...Due to factors such as globalization, there has been a historically increasing number of bilingual children recognized throughout the world. In the United States, it is estimated that nearly 25% of children are speaking a language other than English. In urban areas such as major cities, the culture and demographics are more diversified, resulting in even higher rates of bilingual families. Children living in bilingual homes and speaking a language other than English are assessed to have the same disorder rates in language as similarly-aged children only learning English. Although there is an increasing number of bilingual children being enrolled into early intervention programs, recent research suggests that there may exist major reliability...
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...Does Bilingualism improve brain functioning? Although it is believed by many that it is impossible for children to master two different languages simultaneously, children who are bilingual are more effective learners because the children can benefit from bilingualism in their cognitive development and help to progress their mental health. This paper will examine Jean Paget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s Theories of Cognitive Development, and B.F. Skinner’s and Noam Chomsky’s Language Development Theories, describing relevant terminology, and addressing how the theory assists in the understanding of issues involved in the selected topic. Identify and describe at least two domains of human development (physical, biological emotional, cognitive, and/or social) and how they are impacted by the topic does bilingualism improve brain functioning. Identify and describe the stages of development that are affected by the topic does bilingualism improve brain functioning. Describe the cultural and historical perspectives of the chosen topic, demonstrating an understanding of how the topic has been perceived over time and by other cultures. Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence (wikipedia.com, 2014). When bilingualism is defined in the first way, as the characteristic of an individual who possesses two linguistic systems - we call it cognitive bilingualism (Hukuta and others, 1978). Bilingualism defined in the second...
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...mentioning a few research results that are in favour of the Whorf hypothesis, but also pointing out that the language pattern/structure does not affect how people perceive an event. In my opinion, thoughts are always being expressed by language, therefore it is much harder to figure out the relationship between language and thoughts because they are too closely link to each other. Therefore, I decide to investigate the relationship between language and perception. Perception, in my point of view, is more intuitional and can be separated from language more easily than thoughts. In my abstract, I will display 4 evidences that show the effect of language on perceptions. Research Plan: My research question is “does language affect perception”. The sources I am planning to use are evidences/examples of how language influences on people’s perceptions (such as perception of colour, phonetic, appreciations and etc.) My tentative answer to this question is “yes, language does have effect on perceptions”. I will use the research results from the studies that I cited to show that language does affect people’s perception of the world. A short statement about my references: The following Sources are referred in my abstracts 1. Linguistic experience alter phonetic perception in infant by 6 month of age http://pages.pomona.edu/~rt004747/lgcs11read/KuhlEA92.pdf *This article is written by linguists. This article studies the influence of linguistic experiences on infant’s phonetic perception...
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...The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person Early studies on bilingualism have spread the idea that bilingualism was a disadvantage, that it might help developing anomalies (Pichon and Borel-Maisonny, 1937) or deteriorate children’s intelligence (Eichorn-Jones: 1952). From the 1970s onwards, more extensive and in-depth studies have discredited this idea that bilingualism was cognitively damaging and have shown the complexity and the specific characteristics of bilingual acquisition. Among these fundamental research, we can find Volterra & Taeschner (1978), Grosjean (1989), Romaine (1989), De Houwer (1995) and Genesee (1996), to name but a few. These research have highlighted the fact that Bilingual First Language Acquisition (BFLA) differs in many ways from the monolingual language acquisition that has been viewed as the ‘normal’ acquisition of language in the past. In this essay, the main focus will be on the bilingual-specific characteristics that children inevitably adopt when learning two or more languages simultaneously. We will see that to some extent, bilinguals can be compared to monolinguals. However, this essay will be centred on Grosjean’s quote ”the bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person”. The complex linguistic strategies supported by bilingual datas will reveal the singularity of bilingual language acquisition, which cannot simply be reduced to the idea of two monolinguals in one head. Studies focusing on whether bilinguals can be compared...
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...through when learning a language. What is language acquisition? Do you know what word you first spoke? Have you ever considered how many words you have learned over your lifetime? Many psychologists estimate we learn around 3,500 words a year between our first birthday and before we are 30. We grow from infants without language to chatterboxes with a gift for gab, and researchers are fascinated by how this happens. Psychologists have different theories on language acquisition, or the process by which we learn to speak, write, or even use sign language in meaningful ways to communicate. Theories of Language Acquisition Behaviorists, like B.F. Skinner (who lived from 1904-1990), argued that language acquisition and development are learned behaviors. Behaviorists believe we learn by associating events, known as classical conditioning. We also learn through rewards and punishments, a process known as operant conditioning. Another aspect of behaviorism is that we learn by observation and imitation. How do these theories of learning apply to language acquisition? Over repeated exposures, infants may learn to associate an object with a sound or word for that object. When an infant...
