...QUESTION TWO: ADULT CASE STUDY, AN ETHICAL ISSUE OF CONSENT. This essay presents a critical incident analysis of a 70 years old man refusing to give consent to a life saving treatment. The essay will discuss its impact by discussing the conflict between professional and the patient’s issues. It will go on to explain the main professional issues in the scenario, breach of any NMC code of conduct and show how they relate to the guidelines set by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). It will also highlight on the relevant underlying legal or ethical principles that applies to the case study and its implications. For instance, ethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, human rights and the best interests of the patient will be explored, in the light of relevant laws, in order to show some of the legal and ethical complexities within this case study, and finally draw a conclusion. For confidentiality purposes, have been changed in accordance to the NMC guidelines. The main professional issue reflected in this case study is the issue of consent. Consent, means to give permission for something to take place or to agree to do something (oxford dictionary 1998). This does not necessitate that, the actions approved have been developed or permission given in the knowledge of possible consequences known as informed consent has been achieved. This goes to show that, for medical purposes, although the patient has the right to refuse treatment, he has to also...
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...Case Study Method in Management Management education is mainly aimed at developing managerial skills in students. Amongst the various methods adopted in teaching management and management functions, the case study method developed in 1910 in U.S.A. and is now being propagated during the last decade or so, providing opportunities to both the teacher and the taught to promote managerial I understanding and competence, since it helps in contemplation and discussion of an actual situation. It is a wrong notion that the case studies are confined to management students. Cases may pertain lo any discipline, where skills for solving complex unstructured problems or preparing plans are required. The origin of case study methods itself can be traced to Harward Lawyers. Cases may describe problems facing individuals, groups, institutions or even Nations. Through a case study one learns a broad range of skills and has many alternatives. Case studies encourage the practice and attainment of analytical and communicative skills. Case studies allow a different kind of learning. It is close to the learn by doing' approach. Cases are intended to stimulate the reality of the manager's job. The material in the case provides data for analysis and decision-making. Cases require the student to make decisions about the situations presented and to defend those decisions. In real decision-making the student will have lo persuade superiors that his analysis and solutions are the best and hence the...
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...Exotic Adventure study Case Case Synopsis Exotic Adventure Inc must decide if continue with the planned itinerary or cancel the trip at some point. They information available to make a decision is not accurate enough and it could be compromised with the other parties interest. State the Assignment Question Should Exotic Adventure Inc select option one (cancel the trips) or option two (continue as originally planned and monitor the water levels)? Case Analysis The Exotic adventure Inc is a company that operates voyages in the Amazon river, between Brazil and Peru, their main operation is conducted during high water season considered to be March. They decided to adventure and open a new itinerary during the month of October, advised by some prominent naturalist that thought the trip will be more productive given that the water level is lower during that time and tourist will get more wildlife view. Studies were conducted by different agents in the local area (Brazil and Peru), initially they both agree that the water level during this time was high enough to make the trip safety. Once the itinerary was open to the public the response was good, 99 customer booked to travel during that time at $4000 each. The revenue this will generate for EAI will be $155,000 after expenses (99*4000-expenses). During the month of September the agents from Brazil started advising EAI that the water level in the river was lower than expected, therefore; this will endanger...
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...Introduction Ethical decision-making is a process where one decides on a course of action based on ethical and professional principles. The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence are often brought into consideration in ethical dilemmas. Healthcare professionals often use these ethical principles as a premise to make morally sound judgements on care provision. Ethical dilemmas surface when these principles conflict with one another. The correct course of action is not clearly defined and the decisions made may be challenged. Decisions made on moral grounds are often intrinsically complex and intricate. This essay will cover the principles of distributive justice, autonomy, and beneficence. Drawing from personal experience, three individual case pertaining to each principle are provided to illustrate how each principle is either observed or breached. A conclusion is presented at the end of each case study to summarize the ethical reasoning and concepts discussed. A final conclusion will also be presented at the end of the essay to provide closure to the discussion. Distributive Justice Case Study: Dr Adams is a physician working in an acute medical ward. During his shift, he reviewed two critically ill patients. Patient A was an 80-year old lady with thrombocytopenia secondary to lymphoma with a low haemoglobin level. She had been receiving palliative care prior to admission. Patient B was a 50-year old man with an actively bleeding...
