...Social Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship and suggests that learning involves a behavior change whereas according to social cognitive theory learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change. According to social cognitive theory, people and their environments mutually influence each other (Ormrod, 2011). People learn from the environment they are in, people they interact with, and behaviors they watch. People can learn by observing others and as they become older they can set their goals based on the accomplishments and the results of that learning. People learn by observation is the basic assumption of the social cognitive theory. The person who demonstrates a behavior for someone else is the model for the learner (Ormrod, 2011). According to instrumental conditioning, learning is a process of trial and error (Ormrod, 2011, p.324). Learners observe different behaviors and try to adopt those behaviors, if any of the learned behaviors bring desirable results; those behaviors stay with...
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...Theory| Behavior is the result of exposure to | Behaviorism is used in research to | The theory was falsifiable and generated | | | |external (environment) and internal (self) |collect accurate data or information. |research. |The treatment method is simple and quick approach | | |stimuli. |Critics argue that behaviorism does not|The theory was well organized and presented |to utilize. Application to real world use is easy.| | | |have a complete understanding of |material which reflected the human personality.|The information can be applied in psycho therapy, | | | |individual personalities or the |The theory demonstrated accurate use of terms, |education, and training purposes. | | | |variances. The theory met the criteria |clear meaning which is important in determining| | | | |for consistency. |internal consistency. | | |Social Cognitive Theory...
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...Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can cause psychological distress. A positive way to get rid of those behavioral patterns is that of reinforcement and be able to correct them. The therapist that works with Cognitive Therapy usually shows a lot of empathy to the client and will help the client as much as they can to be able to decide on a treatment plan that would be beneficial to them (Beck, A. T. (2012). Supporting Evidence Cognitive therapy was traditionally developed as a traditional therapeutic approach to mental illness. As mentioned previously; the goal of Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive Behavior Therapy is to teach the clients how to evaluate their behavior and how to accept and deal with the mishaps of life (Corey, G. 2009 p.279). The therapist will challenge the client’s...
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...Cognitive Interventions BSHS 312 October 7, 2013 Cognitive Interventions The process of learning, thinking, emotions, and the way the human being behaves are all critical parts of the cognitive aspect of life. In every which way or form an individual is affected by how they internally learn, think, manage emotions, and behave as individuals. Cognitive interventions will be evaluated as well as how they have been effective tools in living and learning as an individual. Cognitive interventions are techniques used during a therapy session that replaces negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors with positive ones (Robinson, 2007). Intelligent founders have implemented several cognitive interventions associated with theories such as rational emotive therapy (RET), collaborative empiricism, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that professionals use today. The primary goal of the therapist is to teach individuals to identify, challenge, and replace their self-defeating thoughts and beliefs with healthier thoughts that promote emotional well-being and goal achievement . Effective techniques are used along extensive therapy to focus on somehow implementing change into the client’s life. During week 3 several discussions and findings were gathered from readings pertaining to cognitive techniques used. Cognitive techniques are used by several therapists to implement change into one’s life and the way they live in the environment. As we all know a person can development negative...
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...Cognitive Personality Approach Introduction Psychology definition is the study of the human mind and human behaviors. It is an theoretical discipline and is applied science in which seeks the understanding of individuals and groups by establishing overall principles, along with researching specific form of cases. There are many different approaches to psychology such as humanist, behavioral, and cognitive. One must understand the cognitive approach before truly understand the cognitive personality approach. Cognitive psychology “is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding”(Lu & Dosher, 2007, p. 1). As the term ‘cognition’ comes from the Latin word “cognoscere”. Cognitive psychology is the study in which how people obtain and apply knowledge or information to their everyday lives. It is a modern form that includes a set of new technologies in the field of psychological science. The study of human cognitive is traced back to Aristotle De Memoria in Hothersall in 1984. The overall concept of cognitive psychology began with the cognitive approaches to psychological issues in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the work of Wundt, Cattell, and William James. It claimed the first half of the approach during the 20th century with the behaviorism approach in cognitive psychology. Within this dissertation it will be covering different aspects of cognitive personality...
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...Introduction Cognitive behavior therapy is a form of psychotherapy that surrounds the important role of “thinking” in how we feel and what we do. The idea that our thoughts control how we feel, is used in place of external factors such as situations, events or people, if this is true then if change the way we think we can change the way we feel. The first step in cognitive behavior therapy is to become aware of the negative thoughts a patient is having. A patient is given a number of therapy sessions, in these sessions the therapist heightens the awareness by helping the patient become more alert to the irrational or negative thought process and assisting them in a more rational way of thinking. Cognitive behavior therapy allows a patient to see what was once known as a challenging situation in a more clear perspective and to respond to that situation more effectively. Disputation Disputation requires clients to challenge their irrational beliefs, to stop them, and to replace them with new, more rational philosophies. When this is successful, it will be noticeable in diminished emotional distress. The main goal is to boost clients’ awareness of these new effects and also to motivate them to continue using the disputation process in a self-directed manner even after the completion of the therapy session (Parrott III, 2003). Disputation can occur in three forms; cognitive, imaginable, and behavioral. Regardless of which form is used they all challenge the irrational...
