...Behavior Therapy B.F. SKINNER • (1904–1990) Reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment. • As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971...
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...Glossophobia Using the cognitive-behavioral model of systematic desensitization, the phobia of Glossophobia will be approached with this model. It is common for people to have Glossophobia even actors, singers, business people have suffered from this phobia. Glossophobia affects three out of every four individuals (Glossophobia about, 2012) What is Glossophobia? Glossophobia is a fear of public speaking, speech, anxiety, and stage fright. When even the thought of having to present in front of people already makes you feel anxious, sick to the stomach, nervous, start to sweat drops, dry mouth and even want to avoid presenting. Also when up presenting the “umms” come out and it is taking attention away from delivering the message in the presentation (Pro Quest.) If all this apply then it is a case of Glossophobia. This phobia does not come up from nowhere; this phobia had to do something with the person’s childhood or adolescents. A tragic event had to happen to the person for them to develop a fear of public speaking or presenting. For example either in the childhood the person got made fun of for mispronouncing a word while doing a speech in front of his or hers classmates. Or an adolescent performing a dance in front of a crowed and she slipped and fell or messed up some dance moves, everyone in the crowd laughed so now that is why she may have developed Glossophobia in her adulthood. Glossophobia affects both women and men but the women are the one that suffers the most with...
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...Personal Model of Helping Victoria BSHS 311 August 27, 2012 Tiffany Brewer Personal Model of Helping After researching the many models of effective helping, I feel that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one that I would personally use to help my clients. I strongly believe that in order to change your behavior you most first change your way of thinking. The theory behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is that, what we think can and will control our behavior. I will also use observational learning, which is known as modeling to strengthen or weaken previously learned behaviors. I would combine the CBT and observational learning to make a model of therapy that the client can practice for the rest of their lives. The model would help identify negative thoughts and beliefs, help control emotions, and change negative thinking into positive thinking, which ultimately lead to positive behaviors, that would then be encouraged and strengthen. How and why this view was formed “You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individuals. To that end each of us must work for his own improvement and at the same time share a general responsibility for all humanity, our particular duty to aid those to whom we think we can be most helpful” (Woodside & McClam, 2006). This quote stood out as I contemplated on which model would be the most effective for me to counsel. I feel that situations arise in people lives that trigger negative thinking and negative behaviors...
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...Behavior Therapy Naomi R. Wiley AmRidge University Dr. James Kelly Abstract The behavioral approach was a significant departure from the psychoanalytic perspective of the 1950’s and 1960’s. B.F. Skinner believed all human behavior was a direct result of the environment in the form of stimuli, where human behavior strictly complies with the principle of causality. Skinner felt his ideas were the only true scientific theory of personality pertaining to Behavior therapy and conveying how Behavior Therapy generally would see individuals as both the producer and the product of their own behavior and environment. In addition, to focusing on the basic aim of Behavior Therapy, this paper will view Behavior Therapy from a Christian standpoint and highlight the Five key concepts for behavior theory which are the BASIC I.D. conceptual framework, behavior modification, classical conditioning, reinforcement, and systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy B.F Skinner is one of the major contributors to behavior theory for his work on behavior modification he is quoted as saying, “What we observe…is that a person behaves in certain ways that usually get him out of trouble and often get him things he needs in order to survive” (Pepinsky, 1975, p. 40). Skinner (1986, p. 569) observed human behavior and found that it was influenced by things that reinforced...
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...Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P., 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. & Olson S., 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems. In general, behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims on changing undesirable types of behavior. It engages in identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier ones. . According to Rimm D. & Masters J. (1974), the label “behavior therapy” comprises a large number of different techniques that make use of psychological-especially learning- principles to deal with maladaptive human behavior. Behavior therapy is a relative new kind of psychotherapy (Corsini R. & Wedding D., 2008). As a systematic approach, behavior therapy began in the 1950’s, in order to assess and treat psychological disorders. Behavior therapy was developed by a small group of psychologists and physicians who were not satisfied with the conventional techniques of psychotherapy (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). They linked behavior therapy to experimental psychology, differentiating...