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...This video illustrated salient information to understand the knowledge about language development in early childhood. By introducing, communication development of children up to age five, possible supports for speech-language from pathologists and audiologists, and lastly, age-specific milestones. Communication is what we humans use in order to learn, interact with others and form relationships. As a matter of fact, from birth hearing is very critical because we learn, absorb and react in our life with it, being that, language acts like a bridge in our life that is associated with other traits. Indeed, our first five years are the most salient stages in life to build our communication skills. However, within those five years of development, each child is different so they have their own pace, for this reason, progress will always vary with speed and accomplishment. However, although each child has a unique pace, there are certain milestones in majority of the children to reach at certain ages....
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...human beings, and they acquire language naturally. This means biological foundations lay out the foundation for language acquisition of all human beings. This presentation will be talking about the biological foundations of language acquisition, evolutionary biology of language, and provide an example of a case in which an individual cannot acquire language, respectively. When a person knows a language, he/she utilizes it either by producing sounds or remaining silent and receives auditory signals. Therefore the knowledge of a language doesn’t necessarily mean the ability to speak and structure sentences but the ability to comprehend the essential structure of language. However, the ability to speak still holds an important role in language acquisition. The voice production is made up of three main parts: Respiration (lungs), phonation (larynx), and articulation (mouth,lips,teeth, nose etc). So how can a child acquire language before the latter stage of communication? It is the brain that allows the child to do it. The brain consists of two hemispheres: left and right. And the corpus callosum plays a role of connecting the two hemispheres. On the left hemisphere, there are the Broca and Wernicke’s area which are located at the front and back part of the hemisphere. To add on, there are mechanisms that also help a child acquire language before the latter stage of communication too. In the very early life of a child, a biological device starts to function as soon as being exposed...
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...Running Head: Application of Community Health APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH & POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Ann Coddington Western Governors University Abstract This paper focuses on the health status of Yakima Valley in Washington State from numerous published data and interviews. A. Identification of Community/Windshield Survey This paper focuses on the health status of the Yakima Valley in Washington state. Yakima Valley is located in Washington state 150 miles southeast of Seattle. Yakima is the largest city in the county. The 2010 census places the city as the ninth largest city in Washington. The city's total population is 91000 and with a metropolitan population of 243,231. The Yakima county is divided into upper and lower valleys. The city of Yakima is in the upper valley which is more urbanized. The lower valley is less populated and has more agriculture. Yakima Valley is an agricultural community noted for wine, apple and hop production. This area produces 77% of all the hops grown in the United States. ( Yakima County, 2012) The Yakima River is the primary water source for irrigation. The river runs from its source at Lake Keechelus to the Columbia River. Yakima Valley has a steppe or semi-arid climate. Because of the semi-arid climate, vegetation is dominated by grasses or shrubs. Precipitations are low year round with only...
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...over children when it comes to learning foreign language, especially English. Research by Harold B. Dunkel and Roger A. Pillet in 1957 assessed both adult beginning learners of French and elementary students learning French. In their studies Dunkel and Pillet found that the adult students performed better in written and oral tests, but worse on pronunciation. Adults tend to maintain both native and foreign languages at a high level while children who learn a second language can lose proficiency in the first language. But it is universally acknowledged that learning English, since early childhood would contribute positively to the child’s language acquisition. Researchers at University College London have discovered that people who are bilingual have more gray matter (neurons or brain cells) in the language region of their brains. The earlier a child learns English, the more advanced his or her brain becomes in language acquisition. This reinforces the idea that it is better to learn English in the early years. That is why I believe that learning English in young age is better than older one. The importance of language for young children The early years are recognized as the foundation years for children’s development. In particular, the first six years are crucial for young children in developing their first language and it is during these early years that children build up their knowledge of the world around them. For children from language backgrounds other than English, the...
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...Heritage Assessment: Jamaica, Bangladesh, and Cuba Jessyca E. Jackson Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V-O104 August 24, 2014 Heritage Assessment: Jamaica, Bangladesh, and Cuba The Heritage Assessment Tool produced by Prentice-Hall was used to interview three individuals. All the question listed on the tool were asked of these individuals and a discussion of health traditions followed. The following is a synopsis of these interviews and contains conclusions drawn from the interviews. Usefulness of Using a Heritage Assessment in Evaluating the Needs of the Whole Person The use of a heritage assessment tool is a good place to start when trying to understand the culture, beliefs, and values of your patient. Proper assessment is necessary in order to prevent stereotyping. It is easy to make assumptions about a patient based upon their exterior, but a nurse must learn what lies within, in order to provide effective care and teaching. According to Edelman & Kudzma, “the culture and beliefs of people can also influence health action.” (Edelman, 2014, 5) With this in mind, a nurse must have some understanding of the general beliefs and values a person may have, based on their cultural identity and then delve further into the individual to ascertain their level of identification to their cultural heritage. It is a mistake to think that a full understanding of the whole person can be gained through assumptions based upon generalized knowledge of their ethnic/cultural heritage...