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...three domains which are (a) cognitive, (b) affective, and (c) psychomotor. By focusing on these three domains, we can observe how nurses can use these domains to care for and help educate patients with chronic illnesses. Bloom's Taxonomy of Education and its use in Nursing Education Bloom’s Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives in education that was developed by a committee of educators in the late 1940s to early 1950s. It shows us that lower level knowledge must be mastered before acquiring higher level knowledge. In 2001, Bloom’s taxonomy was revised. According to Bouchard (2011) “The 2001 revision produced a more authentic tool for curriculum planning, delivery, and assessment that is better suited for use in all educational settings.”(p. 45). The Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy is a tool that can be used by nurses everywhere who educate patients. This tool allows nurses to ensure that (a) their education session is focused and clear, (b) is well documented, and (c) has standards for evaluation. This paper will focus on the three domains (a) cognitive, (b) affective, and (c) psychomotor identified in Bloom’s Taxonomy and how these domains can be applied to nursing education. Nurses who familiarize themselves with Bloom’s Taxonomy will find it helpful when educating patients on the chronic diseases with which they have been diagnosed and therefore increase the patient’s level of self-efficacy. Cognitive The cognitive domain is focused on knowledge...
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...The cognitive approach to human and comparative psychology rests on two main assumptions: 1) there are cognitive representations and processes that act on those representations 2) we can discover these representations and processes, albeit indirectly (Willingham, 2007). This approach offers a middle ground between B.F. Skinner’s cut-and-dry input—output relations and C.L. Hull’s hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. In the first case, there is no room for intermediary cognitive processes between stimulus and response, outside the realm of simple associative learning. In the second case, there is lacking an explicit scientific means by which to objectively observe the theoretical cognitive mechanisms in question. However, E. C. Tolman was one of the first psychologists to suggest that intermediary cognitive processes could be deduced through the results of scientifically rigorous experimentation (Zentall, 2002). It is on this very basic proposition, that theoretical cognitive processes can be inferred by observing behavior, which most informs the developmental milestones in the formation of the cognitive perspective as a branch of psychology. Development of Cognitive Psychology The development of the cognitive approach as a mainstream psychological perspective is marked by four major milestones: 1) the shortfalls of the behaviorist perspective of psychology 2) the ability for abstract constructs to account for the aforementioned shortfalls 3) the bridging of abstract...
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...How about unconscious defenses? Week 1 Assignment: Learning Team Charter Team “D” Week 2 BSHS 312 Week 2 Discussion Question # 1 Do you think that a therapist should be an active participant in the treatment of his or her clients? Why or why not? BSHS 312 Week 2 Discussion Question # 2 What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? In your opinion, is either effective? Why or why not? Week 2 Assignments: Annotated Bibliography- Stages of Change Model Self-Management Behavior Contract: To Lose weight and lower my BMI (1450+ Words) Week 3 BSHS 312 Week 3 Discussion Question # 1 Do you agree with the necessity for autonomy as defined by the cognitive theorists? Why? BSHS 312 Week 3 Discussion Question # 2 What kinds of all-or-nothing thinking have you detected in yourself? How will you stop it? Week 3 Assignments: Site Visit Report Kitsap Recovery Center (950+ Words) Behavioral-Cognitive Tools Beck Depression Inventory (1250+ Words) Week 4 BSHS 312 Week 4 Discussion Question # 1 Describe what is meant by a genogram? BSHS 312 Week 4 Discussion Question # 2 Explain the positive and negative roles that rules can play in the family system. Week 4 Assignment: BSHS...
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...The behavioral method is based on behavior being a learned trait and in order to change behavior, therapists use positive and negative reinforcement to teach clients to change some of their ways (Northwestern, 2015). This is a method in play in law enforcement. An offender commits a crime, they are arrested, and they are sentenced to prison time as a punishment. Law enforcement uses some positive and negative reinforcement within the prison system. An example of positive reinforcement is when an inmate displays good behavior and follows the rules, they are given good time credit which knocks some time off their sentence. An example of negative reinforcement is when an inmate displays good behavior and follows the rules and in return they are...