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... Both dilemmas are presented for examination and discussion in this class via two scenarios. In the first case scenario, the family of a victim of a hemorrhagic stroke must decide what measures they want the hospital staff to take to either sustain her life or if they want to deny any or all life-saving steps. In this instance, the father and children are at odds in their decision. The next case presents malpractice lawsuit scene where a nurse is called to testify on behalf of the patient against the negligent nurse and hospital. While these situations are vastly different, they share two inherent questions: What is the ethical thing to do? What is the nurse’s legal obligation? Each case study produced different legal questions. In the first case study the family of the patient could not agree on a course of action. There was no advance directive and the patient was not conscious. The husband of the patient in this case is the legal next of kin and is therefore legally responsible for making health care decisions for his wife when she is unable to do so. The children of the patient could challenge their father in court. A court battle would prolong any treatment the husband may deem necessary for his wife. The nurse has an obligation to the patient’s family as well as the patient. In the second case study, a nurse is called to testify in a malpractice case in which she had witnessed another nurse being negligent. The witnessing nurse previously reported the negligent...
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...role. We were given examples of the legal complexities of nursing through two case studies we were to evaluate. For this paper we will discuss the legal responsibilities of nursing, how personal and societal values can influence ethical decision-making and how the ANA’s Code of Nursing Ethics would influence the final decisions. Legal Responsibilities of Nurses Nursing boards are governmental state agencies responsible for regulating the nursing practice. A nursing license obtained through state nursing boards validates that nurses have met standards for providing high quality care. Nurses are legally held accountable for administering medications accurately, educating patients and public on health issues, advocating for the patient regarding health care, and serving as a liaison between the patient and the physician. Professional standards are determined by Standards of Practice Acts and the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics. As professionals, nurses must also be familiar with ethical responsibilities and protect the rights of their patients and families. As the definition of liability has continued to expand through the judicial system, courts of laws have placed higher standards on the profession of nursing. Many times professional nurses are faced with litigations against facilities or have become defendants in civil and criminal cases. For example, some nurses have found themselves in front of criminal charges...
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...in which a correct ethical decision must be made and the different outcomes of such decisions. In this essay, the main topics to be covered will be the appropriate approach to making an ethical decision, potential courses of action and their potential consequences. After reading this paper, the reader will have a more extensive knowledge in ethical decision-making and a stronger opinion in the case. In this case study, George and his partners who own and operate a chain of rehabilitation centers become minority owners of a hockey team. During one of the most important games of the season, the star player gets checked into the boards and sustains a head injury. After 15 minutes, the player’s mental status begins to improve. Although he still couldn’t remember the details of his injury or the time immediately preceding it, his motor coordination was better. George and the team physician decided to let the player return to the game under close observation. The ethical decision that must be made is this: Would the athlete be allowed to go back to play after sustaining a head injury? The types of ethical issues presented in the case are: Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-Malfeasance and most importantly fidelity. Because these various stakeholders often have different interests and goals, health care professionals are often conflicted about the proper course of treatment for an injured athlete. Conflicts of interest are common in these situations. In this case, the fact that the athletic...
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...constant practice on ethics decision-making occurs in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Ethical struggles in the NICU are usually related to implementation and withdrawal of treatment. As a results, differences on ethical decision making involves the interdisciplinary team (IDT) and parents, whether individually or in joining. Nevertheless who will make the decisions, ethical considerations in NICU effect greatly the IDT, families and the society. Thus, contexts for ethical decision making must be based on four ethical principles that are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice (2013). Autonomy Sundean and McGrath noted that the ethical principal of autonomy includes the right for self-determination, truth telling,...