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...1. Introductory paragraph: Behavior therapy, is the application of experimentally developed principles of learning to the treatment of psychological disorders. The concept comes from work of Ivan Pavlov, who published on the use of conditioning techniques, and theories of abnormal behavior. Behavior-therapy techniques differ from psychiatric methods, particularly psychoanalysis, in that they are the symptom-oriented and show little or no concern for unconscious processes, attaining new insight, or effecting personality change. Name of Theory: Behavior Therapy/Behavioral therapy Theory’s developer: B.F. Skinner/ Albert Bandura/ Arnold Lazarus Basic Philosophy of the Theory: In behavior therapy, the view is that the person is the producer and the product of their environment. Behavior therapy aims to increase people’s skills so that they have more options for responding. By overcoming debilitating behaviors that restrict choices, people are freer to select from possibilities that were not available earlier. Thus, as behavior therapy is typically applied, it will increase individual freedom. 2. Key concepts of the theory and what is your analysis of the application of these fundamental concepts in the practice of counseling? Behavior therapy not only emphasizes current behavior but offers precise treatment goals, as well as varied therapeutic approaches. Objective evaluation of therapeutic outcomes and procedures are stated explicitly, tested, and revised on an as-needed basis...
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...Communication anxiety: Name: Tutor: Institution: Date: Abstract Communication essentially refers to passing of information from one party to another. There are generally two forms of communication. The verbal and the non-verbal communicatiuion. Verbal communication is basically the spoken or written means of communicating. On the other hand, non-verbal communication refers to those acts, gestures or suggestive body movements that relay information without spoken words. The importance of communication cannot be overstated. In every sphere of life, good communication plays a cruicial role in ensuring starndard if not outstanding performance as well as sustainability. Success in virtually all endevours calls for good communication. For a healthy family setup, communication between the parents and the children has to be efficient. In business, good communication is vital for smooth running of every organization. Despite the known facts about the heavy significance of good and effective communication, since the 19th centuary communication apprehension has been persistently a ruccuring hindarance that has never been fully addressed. Families have fallen apart as a result of barriers to communication. Employees have lost their jobs to communication anxiety. Organistation have fallen to the ground due communication breakdown. Students have registered low grades attributed to communication anxiety. Communication apprehension is now established as the biggest...
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...Axia College Material Appendix D Psychotherapy Matrix Directions: Review Module 36 of Psychology and Your Life. Select three approaches to summarize. Include examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each therapy. |{Insert type of therapy approach} |{Insert type of therapy approach} |{Insert type of therapy approach} | |Summary of |aversive conditioning, a form of therapy |Behavioral treatment approaches it builds on the earning |systematic desensitization, | |Approach |that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by |behavioral treatment approaches make this fundamental |gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is | | |pairing an aversive, |assumption helps cope with there learning skilss and how |paired with relaxation to | | |unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior. |to deal with problems |extinguish the response of anxiety | | |Although aversion therapy works reasonably well in | | | | |inhibiting substanceabuse | ...
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...According to Jones and Butman (2012) behavior therapy is one of the popular, empirically based theory that seeks to understand personality development. Behavior therapy seeks to ascertain causes of problem behaviors, and intercedes to eliminate or decrease the occurrences of these problem behaviors, in more effective and efficient ways, using appropriate scientific methods. Jones and Butman argue that behavior therapy originated from a behaviorism viewpoint, which assumes that the universe is made up of mater and energy. The behaviorism standpoint also assumes a reductionism, which proposes that complex phenomena can be broken down into simple elements. Proposing that human behavior can also be broken down into simple elemental processes that are easily comprehended and studied (Jones & Butman, 2012). Behavior therapy theorizes that the self is comprised of behavior pattern, reflexes, perceptions and impressions. Behavior therapy concepts like classical conditioning, operant learning, and social learning theory, proposes that human behavior can be learned and modified. A classical conditioning model suggests that humans have innate reflexes (unconditioned) that can be conditioned through repeated training. For example in the case of anxiety, Wolpe’s...
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...to Morris and Maisto (2002), the goal of insight therapy is “…to give people a better awareness and understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions, in the hope that this will lead to better adjustment (p.527). The three major insight therapies are psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy. Psychoanalysis allows a person to express his or her thoughts using free association. During this process, the analyst remains quiet and out of sight. The advantage of this form of therapy allows people to recall past events and give them the opportunity to work through the feelings and beliefs that underlie their problems. However, this form of therapy may take five years or longer and many people cannot afford that length of treatment. Another disadvantage is that this form of therapy does not work immediately and is not effective with severely disturbed people. Client-centered therapy, according to Carl Rogers, “…is to help people become fully functioning, to open them up to all of their experiences and to all of themselves” (Morris & Maisto, 2002, p.529). In other words, Rogers believed that it is important to always follow the client’s lead in therapy and that the client is responsible for change. Gestalt therapy differs from psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy. “Gestalt therapy emphasizes the here-and-now and encourages face-to-face confrontations” (Morris & Maisto, 2002, p.530). In this form of therapy, the therapist is active and direct and their goal...
