...individual states, the widely differing politics of international development and in particular the big shifts in the international paradigms surrounding aid and governance. The reasons for the current change on the international scene are many. First, and most relevant to this paper, there is the entry of “new” states on the scene. These are states that most often have risen to a middle-income level (e.g. China, Brazil, South Africa), and now are looking to either widen their altruistic reach, look out for geopolitical interest, gain political influence or to secure access to future growth markets and scarce resources – or maybe all of the above. It is worth to note, that they have all been present for a long time, but just recently have attained the interior economic welfare to increase their aid support (Rampa et al., 2012; Dreher et al., 2011; Wouters et al., 2012). Another very big driver of change is the entry of private financing into the field of development. Private companies, famous philanthropists and celebrities now venture into the field of development. Some of the famous examples are Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, who come with an entirely different approach and apply managerial principles that are, if not new, then at least not as widely applied in the world of aid before. To a large degree, the increased focus on aid effectiveness can be...
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...Country Paper Aid Flow to Bangladesh and the Question of Accountability of CSOs at National Level to the People They Serve By Shadnaz Khan* Bangladesh, like other poor and less developed countries, has been a regular receiver of foreign aid or external assistance in order to lessen the gap between savings and investment and to mitigate the balance of payment deficit. However, there has been serious debate over the issues such as low performance in aid-utilization, donors’ stringent and one-size-fits-all conditionalities and global aid politics that are believed to undermine the potential benefits that aid could have brought to the development scenario of the country. The apprehension over aid issues is felt in different countries around the world and also among the donors themselves. As a result, the idea of aid effectiveness has received increasing attention and importance in international discussions that generates hope that the international structure of aid would create sustainable development outcome for the poor countries. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a general description of aid flows to Bangladesh has been presented and in the second part, an attempt has been made to assess the donor support models for CSOs in managing aid at country level and the scope for ensuring their accountability to their primary constituents, i.e., the people they serve in Bangladesh. A General Scenario of Aid flow to Bangladesh From 1972 to 30 June 2006...
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...China-ASEAN Economic Relations: Development And Future Challenge. Abstract: In recent 15 years, The development of China-ASEAN trade and economic relations has of great significance, not only for both sides but also for the whole East-Asia region. This paper to discuss the latter that is regional implications of 15 years’ development of China-ASEAN trade and economic relations and find the problem and challenge in China-ASEAN trade relations, as well as provide some further consideration for both sides’ trade and economic relations. Introduction Since the economic reforms and open-door policy of1978-79, China's economy has been growing rapidly and more particularly since 1990 when growth has averaged 10% a year. China's external trade has been growing at an even faster rate of 15% a year since 1990, and it has also annually drawing from the lessons of the financial contagion of 1997. Economic links between ASEAN and China through trade, investments and tourism have prospered throughout the 1990s. Perhaps, equally important, China's maintenance of the value of the renminbi (RMB) during the economic crisis of 1997, served as a regional anchor preventing what could possibly have been successive rounds of competitive devaluations. This clearly prevented the crisis from becoming more acute for ASEAN countries and yet this put China’s own exports at risk, as much cheaper goods from the crisis-plagued region competed with Chinese goods. Another important milestone that contributed...
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...Introduction Australia has always been a trading nation. Its political, immigration and cultural links with other countries have been reinforced by international trade and investment, with its high reliance on imports such as electrical appliances, cars, clothes, footwear, PCs and watches being a reminder of these trade links. The influx of imported products has benefited Australia but in recent decades, the reliance on them has caused problems for its economy. Such problems have included trade deficits, whereby the value of imports has exceeded that of exports by between $12 and $20 billion each year. They also include foreign debt in money owed overseas, which has increased from roughly $19 billion to $527 billion since the 1980s, as well as causing unemployment. The increasingly complex pattern of Australia's trade links and the broadening of its export base reflect the attempt at tackling these ongoing problems. See image 1 Although Australia relies heavily on its overseas foreign investment and employers, with hundreds of foreign companies operating in Australia, it is also a high exporter of goods, services and capital, with most of its exports going to markets in South-East Asia. Agricultural goods and minerals dominate Australia's exports, as do some of its service firms such as Qantas which is well known overseas. This chapter will explore Australia's trade links in its membership of international trading blocs and agreements, its shift away from its traditional trading...
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...funding" or "crowd funding". Funding that facilitates the exchange of equity ownership in a company for capital investment via an online funding portal as per the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (alternately, the "JOBS Act of 2012") (U.S.) is known as "hyper funding". Funds can be allocated for either short-term or long-term purposes. Types of funds Grants are made to non-profit organizations by development assistance agencies and foundations. Usually grants do not have to be repaid. Grant money is available to enhance country institutional capacity, to support governmental and non-governmental institutions and to finance project formulation, policy reform and sector management and development. Grants are provided by bilateral donors, multilateral grant aid institutions, United Nations organizations and specialized agencies, international financing institutions, international non-governmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and charity organizations. Loans, unlike grants, have to be repaid. Loans can be obtained from most banks, but development assistance agencies may provide loans for development priorities at preferential rates of interest, with an initial interest free period, repayable over the long term. To justify a loan a strong business case must be made. Loans are made to borrowing countries that are further up the development ladder and to...
