 22 Oct 2013 05:14:17 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ?Academy of Management Review 1982, Vol. 7, No. 1, 143-147 The Crucial Importance of Production and Operations Management CHARLES G. ANDREW University of Hartford GEORGE A. JOHNSON University of Connecticut The history of the recent decline of production and operations management (POM) in academic importance is traced. POM's fundamental importance as a functional area is argued on the basis...
Words: 3471 - Pages: 14
...ISL 223E FUNDAMENTALS OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY 2[1] Due Date: 17. 10. 2011 – until at 17.00 to Room B408[2] NorSal TRONDHEIM NorSal Trondheim operates a salmon processing facility where fish are purchased from local sources along the North Sea, processed at the facility, and sold to customers for distribution. The plant manager, Inger Hansen, is contemplating a plant modernization to upgrade the technology in the plant. While the plant performs well enough now, modernizing equipment would allow the plant to increase capacity per hour, which is particularly advantageous because the factory has enough demand to cover the additional capacity. Currently, the plant operates five days a week, two shifts of 30 workers per shift. The workers are paid $10 per hour. Adding a third shift is not possible because the plant is cleaned during the third shift. The firm is contemplating a plant modernization to upgrade existing equipment, which should increase the plant’s output while lowering energy costs. Using the current equipment, around 1.500 pounds of salmon can be processed each hour, while the new plant would be able to processed each hour, while the new plant would be able to process 2.000 pounds per hour. The updated equipment is made by the same manufacturer as the existing equipment, and the new equipment quickly. For this reason, costs to train personnel are assumed to be negligible. The production manager, Bjorn Pedersen, is skeptical about undergoing...
Words: 580 - Pages: 3
... * Consistency * It is not a characteristic of the test but a property of the scores obtained when the test is administered to a particular group of people on a particular occasion under specific conditions * Not the same thing as stability Classical Reliability Theory * By Charles Spearman (1904) * Also called the Theory of true and error scores * It assumed that a person’s observed score on a test is composed of a “true” score plus some unsystematic error of measurement * TRUE SCORE – the average of the scores a person would obtain if he/she took the test an infinite number of times 2 Factors that influence test scores: * 1. Factors that contribute to consistency - consist of those stable attributes of the individual which the examiner is trying to measure (TRUE VARIANCE) * 2. Factors that contribute to inconsistency – these include the characteristics of the individual, test, or situation which have nothing to do with the attribute being measured but affects the scores (ERROR VARIANCE) EQUATION: * X = T + e * Where: * X is the obtained score * T is the true score * e is the errors of measurement * Errors in measurement –represent discrepancies b/n obtained scores and the corresponding true scores (E=X – T) SOURCES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR (ERROR VARIANCES) * Item Selection(Intrinsic Error Variance) * Found in the instrument itself * Test items may not be equally fair to all persons * There...
Words: 529 - Pages: 3
...Personality/Behavioral Test Administration Reaction Paper: The test that was administered was the Beck youth Inventories Second edition, which is a test that is designed for children and adolescents ages 7 through 18 years. There are 5 self-report inventories which can be used separately or in combination. The goal is to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self- concept. The Beck Inventories are validated tools that can be used to measure progress in both research, and clinical Having the opportunity to meet with Christine, and administer the Beck Youth Inventories Second Edition, she appeared to be a bright and intelligent young lady. She seem to be very withdrawn at times. Her counselor and mother discussed the testing process in the beginning, so she was prepared. Keeping Christine engaged at times was somewhat a challenge at times, but knowing some of her home life situations gave me a better way to know how to help her. The test time is 5-10 minutes per inventory, and 30-60 minutes for a full scale. I believe this instrument is a good for measure of self-concept and psychological well-being of children and adolescents. The Beck Inventories can also be used as a measure to identify children and adolescents that are in need of further intervention or evaluation, and as an assessment to the severity of their symptoms. Research shows that there have been many studies conducted to show the reliability of this instrument. The test is made...
Words: 1003 - Pages: 5
...Discrete Math for Computer Science Students Ken Bogart Dept. of Mathematics Dartmouth College Scot Drysdale Dept. of Computer Science Dartmouth College Cliff Stein Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Columbia University ii c Kenneth P. Bogart, Scot Drysdale, and Cliff Stein, 2004 Contents 1 Counting 1.1 Basic Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Sum Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summing Consecutive Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Product Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two element subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important Concepts, Formulas, and Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Counting Lists, Permutations, and Subsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Sum and Product Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lists and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Bijection Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k-element permutations of a set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counting subsets...