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...to interviews, she admired the works of writers such as E. Nesbit, Elizabeth Goudge, and Noel Streatfeild, among others. Although Rowling wanted to pursue a writing career, her parents convinced her to study French at Exeter University, with the hope that she would become a bilingual secretary. Rowling's rise to her position as an acclaimed author is virtually one of rags-to-riches. According to reviews, Rowling began writing the first Harry Potter book in 1990 after her revelation on the train. She was working full-time and in a long-term relationship. Shortly afterward however, her mother died, and Rowling lost her job with the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. At the age of 26, Rowling moved to Portugal to teach journalism, and there met Portuguese journalist Jorge Arantes. They married October 16, 1992. During their brief marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Jessica. Rowling separated from Arantes in 1993, and returned to Edinburgh, Scotland, to be near her sister. For almost a year afterward, Rowling lived with the aid of public assistance, struggling to survive and support her daughter as a single parent. Rowling recounts that during this time, she took daily trips to a nearby café with her infant daughter to escape their...
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...Hugvísindasvið Second Language Acquisition The Effect of Age and Motivation Ritgerð til BA prófs Einar Garibaldi Stefánsson Maí 2013 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Enska Second Language Acquisition The Effect of Age and Motivation Ritgerð til BA prófs í ensku Einar Garibaldi Stefánsson Kt.: 030382-4209 Leiðbeinandi: Ásrún Jóhannsdóttir Maí 2013 Abstract This paper looks into the competence of second language acquisition by investigating how second language is acquired. Furthermore it explores the age factor in learning another language other than mother tongue and also attempts to answer if there is enough current evidence that can demonstrate clearly that starting young makes any real difference in achieving better language competence. Moreover, research such as on motivation in relation to the learning environment along with language exposure and attitudes will be discussed and data analysed to find out if it plays any significant role in aiding learners to achieve successful second language competence. It has been a common belief that starting young to learn a second language makes a significant difference in language learning. However, results indicate that this is not entirely true in all cases since there are further factors that affect successful second language acquisition achievement such as language exposure and motivation. Consequently, if there is not enough language exposure, this might prevent the learners from succeeding in learning the language. Clearly...
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...talk like you and have similar family background. So i would say part of the struggle is not having a wide circle of friends that are diversified and different. CT: Have you ever had to grow up with discrimination and racism and if so can you give an example? JK: Oh yeah um. When we were living in Chinatown you didn’t feel the discrimination as much because predominantly Chinese people. However once me moved outside of Chinatown you do face discrimination. We grew up in Visitacion Valley so there were many different cultures over there Hispanics, Filipinos, and African Americans, and Chinese. It was a whole gamut of nationalities. It was very often you were called “chinamen” I don’t know if it was just ignorance or that’s just children being children. There were racial derogatory slangs said to you...
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...sales force of the certain product and the marketing team. To make sure whether the product is suitable for the customers’ needs, what on earth are the customer targeting, is the roadmap valid and what does this need to be competitive, and try to make sure the products actually are what the customers are asking for and adjust it accordingly to the changeable global market. With the fast development of the IT field, networking plays a very important role in the field of international trading. Customers around the world are deploying networks to transform every aspect of their business. We need to establish social connections throughout the world and build on these associations. Just like the concept from Novell: computer and human networking being tied together gives both the people and organizations the secure, and provide a wider space for mutual culture sharing. Removing Dissatisfies Acquisitions, mergers, divestures, multiple presidents, revised executive teams, and layoffs have been designed to align the corporate vision and resources in order to expand the organization. Despite these efforts, Novell’s financial performance as declined for several years, which has been said by the analysts it is caused by...
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...OBJECTIVE One word substitution is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word. These words are used to bring an effective compression in any kind of writing for example in business communication. When we have to write a lot with in limitation of time and space there these kinds of words can prove quite handy. INTRODUCTION One-word substitution, as the phrase indicates itself, is the words that replace a group of words. It is used to replace a full sentence effectively without creating any kind of ambiguity in the meaning of the sentences. It is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word. Generally we speak or write in a garrulous way. But, it is seen that precise words are always understood easily by all. At times we become verbose but sometimes the verbosity is not required and we are required to talk or speak precisely. NEED That a learner of the English language (or, for that matter, any language) needs to have a good vocabulary at his command goes without saying. Appropriate words are highly elusive, especially when they belong to a foreign language. One word substitution is required for effective communication in English. Word substitution is basically to switch or to change a phrase (with a few words) to only one word. By substituting word, we can make a shorter and more precise sentence. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH We need to keep in mind the purpose of communication for effective communication in the English...
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