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...Introduction: Foreign Aid any capital inflow or other assistance given to a country which would not generally have been provided by natural market forces. In Bangladesh, foreign aid serves to bridge the gap between savings and investments and make up the deficits in the balance of payments. Foreign aid is a major means of financing the country's economic development. Economic literature generally classifies foreign aid into four main types. First, the long-term loans are usually repayable by the recipient country in foreign currency over ten or twenty years. Secondly, the soft loans repayable in local currency or in foreign currency but over a much longer period and with very low interest rates. The softest are the straight grants often given to the less developed countries. Sale of surplus products to a country in return for payment in the country's local currency is the third type and finally, the technical assistance given to the developing countries comprises the fourth type of foreign aid. Foreign aid is more like an investment in a risky market situation. The relative weighting of advantages and disadvantages depends on the planning behind the foreign aid and how well-orchestrated it is. Economic advantages: stimulated economic development in the receiver's country (better infrastructure, more education etc.) leads to economic growth. It can also create jobs as increased investment leads to more employment; this means less needs to be spent on unemployment benefits...
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...governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. Brazilian foreign policy has recently aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America. Contents * 1 Overview * 2 Foreign policy * 2.1 Lula da Silva administration * 2.2 Rousseff administration * 3 Regional policy * 4 Diplomatic relations * 5 United Nations politics * 6 Outstanding international issues * 7 Foreign aid * 8 Participation in international organizations * 9 Bilateral relations * 10 See also * 11 References * 12 External links Overview Brazil's international relations are based on article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the...
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...distribution of HIV cases largely follows the distribution of these three populations, though they are not absent in non-urban communities). Overall adult HIV prevalence (ages 15-49) remained at 0.45% in 2011. Support from development partners Development partners providing technical assistance and funding for the national HIV response in Viet Nam include: * Bilateral: Australia (AusAID), Denmark (DANIDA), France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden (SIDA), the United Kingdom (DFID) and the United States of America (PEPFAR) * United Nations Organizations: ILO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, UNODC, UNV and WHO * Multilateral Organizations: the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) and The World Bank (WB) * International non-governmental organizations, projects and foundations: Abt Associates/Health Policy Initiative (HPI), AIDS Health Care Foundation (AHF), CARE, Chemonics, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI, Clinton Foundation), Esther, Family Health International (FHI360), Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative in Viet Nam (HAIVN),...
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...Chinese Yuan Bilateral Currency Swap Agreements. Nowadays internationalization of renminbi rises as many counties try to lessen their dependence on U.S. dollar. P.B.O.C. uses different instruments to drive expansion of RMB, weakening the U.S. dollar monopoly in the basket of the world reserve currencies. By 2013, the RMB is the 8th most traded currency in the world. On 17 August 2010, PBoC issued policy to allow Central Bank, RMB offshore Clearing Banks and offshore Participating Bank to invest the excess RMB in debt securities, in onshore Inter-bank Bond Market. In October, China further open up both FDI and ODI in RMB (Pilot RMB Settlement of Outward Direct Investment) and nominated Xinjiang as the first pilot province (which in early 2011 expanded to 20 pilot areas). In June 2013, United Kingdom became the first G-7 country to set up an official currency swap line with China. As of July 2014, 25 countries have signed the RMB Bilteral Swap Ageeement with PBoC with total facilities of over ¥2.7 trillion. These agreements tell us that China decided to increase the role of RMB in the world currency market. 2007: Creation of Dim Sum bonds and offshore RMB bond market The dim sum bond market generally refers to RMB-denominated bonds issued in Hong Kong. The majority of dim sum bond are denominated in CNH, but some are linked to CNY (but paid in USD). In July 2007, dim sum bonds worth a total of US$657 million were issued for the first time by China Development Bank. These financial...
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...Answers: 1. Explain the strategies PrimeCo considered in internationalizing its operations. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? The strategies PrimeCo considered to enter the international market are the following along with the corresponding advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. a. Exporting – defined as the marketing of goods produced in one country to another. It is considered to be the easiest way of entering foreign markets. Exporting can be either indirect or direct. In general, the advantages of exporting are: i) manufacturing is home based, hence it is less risky that overseas based, ii) gives an opportunity to “learn” overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar, and iii) reduces potential risks of operating overseas (FAO, 1997). Some of the disadvantages are: i) limited profit potential, ii) company gains no market information, or experience in new markets, iii) plants may not be located in low cost locations, iv) high transport costs, v) tariffs tend to be highest on finished goods, and vi) loss of control as markets are distant form production (http://uwf.edu/rsjoland/12%20Market%20Entry%20Strategies%20as%20Used%2004%201.pdf). b. Licensing – method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy...