Words: 71201 - Pages: 285
...Sets • A Set is a collection of objects. Each object in the set is called an element or a member. Curly braces , { }, are used to list the elements in a set. The ∈ symbol is used to denote that an element is in a given set. For example: consider the set A = {2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11}. 5 ∈ A and 8 ∈ A / . – p.1/?? Sets • Sets may also be written using set builder notation of the form {x | x has property P} For example: the set of even integers can be written E = {x | x = 2k for k any integer} . – p.2/?? Sets • The empty set, denoted φ, is the set that contains no elements. Do not but braces around the empty set. {φ} actually represents the set that contains the empty set. • A Universal set, denoted U, is the set that includes all the objects being discussed. . – p.3/?? Sets • The number of elements in a set B is denoted n(B). For example: n(A) = 6 and n(φ) = 0. • Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. For example: {1, 2, 3} = {2, 3, 1}, but {1, 2, 3} = {1, 2, 4} . – p.4/?? Subsets • Set A is a subset of set B, denoted A ⊆ B, if every element of A is also an element of B. A Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted A ⊂ B, if A ⊆ B and A = B. With all of this notation it is often nice to have a diagram representing the sets. • The diagram for sets is called a Venn diagram. . – p.5/?? Subsets Here is a Venn diagram that shows that A is a subset of B. The rectangular box represents the universal...
Words: 1230 - Pages: 5
...Section 4.3 Switching Algebra Functional Decomposition Alfredo Benso Politecnico di Torino, Italy Alfredo.benso@polito.it Why? Goal: • Translate a large and complex circuit into a network of small and simple circuits • Express a switching function of n variables as a composition of switching functions of less than n variables Motivation: • Reduce the complexity of simplification • Reduce the size of a circuit by finding common circuit elements Theoretical background: • Shannon’s Expansion Theorem (SET): – Simple type of decomposition – f(x1, x 2, ..., xn) = x 1f(1, x 2, ..., xn) + x’1 f(0, x 2, ..., xn) 1 Residues • The function that is obtained from setting one of the variables, say xi, equal to 1 is called xiresidue. If xi is set to 0, the resulting function is called xi’-residue. • The notation for the xi–residue function is fi(1); for the x’i–residue is fi(0). Boolean Difference • The “Boolean Difference” (or Boolean Derivative) indicates whether f is sensitive to changes in the value of xi and is defined as: ∂f = fi (0) ⊕ f i (1) ∂xi Example • f(w,x,y,z) = wx + w′ z′ , find values of x and z to sensitize circuit to changes in w. fw = x , fw′ = z′ ∂f = z′ ⊕ x = z′x′ + zx ∂w z=x=1 o r z=x=0 will sensitize circuit to changes in w 2 Simple Disjoint Decomposition Definition: • A switching function f(x1, ..., xn) is functionally decomposable iff there exists switching functions G and H (simple) x1 f xn A G B H where A ∪ B = {x 1...
Words: 596 - Pages: 3
...be identified. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to the University of California. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general — the theory — to the specific — the observations," said Dr. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, a researcher and professor emerita at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. uring the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are confused. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to the University of California. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That...
Words: 1107 - Pages: 5
...Perspectives Of Personality There are many theories of personality, they have been grouped into four basic perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and traits. The psychoanalytic perspective focused on the importance of the unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that there is a structure to the mind which includes the id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious, irrational component of the personality. It is not affected by logic, values, morality, danger, or the demands of the external world. The ego is the semi-conscious rational part of the personality and the superego is the semi-conscious, moralistic part of the personality. This structure is a very distinct psychological process. (Hockenbury, D.H. & S.E.,2014 pp 419-422) The humanistic perspective "represents an optimistic look at human nature" (Hockenbury, 2014). Human nature is viewed as primarily good and humanistic theorists, like Maslow, focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential. The humanistic perspective of personality attributes human characteristics and actions to free will and the drive for self-actualization. The social cognitive perspective of personality "emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self regulation"(Hockenbury, 2014). Albert Bandura was on of the major theorists of this prospective...
Words: 1170 - Pages: 5
... Even though, there are many different theories of personality key influences from many different psychologist play a role in the theories on personality and also the brain structure of personality. The amount of personality theories that are out there is a large number but the number that is normally used is the basic four perspectives. The first perspective is the psychoanalytic perspective that emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. Also there is the humanistic perspective that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and the fulfillment of a persons unique potential. The third is the social cognitive perspective this emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self-regulation. Lastly is the trait perspective that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals. (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014) Personality development theories are based on the basic four as discussed earlier. The Differences amongst the four are great. The personality theories and humanistic theories go hand in hand with one another, the personality theory is how a person behaviors, thinks and feels. Humanistic theory describes the goodness in people along with the human potential that is within. These two are much different then the trait theories that is based largely on the identity and...
