...Behavior therapy is a technique that was developed as a response to the psychoanalytical model and emphasized observable behaviors instead of the internal events or client history (Goldfried & Davidson, 1994). The theory is based upon the idea that behavior is learned and can subsequently be unlearned or modified. It is a theory that emphasizes examining current causes of behaviors rather than the individual’s history. The major contributors of this theory include Ivan Pa Both strengths and weaknesses exist when examining behavior therapy from a Christian worldview. Positive reinforcement is a technique used in behavior therapy in which a reward is remitted immediately following the desired behavior, thus creating an instant gratification environment. In the Bible, rewards and incentives are viewed on a more eternal level that comes in heaven and “transcends immediate gratification or positive reinforcement of specific behaviors now (Tan 2011).” Further, we are human beings created in the image of God (Gen. 1:26-27), and therefore we are not totally conditioned creatures, we do have some capacity to choose our behaviors freely. Behavior therapy has a strong focus on the client changing his or her own behaviors. From a Christian perspective, this can cause an over-dependence on one’s self and create “sinful self-sufficiency (Tan 2011).” Behavior therapy from a biblical perspective would emphasize seeking strength and sufficiency in Christ to bring about lasting...
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...Behavior Therapy Naomi R. Wiley AmRidge University Dr. James Kelly Abstract The behavioral approach was a significant departure from the psychoanalytic perspective of the 1950’s and 1960’s. B.F. Skinner believed all human behavior was a direct result of the environment in the form of stimuli, where human behavior strictly complies with the principle of causality. Skinner felt his ideas were the only true scientific theory of personality pertaining to Behavior therapy and conveying how Behavior Therapy generally would see individuals as both the producer and the product of their own behavior and environment. In addition, to focusing on the basic aim of Behavior Therapy, this paper will view Behavior Therapy from a Christian standpoint and highlight the Five key concepts for behavior theory which are the BASIC I.D. conceptual framework, behavior modification, classical conditioning, reinforcement, and systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy B.F Skinner is one of the major contributors to behavior theory for his work on behavior modification he is quoted as saying, “What we observe…is that a person behaves in certain ways that usually get him out of trouble and often get him things he needs in order to survive” (Pepinsky, 1975, p. 40). Skinner (1986, p. 569) observed human behavior and found that it was influenced by things that reinforced...
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...Cognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically supported theory of psychopathology and personality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and children, couples, and families. Its efficacy has also been established in the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, fibromyalgia, post-myocardial infarction depression, noncardiac chest pain, cancer, diabetes, migraine, and other chronic pain disorders. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy as a time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing...
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...Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Treat Borderline Personality Disorder Kari Deutscher University of Saint Francis Abstract Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a specific type of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy initially developed by Marsha Linehan for the treatment of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and additional psychiatric disorders associated with emotion dysregulation. DBT is currently the most frequently investigated psychosocial intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). DBT’s treatment program includes weekly skills training group led by two therapists, individual therapy, telephone consultation, and consultation team meetings. Over the years, DBT has been proven to be beneficial in treating...
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...Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach based on the notion that cognition, emotions, and behaviors work together in such a way that they have a common cause and effect relationship. CBT conceptualizes the idea that many of the client’s problems are created by the client’s way of interpreting events and situations. Clients contribute to their own specific issues and difficulties by the way they perceive different events and situations in their lives. The following are attributes that can be found in CBT: 1) there is a collaborative relationship between the therapist and the client, 2) the idea that mental health difficulties are a result of disturbances in the cognitive process, 3) a focus to change cognitions in order to change behaviors, and 4) time-limited and educational treatments that focus on specific target problems. The main objective of the therapeutic process is to minimize emotional disturbances and negative behaviors by attaining a more realistic philosophy of life. CBT therapists focus on teaching the client, skills which allow the client to apply logical thinking to problem solving and emotional change. During the therapeutic process the therapist might do the following: • Encourage the client to discover irrational ideas that affect their behavior. • Challenge the client to validate their ideas. • Show the client their illogical thinking process. • Explain how negative ideas can be replaced with a more rational thinking...
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...Behavior Therapy B.F. SKINNER • (1904–1990) Reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment. • As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971...
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...Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Abstract Counseling has been in existence from the beginning of time. From Jethro to Freud, therapists and philosophers have been seeking insight into the core of human nature and cognitions. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that faulty cognitions and beliefs affect the behaviors of individuals. One method of cognitive-behavior therapy, reality therapy, incorporates the concepts of free choice and personal responsibility that are taught both in Scripture and Dr. William Glasser’s choice theory. Other aspects of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), also work towards eliminating negativistic attitudes of clients in exchange for more effective and realistic methods for interpreting the situations experienced in daily life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy It is suggested that an individual’s personality is a complex system of cognition, emotion, will, physiology, and spirituality. Hawkins proposes nine aspects of the human self to be active influences on one’s personality: “body, cognition, feelings, volition, human spirit, Holy Spirit, sin/flesh/SAS, temporal systems, and spiritual systems (Hawkins COUN507_BO1_200920). Each therapist individually determines what factors they believe to make up a person’s being. Larry Crabb views humans as involving both the physical and spiritual aspects of man...