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...Case Study: The Board Member’s Relative The text of this case is presenting us with what, often, managers are confronted with: a dilemma, and how after all they have to struggle to make an ethically decision. This response to the conference will be approached in three different phases using two different methodologies or frameworks, and a set of questions accompanying the case study to evaluate and analyze the situation or issue presented in the case in order to make a reasonable judgment and how to proceed to make an ethical decision. The text to be analyzed throughout this discussion is “the Board Member’s Relative” case study (case). 1. Using Browne and Keeley methodology The basis for evaluating the case here is some of the steps (issue, reasons, value assumptions and conflicts or descriptive assumptions, significant omitted information, and possible conclusions) developed by Browne and Keeley (2012) in their book titled: Asking the Right Question: A Guide to Critical Thinking. - What is the issue? What recommendation should be made? Ellie, the Purchasing manager is confused and confronted with this dilemma. - What are the Reasons? There are many reasons why Ellie is confused about what to do. Doing the right, the ethical thing, or please her boss. The most important reasons are: Camille’s Coverings is owned by a board member’s daughter. Camille’s Coverings is expressly presented and its bid handed to Ellie by the CEO...
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...Ethical Issues with Case Studies Kimberley Corkran, Kleopatra G Jikokaj, Nicole Sherrod, Novia Williams Course/Number 12-08-2014 Mary Nicks Legal and Ethical Issues Introduction Nurses are governed by their nurses’ association code of ethics. Each individual also have values and beliefs which guides their behavior, however in the work setting the nurses association code of ethics supersede. As an individual, when we commit an offence, even though we are guided by our association code of ethics it is the law of our country by which we will be judged. In this paper we will be exploring how personal and societal values, and the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics would influence decision in two scenarios involving patients. One case in which a nurse is a witness against her colleague in a malpractice case, in which her colleagues negligence resulted in harm to the patient, and she have reported her colleagues acts of negligence to her administrator on several occasion. The other case involves a patient who was diagnosed hemorrhagic stroke requiring ventilator assistance. Her family is divided in what the management should be, with her husband wanting to try everything to save her life and her children believing that she would not want to do surgery to be kept alive to live a poor quality life, which they believe will occur if she did the surgery. We will also be looking at the fundamental legal aspects of each case and the legal responsibility...
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...associated software. Henry Mathews, the director of software support tasked to choose who to be in charge of the new project had just taken a two-week vacation which left Dave Peterson to be temporarily in command of the entire unit. Dave Peterson is the manager of customer software support. He needs to make an immediate decision between Seamus and Jeremy on who to assign the project before Henry arrives. The new hardware product was estimated to have a low target price and requires inexpensive training because the CMT’s sales department had request a CD-ROM self-study course to be developed for customers of this product. Both Seamus and Jeremy have shown great interest in taking charge of the project. The culture at CMT accepts conflict that is based on doing the best job for the customer but with the intensity of conflict between the two parties, the project was behind schedule given the needed development time based on the projected product release date. Dave knew that both managers want to be in charge of this new project and both are competent enough to handle the project but agreeing to a compromise is almost close to impossible. When Henry returns, a decision could have been made which would definitely upset the other and he will still have to work with them as a peer. Seamus is in charge of the technical publications department which provides technical and user manuals and other materials for customers and CMT field staff. His team had a good reputation for translating...