Words: 759 - Pages: 4
...ecosystem BASIC STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE Biology has evolved as a field of science since it was first studied in ancient civilizations Science is a process that requires the testing of ideas using evidence gathered from the natural world. Science is iterative in nature and involves critical thinking, careful data collection, rigorous peer review, and the communication of results. Science also refers to the body of knowledge produced by scientific investigation. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Refers to the working habits of practicing scientist. Involves rigorous application of common sense to the study and analysis of data. Refers to the model for research developed by Francis Bacon (15611626) SCIENTIFIC METHOD a. Observations - lead to questions that require answers. b. Hypothesis - a testable statement proposed to answer a question. c. Experiments - (often with controls and variables) are devised to test hypotheses. d. Analysis of the results of an experiment will lead to the hypothesis being accepted or rejected. SCIENTIFIC REASONING Inductive Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalization & theories. “bottom-up” approach Ends up developing some general conclusion or theories Observation - Patterns - Hypothesis - Theory Deductive Reasoning work from a more general to more specific “top-down” approach leads us to test the hypothesis with specific data - confirmation (or not) of our original theories. Theory...
Words: 819 - Pages: 4
...Personality Danielle Taliaferro PSY 211 June 5, 2013 Andrea Mc Lellan, MA, MFT Personality The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest within psychology. Each of us, as human beings, influences much that is within us and around us. Each person has many psychological attributes; feelings, thoughts and motivations. It is our personality that orchestrates our psychological qualities. Some individuals cannot help but wonder how the personality works, how it came to be and what it might mean for their future. Some also wonder about the personalities of others; how they are the same or different from them. Although these questions are intriguing, the question that must be answered first is the most basic: “What is personality?” Personality encompasses the many characteristics that arise from within an individual. It is what makes an individual unique. Researchers have developed four different perspectives on personality. Each of these perspectives attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patters form and how people differ on an individual level. Psychoanalytic Perspective emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association and slips of the tongue. Freud’s work shaped the fields of clinical...
Words: 1559 - Pages: 7
...No. 4 Advanced Mathematics Mathematics Analysis: Series Limit, Calculus, General Theory of Series, Function Series and Power Series, Fourier series, Leaning Differential Coefficient, layer Integral, Curve Integral, Mapped Limit and Progression of Euclid Space. Advanced Algebra: Determinant, Linear Equation, Matrix, Linear Space, Linear Change, Euclid Space No.5 Descriptive Geometry and Mechanical Graphing Descriptive Geometry and Shadows, Perspective Drawing, Projection Standard, Axis Measure Chart Fundamentals of Architectural Design No.6 Building Materials This course teaches the nature, purpose, method of preparation and use, as well as civil engineering materials testing and quality control methods, and to understand the relationship between material properties and materials engineering structures, as well as ways to improve performance. Through this course, you should be able to reasonable selection of materials for different projects, and to work closely with the follow-up courses to understand the relationship between the material and the design parameters and construction measures chosen. No. 7 Metrology Construction Engineering Mechanics measure is specialized elective courses. Every stage of construction, are inseparable from survey work, should work as a pilot to measure. Therefore, any person engaged in engineering and construction technicians must master the knowledge and skills necessary measurements. Construction surveying measurements are an integral...
Words: 838 - Pages: 4
... Today, psychologists have identified four perspectives of personality. (Holmes) Understanding Trait perspective, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals. Trait personality is determined by a number of set, relatively unchanging traits. Some theorists believe that there are thousands of different traits that make up human personality. Raymond Cattell’s theory identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality. Where as Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness to experience, 4) conscientiousness and 5) agreeableness. Socio-cognitive theorists argue that personalities are direct results of personal histories and interpretations. Because these can only be experienced individually, persons have entirely unique personalities and no two are the same. Concepts like self-efficacy are common within the socio-cognitive theory, and Julian Rotter's theory of the "locus of control" holds that a person’s focus on external or internal occurrences largely...
Words: 746 - Pages: 3
... Social Cognitive is another perspective of personality. The social cognitive perspective is different from the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives in many ways. To compare social cognitive with humanistic, trait and psychoanalytic someone could say that instead of basing their view on self-analysis or ideas obtained from psychotherapy, social cognitive personality theorists base their ideas on experimental findings. Social cognitive perspective uses conscious, self-regulated behavior instead of unconscious mental influences and basic instincts. Another component in of the perceptive of personality is trait. Traits are very different from the other perspectives. To compare them someone might say that psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social cognitive theories emphasize the common ties among people. Their ideas all focus on finding the universal processes of motivation and development that define human personality. These theories deal with someone’s differences, but only indirectly versus the trait approach to personality focuses on people’s differences in their characteristics....
Words: 733 - Pages: 3