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...motivated and be able to complete every task. Giving them that motivation would increase their abilities to perform activities since they can achieve a lot more than what we think. Parent and teacher play a very important role in the support of these child since they are the ones taking care of them and teaching them new things and ways to behave. We basically use support to prevent problematic behaviors and minimize it. It all relies on the people who is related to the child. Minimizing the behavior includes teaching alternative and replacement behavior, and a response plan when the behavior occurs that should be more focused on minimizing the effectiveness of the behavior than punishing it. When diagnosing autism, practitioners and clinicians take in consideration depression, anxiety, obsessive- compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder and nonverbal learning disability....
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...Rush, Beck, Kovacs & Hollon, 1977), fuelled the revolution. Over the succeeding years, BT and CT grew together and influenced each other to such an extent that the resulting amalgam is now most commonly known as cognitive behaviour therapy – CBT. Change Theory, primarily developed in the 1990s, explains a similar shift in thinking process by outlining causal links in a coachees initiative. This could include distal or proximal outcomes. The acknowledged changes are mapped as showing each outcome in a rational relationship to all the others, as well as chronological flow. The links between outcomes are explained by rationales of why one outcome is thought to be a prerequisite for another. This Theory of Change, similar to CBT, lies in understanding the distinction between desired and concrete outcomes. Change Theory is a forecast that shows what conditions must exist for other conditions to come into being. It is forward looking and logical, assuming the way we think is...
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...Rational emotive behavior therapy methods can be beneficially directed toward addressing both irrationalities in depressive thinking but also conditions that commonly coexist with depression such as anxiety, anger, panic, and a low tolerance for frustration. People who have experienced depression can use rational emotive behavior therapy to focus not on the event or circumstance in life that causes these feelings; instead, it is held beliefs that cause their feelings whether their emotions. David and Dryden (2008) state: REBT can be applied to all major therapeutic areas: (a) individual, couple, family, and group therapy; (b) how it can be used with a broad range of clinical issues, including addictive behaviors, anxiety, borderline personality...
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...Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a popular technique used in the field of counseling. CBT is a form of therapy that helps clients change problematic behaviors and maladaptive thoughts (Corey, 2016). Corey (2016) states CBT is trying to help the client change the behavior, not just understand it. CBT is allowing clients to actively make changes in their life. CBT is a great form of therapy for groups because the treatment style is beneficial for a wide range of specific problems for diverse clients. (Corey, 2016) Participating in CBT in a group allows members a safe place where they can try out more effective behaviors to be used in day-to-day life. CBT incorporates many different concepts and techniques. The counselor will conduct a behavior...
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...Initial Intervention The social workers decided that despite the condition of the home the family members appeared to be healthy. The family had lived with the terrible home conditions for many years. They felt that there was time to encourage and acclimate the clients to participate in a recommended evidence-based treatment plan. The social workers researched many interventions available and found cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to be successful in treating hoarding disorder by repairing dysfunctional thinking patterns (Murphy, 2014). A meta-analysis of CBT outcomes found there were greater positive results using CBT with certain populations. Groups included were female sufferers and those younger in age. Also, positive impacts...
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...to those problems it’s been noted in much of the literature that children who suffer from anxiety often develop coinciding problems of depression and substance use (Wood at el., 2009). Cognitive behavior therapy has become a primary solution of treatment for many therapist working with children, but other has took note of the difficulty working with children with anxiety...
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...Exposure Therapy and Medications Anxiety medications may facilitate the process of recovering from anxiety disorders when combined with counseling and will perform a vital role in recovery. Some individuals believe that if they just take their anxiety medication symptoms will go away, nevertheless, this is not always the case. The goal of treatment is to reclaim the optimal functioning of the individual's wellbeing for instance body and mind. In some cases, medications can facilitate the process, but medication alone may not create the change the client wants. (Elliott Ingersoll, 2016) Medications can control anxiety and/or panic attacks from and individual thinking about or being exposed to an object or situation they may fear. When working with a client that needs exposure therapy, the doctor might give the client Antidepressants, Bate Blockers, or Sedatives. Treatment depends on what phobia you are experiencing. There are three types: Agoraphobia: mainly when it's accompanied with a panic disorder, agoraphobia is typically treated with exposure therapy and/or with SSRIs. Social phobia: can be treated with exposure therapy and/or with antidepressants or beta blockers. Specific phobias: are typically treated with exposure therapy. (Sucheta Connolly, 2006)...
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...Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioural therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning, which is used effectively to overcome various phobias and anxiety related disorders. It is also known as ‘graduated exposure therapy’ usually happens in three steps. The first step is the identification of an anxiety/fear causing stimulus hierarchy. The second step is learning techniques to cope or relax. Few such techniques are meditation, anti-anxiety medicines, breathing exercises and cognitive reappraisal etc. After completing the first two steps successfully, the person must use them in the third step to react to and overcome situations/fears in the formed hierarchy of fears. The purpose of this process is for an individual to learn how to cope with, and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy of fears. Exposure can be done in two ways: In vitro – An individual imagines exposure to the phobic stimulus. In vivo – An individual is actually exposed to the phobic stimulus. I personally chose Systematic Desensitization since as per me the best way to win a battle against irrational fear is to face it head-on, but considering the negative effects of sudden exposure to the fear/anxiety causing stimuli, it’s better so go step by step. With each step of stimulus...
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