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...and general issues encountered in the setting-up of OR interventions. To try out and compare the insights presented, this assignment proposes to study a specific case about OR modelling in Fishery management. Fishery Management is related to the preservation of fish resources and optimisation of catch and profit of this industry, in a context of high-yield practices and increasingly more complex environmental issues present. This case applies to a large and complex system linked to today’s topics issues of sustainable development. In addition, a personal experience of analytical project related to an internship position as assistant project manager in a leading oil company is proposed to illustrate this essay. This essay concludes by giving recommendations about what could be the characteristics of an ideal portrait of OR/MS model. Introduction: In a letter addressed to English universities after the Second World War, general Pile, a popular British officer who commended the Anti-Aircraft Command, claims for men of sciences ‘able to quickly understand complex issues and to find them simple’. Thus, supporting the fast economic growth in Europe after war, operational research (OR) and management sciences (MS) answered needs for better understanding and simplification of problems and arrive at optimal solutions to complex decision-making problems. During the last decades fields of applications of these disciplines have been multiplied, and techniques of operational research...
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...attempts to develop a financial plan for Guillermo to enable it to competitive in its respective furniture market. Guillermo’s Furniture Store: Financial Principles Guillermo’s Furniture Store offers a convenient case study essential for analysis of financial principle concepts within a competitive economic setting. Among the financial concepts appreciable within the context of the set-up include financial markets, financial principles as well as business ethics that form the basis from which financial decisions are made. Guillermo’s Furniture Store case study divulges how the entry of a new competitor from abroad has triggered unexpected challenges to the financial situation of the business. Previously, Guillermo furniture store seem to benefitted from a form of monopoly advantage, resulting from its seemingly popular brand name, non-competitive market conditions and cheap labor in Sonora. This was until the entrance of the new entrants into the local market. Competitors use technology to boost their competitive advantage, in which case they add value to their services to attract customers as well as retain them (Emery, Finnerty & Stowe, 2007a). In view of the fact that financial self-interest is aimed at guiding businesses towards balanced supervisory decisions, it appears the furniture store is compelled to reassert its position if they have to...
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...Case Study Report Case 3-45 The requirement of independence, both independence in appearance and independence of mind, is presented by the rules of the AICPA code of professional conduct. Every practitioner in public accounting profession is required to keep their independence and objectives; however, independence area is so complex that not all specific situation can be answered by AICPA. Instead, in most situations, the public accounting firm and auditors should make their own decisions by professional judgments to avoid possible threatens to independence. This is a case study report of Case 3-45, which is the best case to get a better understanding of these difficult situations that relate to auditors' independence. This report is presented in three parts: case introduction, case 1 analysis, case 2 analysis, conclusion and further study. In case introduction part, the firm and case overview is briefly introduced. In following two parts, case 1 analysis and case 2 analysis, include the detailed case overview, analysis according to AICPA rules and references, and opinions over each case. In the final conclusion and further study, the report reaches to the conclusion of Case 3-45 and develops the further study suggestions. Case Introduction In Case 3-45, the main office of a public accounting firm, charged by partners, has met two difficult situations that may impair the firm’s independence. Don Moore and Mary Reed are two professional staff, who, respectively, are involved...
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...will all face ethical dilemmas at some point in our lives and / or careers. The term ethics is not readily defined, but varies according to discipline. For example, philosophers define ethics as a study of morality, whereas health care providers might explain it in terms of meeting patient needs and owing a responsibility to the patient. We often examine ethical issues not with a specific approach, but rather with a “hybrid” approach, based on past experiences, our conscience, legal constraints, and social influences and pressures. Often, ethical issues touch on legal issues, or are regulated by laws and regulations. Laws or rules are usually established to set minimum standards for society to employ when dealing with others. The case of a woman battling for her life stirs controversy and becomes mainstream media worldwide. On February 25, 2009, 26 year-old Terry Schiavo was found by her husband, Michael Schiavo, after collapsing in their home (). She was believed to had an eating disorder known as bulimia, which can result in heart failure because of the lack of vitamins such as potassium(). Oxygen deprivation during the time of her collapse was believed to be the cause of brain damage, which doctors believed she was in a persistant vegetative state but not drain dead. However, the case sparks the medias attention eight years later when Terry’s husband Michael petitions to have his wife’s feeding tube removed whereas Terry’s parents contest Michaels petition to end her life ()...
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