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...Behavioral Tools Introduction When working in any business, one must have the proper tools to do the job. Counselors are in the business of helping people, and there are different tools one can use. The difference is, every person is different. Every situation people experience is unique to the individual. To be effective in the business of helping others, the professional needs to have the knowledge to access the right tools for the right situation. In this paper, team A will introduce some of the most often used tools and the real world situation they may need to be used in. These therapies include: cognitive behavioral therapy, individual psychotherapy, person-centered therapy, and medication with and without therapy. This paper is a culmination of research done by each member of the team, expressing one article or real world topic. First, the team would like to define each therapy represented. According to the web site www.medterms.com, cognitive behavior (CBT) is a short-term psychotherapy based on the concept that the way one thinks about things affects how we feel about things emotionally. The focus is on present thinking, behavior, and communication, rather than the past and teaches problem-solving skills. One way to do this is with a technique called grounding. Stating the basic facts surrounding the individual without attaching any emotion to the surrounding can help “ground” a person into focusing on the here and now. Person-centered therapy is...
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...Cognitive Interventions Paper BSHS 312 April 15, 2012 Cognitive Interventions Paper Cognitive behavioral anger management training comes from the idea that aggressive responses are triggered by something and the result is feeling angry. Techniques to manage anger center on becoming aware of these triggers and changing the individual’s reaction to something more acceptable. (Feindler & Engel, 2011) There are many methods for helping adolescents with anger management. Many cognitive intervention approaches exist but the three that might be of significant use are the collaborative-problem solving (CPS) approach, the Hassle Log, and a few specific techniques for dealing with anger outbursts in a classroom setting. As with all types of cognitive therapy each method may not work for every individual but these three provided many useful ideas that could be applied to almost anyone, adolescent or adult. The way that adults solve problems with children is a major factor affecting the intensity of oppositional outbursts. The collaborative problem-solving (CPS) approach describes 3 basic options for solving the problems that are reliably and predictably precipitating adult-child conflict: imposition of adult will (unilateral problem-solving), often accompanied by adult-imposed consequences; collaborative problem-solving, and deferring resolution of the problem, at least for now ("Healthychildren.org-Cognitive Behavioral Approach", 2012). The “facilitators” of the CPS process...
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...Cognitive Theory: So Many Possibilities Introduction Cognitive theory has become a very useful tool in the study of human behavior. Using cognitive theory as a base, a trained therapist can add dimensions to the theory and manipulate it to work in many different situations. Three concepts that are used in cognitive therapy are, first, patients describe hypothesis they belief about the world, themselves and their future. Using a scientific process called collaborative empiricism, the patient and therapist work together asking questions and seeking answers (Anderson, 2010; Google). The patient will try one solution they have come up with to see if that will work. When they come back the next week, if it didn’t work, the patient will try another...
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...Introduction Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with a person’s internal states and their cognitive functions such as, their problem solving abilities, their motivation, their thinking, and even their attention. The development of cognitive psychology is marked by several milestones in the field of psychology. With the need for change in theories and methods on how things are researched, certain developments ultimately lead to the development of cognitive psychology. This paper will cover four of the milestones that lead to the development of cognitive psychology. This paper will also cover why observable behavior is important in cognitive psychology. Development of Cognitive Psychology The development of cognitive psychology came about marked by different milestones that all paved the way for the cognitive perspective. One of the four major milestones that helped the development of cognitive psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism as a perspective of psychology had its shortfalls such as not being able to account for all the experimental data that was being introduced (Willingham, 2007). The experimental data included studies in language and memory. Another drawback to behaviorism was that it was founded on the basic principle that psychology should only focus on that which was observable. Everything that was not observable, such as a person’s thoughts, was considered not important to behavior. The second milestone that this paper will cover is that...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Lakeshia Jackson May 2, 2011 PSY 360 Bonnie Johnson Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with a person’s internal states and their cognitive functions such as, their problem solving abilities, their motivation, their thinking, and even their attention. The development of cognitive psychology is marked by several milestones in the field of psychology. With the need for change in theories and methods on how things are researched, certain developments ultimately lead to the development of cognitive psychology. This paper will cover four of the milestones that lead to the development of cognitive psychology. This paper will also cover why observable behavior is important in cognitive psychology. Development of Cognitive Psychology The development of cognitive psychology came about marked by different milestones that all paved the way for the cognitive perspective. One of the four major milestones that helped the development of cognitive psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism as a perspective of psychology had its shortfalls such as not being able to account for all the experimental data that was being introduced (Willingham, 2007). The experimental data included studies in language and memory. Another drawback to behaviorism was that it was founded on the basic principle that psychology should only focus on that which was observable. Everything that was not observable...
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