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...Geopolitics of Thailand TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Geographic location in Asia 2 Economy of Thailand 2 Demographic 2 Culture 3 China and Thailand 3 What China would want from Thailand 3 What are the Chinese needs ? 3 What can Thailand provides to China in this optic ? 4 China and Thailand relationships 5 Thailand and its neighbours 7 ASEAN7 Myanmar8 Laos 8 Cambodia 8 Vietnam 9 Thailand and USA9 Relations threw the history9 Economic relations10 Current bilateral issues 11 Strategies11 Geopolitical imperatives11 Strategies with historical evolution 12 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 15 I. Introduction 1.1 Geographic location in Asia Totaling 513,120 km² Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total area. 1.2 Economy of Thailand Thailand is an emerging economy and considered as a newly industrialized country.It exports an increasing value of over $105 billion worth of goods and services annually.> Thai rice, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers and electrical appliances. Its Substantial industries are : electric appliances, tourism (6%), sex tourism and prostitution…It also has a GDP worth US$602 billion. This classifies Thailand as the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia.It is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. Finally the IMF has predicted that the Thai economy will...
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...U.S. Foreign Aid in Developing Countries Over the past 40 years, the United States (U.S.), via the coordination of the Agency for International Development (AID), has provided several developing nations with billions of dollars in aid. Assistance is distributed within the following categories: bilateral development, economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals, humanitarian, multilateral economic contributions, military, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, and the Global AIDS Initiative. With so many great programs that offer economic and military assistance, my goal is to determine if any metrics have shown a positive impact within developing nations. Why does the United States give foreign aid? Idealists view foreign aid as a contemporary form of Rudyard Kipling’s ‘White Man’s Burden” whose goal was to uplift those worse off than ourselves out of poverty. The White Man’s Burden by Rudyard Kipling “…Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch sloth and heathen folly Bring all your hope to naught.….” While Kipling may have been optimistic, reality shows that foreign aid is a necessity. Foreign aid goals include 1) security by fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad, (2) a financial gain by promoting exports, and (3) humanitarianism. Metrics have not provided a true depiction of the...
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...between China and Japan, as well as those of Tiaoyutai in Taiwan. China disputed the handover of the islands to Japan by the US after its administration of the islands between 1945 and 1972 came to an end. The dispute is fuelled, especially, by the islands’ rich fishing grounds, proximity to vital shipping lanes, and probability of oil reserves (Lohmeyer, 2008). While Japan argues that a survey of the Islands has found them to solely belong to them, China claims that documentary evidence indicates that they belong to China and were taken as part of Japan’s imperial conquests. The US has no official position regarding the islands but they are included in the US and Japan’s Treaty of Mutual Security and Cooperation, which ensures that any attack on the island would require the USD to aid Japan. The Government of Japan bought three of the remaining disputed islands from private ownership, triggering a wave of anti-Japan protests in China (Lohmeyer, 2008). In this case, the ESCAP and the ARF should be involved in trying to resolve the issue, even though the conflict has not degenerated into war because the liberal international theory seems to relate best to the situation. What regional and international organizations would or should have involvement? Why? ESCAP, or the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the pacific is the UN’s regional arm for the Pacific and Asian region. Its establishment was meant to encourage its member states, of which China and Japan are part of,...
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...Prior to the implementation of the Global Fund, eradication programs and funding for diseases like AIDS, TB, and malaria were inadequate and incapable to meet the pressing needs of global health. With an annual death toll of 6 million people, these three diseases contributed to the highest mortality rates for developing countries by the end of the 1990’s. As an effort to combat the spread of disease, UNAIDS, WHO foundation, and donor countries relied on major support systems of bilateral aid agencies and development banks to disperse funds to governments. But the dispersion of funds was too slow and the “old model” did not enable enough country ownership to even be effective. Due to inappropriate political support and mismanagement of funds, recipient countries like Zimbabwe had high prevalences of HIV ( Zimbabwe 25% of population). The “old model” of funding also largely ignored the fragile states that had ineffective governments and were structurally unable to adequately implement programs. This stagnated the global progress in eradication, since the highest burden of AIDs, TB, and malaria reside in the poorer populations of these states (90%). At the end of the 1990s, global leaders of the G8 countries (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and Russia) recognized these inadequacies and developed the Monterrey Consensus. It argued that international stakeholders and donor countries must increase funding by contributing at least .7 percent...
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...Now a day’s most of foreign aid to Ethiopia comes from the western countries and other multilateral organizations. Comparatively the total flow of foreign aid has increased under the current regime due to changes in policies which meet the interests of donors, and adoption of a market-oriented economic system. Since the policy change by the present regime the magnitude of aid has increased continuously. Following the change of government in 1991 and the adoption of the structural adjustment program in 1992 in particular, the country has received a significant amount of aid. A large inflow of concessionary loans and grants has occurred since 2001, following the issuance of the first poverty reduction strategy paper (known as the Sustainable...
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