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...examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each therapy. Psychodynamic | Behavioral | Cognitive | Summary of Approach | The form of treatment would be done by a professional therapist. Their job is to help the person get over psychological trauma, resolve the issue, and try to get the person back to normal.(Treatment of psychological, M) | This form of treatment is more of the learning aspect. They want the individual to understand it by themselves and help them to understand the normal and abnormal behaviors.(Treatment of psychological, M) | This form of approach pretty much is trying to have the individual get use to change and handle there dysfunctional cogitations about themselves and the world around them. (Treatment of psychological, M) | Disorders appropriate for this therapy | The use of drugs and medical procedure are used to help cure the person. Psychodynamic- therapy that seeks to bring to light the things that we hide in our unconscious to the conscious state. This is usually brought on by something in their past that they try to hide or forget and have a hard time with it. They person seeks help to understand and get past it.(Treatment of psychological, M) | “Aversive Conditioning- form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior. (Treatment of psychological, M)”.Systematic desensitization- By putting the individual into a uncomfortable situation they are...
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...Material Appendix C Psychotherapy Matrix Directions: Review Module 36 of Psychology and Your Life. Select three approaches to summarize. Include examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each therapy. |Psychodynamic |Behavioral |Cognitive | |Summary of |Psychoanalysis: Freudian psychotherapy in which the goal |Aversive conditioning, a form of therapy hat reduces the |Cognitive-behavioral approach: A treatment approach that | |Approach |is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in |frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, |incorporates basic principles of learning to change the | | |order to reduce their power in controlling behavior |unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior (Feldman, |way people think (Feldman, 2010). | | |(Feldman, 2010). |2010). |Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: attempts to restructure| | |Free association: Psychoanalysts using this technique |Systematic Desensitization: gradual exposure to an |a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, | | |tell patients to say aloud whatever comes to mind, |anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation...
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...CLAUSTROPHOBIA MATTHEW L. SPELTZ University of Missouri, Columbia and DOUGLAS A. BERNSTEIN University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana Summary-The use is described of participant modeling procedures in the treatment of a longstanding and debilitating fear of closed places. Objective and subjective data collected immediately after treatment showed dramatic improvements which were maintained at 33 month follow-up. Participant modeling is a treatment technique emphasizing therapist demonstration of approach to graded in vivo fear stimuli, guided rehearsal by the client of progressively more difficult approach responses, and independent responses client performance of those (Bandura, 1976), This treatment package (also termed “contact desensitization” (Ritter, 1%8) has been used to attenuate fear responses to Bandura, targets such as snakes (e.g., Blanchard and Ritter, 1969; Blanchard, 1970; Ritter, 1968; Thase and Moss, 1976), heights (e.g., Ritter, 1969), water (e.g., Lewis, 1972*), rats (e.g., Lick and Bootzin, 1970), and dogs (MacDonald, 1975; Richards and Siegel, 1978). Comparative research would indicate that participant modeling is superior to other techniques commonly employed to promote fear reduction (Bandura, 1976), but Leitenberg (1976) notes a limitation to that research, namely its near exclusive focus on non clinical populations and targets. There are few reports on the use of participant modeling with chronic, debilitating fears (e.g., MacDonald, 1975). This paper...
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...Sexual Therapy Intervention When couples face sexually related issues they often seek therapy to help them work through and deal with those issues. A sexual problem can cause wider relationship difficulties, and when couples present with other problems it is not unusual for a specific sexual problem to be present as well (Wetchler & Hecker, 2015 p 433). This paper will explore interventions and the challenges that a counselor will face when working with a couple with sexual issues. Sexual Therapy Intervention I would suggest using a cognitive-behavioral model by Masters and Johnson for the Wilsons. Sexual problems are often multifaceted; therefore, to deal with them effectively, therapist need several methods (Wetchler & Hecker, 2015 p...
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...Course assignment Topic: Phobias Prepared by: Accepted by F1-10 ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents What is a phobia? pg 3 Types of phobias pg 3 Symptoms of phobias pg 5 Coping with phobias pg 5 Bibliography pg 7 What is a phobia? The word “Phobia” comes from the Greek “phobos” meaning fear. But it is not an ordinary type of fear. A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. It is a strong, irrational, fear of something that possess little or no actual danger. In many cases it is usually limited to one particular thing such as the fear of heights or lifts, of enclosed or open spaces, of travelling by plane, of certain animals and, in the worst of cases, of people. A phobia that has recently become very common is the fear of being “unclean” or contaminated by dirt or germs, and this leads to frequent and obsessive washing. Although the hands of a person with this phobia will get sore from repeated use of soap, he will not stop washing them. Some people have purely personal phobias. One woman was frightened that while she was driving a car, a bird would fly in front of a widescreen. Another man would never stand on a balcony fearing that at any moment it might collapse...
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