What did caffeine and ethanol do to the heart rate of Daphnia? Increasing the concentration of ethanol in Daphnia decreases heart rate. Increasing the concentration of caffeine in Daphnia increases heart rate.

Independent vs. Dependent Variable Independent Variable: One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment. Dependent Variable: A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changed in response to the independent variable.

What solutions were used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules? Iodine- Polysaccharide Benedict’s Reagent- Sugar Biuret Test- Protein Brown Paper Test- Lipids Vegetable Oil- Solubility of Lipids

What does a positive test look like? -Iodine test for polysaccharide: dark purple/black/blue -Vegetable Oil test for solubility of lipids: 1 layer -Biuret test for protein: violet color -Benedict’s Reagent for sugar: very high concentration/orange-red

How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and vise versa? Degrees Fahrenheit= 9/5 degreesC + 32 degrees Degrees Celsius= 5/9(degreesF - 32 degrees)

What is the compound scope magnification equation? eyepiece mag x objective mag

What is the resolution equation? 0.61(lambda)/numerical aperture of the objective lens

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? Heat increase the rate of diffusion.

How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion? Smaller, less heavy molecules diffuse faster.

What is simple diffusion? The net movement from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

What is osmosis? The net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of its higher molecular activity to a region of lower molecular activity

What happened to the dialysis bag with dH2O in a 15% NaCl solution? It lost weight (plasmolyzed). Water left the bag because it was in a hypertonic solution.

What happened in the dialysis bag with dH2O in a dH2O solution? Nothing. It was in an isotonic solution.

What happened to the dialysis bag with 15% NaCl in a dH2O solution? It gained weight. Water entered the bag because it was in a hypotonic solution.

What are enzymes and what do they do? Enzymes make reactions occur faster by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. They are normally proteins and catalysts.

What is the enzyme, substrate, and product in the reaction of lab 6? The enzyme used is Catechol Oxide. The substrate used is Catechol (and also hydroquinone and parahydroxybenzaldehyde) The product is Benzoquine.

How does temperature affect enzyme activity? It increases it within the optimal temperature range. Too high a temperature dentures the protein and then slows or stops the reaction.

How does pH affect enzyme activity? Most reaction rates either increase as the pH is lowered or raised. Denaturation can occur outside the optimal pH range.

How does measuring CO2 production relate to repression and fermentation in yeast, germinating beans, and crickets? Yeast can perform aerobic respiration or fermentation. Crickets perform respiration. These release CO2 as a product. Germinating beans take in CO2.

What is cellular respiration? The process by which organisms get energy (ATP) from their food molecules

What is fermentation? Can occur when oxygen is lacking; 2 types: Alcohol fermentation & Lactic Acid fermentation

What is aerobic respiration? Occurs in several stages in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of most eukaryotes; oxygen must be present.

What does the heat of respiration represent? It is somewhat inefficient because the production of oxygen does result in some release of heat. It is an exothermic reaction. During the reaction, some energy is lost as heat. What is the Bromthymol Blue experiment? Why did the plants have different levels of CO2 in light vs. dark? Bromthymol Blue is an indicator of CO2. In the plants grown in the dark, the rube was yellow because they could not perform respiration without light so they could not release much CO2. In the plants grown in the light, the tube was green because they performed respiration and released a lot of CO2.

How does paper chromatography work? The pigments are “lipid soluble” and the paper is in a lipid solvent. The pigments migrate the different distances up the chromatography paper based on their solubility in the solvent and how much they absorb the paper.

What pigments did you separate from the leaf? Xanthophyll (yellow) Carotene (Orange yellow) Chlorophyll a (Grassy-green) Chlorophyll b (Yellow-green)

What is fluorescence and what causes it? Fluorescence is the light photon emitted when an electron falls to a lower level after sunlight excites it

What colors are most and least useful for photosynthesis? Violet, Blue, Yellow, and Red are most useful; Green is least useful.

What is the difference between reflected and absorbed light? Colors of light that are seen are transmitted (reflected) to our eyes. Colors of light that are not seen hace been absorbed.

Where is starch stored in a leaf? In the chlorophyll

How does light vs. dark affect starch storage? Starch is produced from glucose which is a product of photosynthesis. No light means no photosynthesis means no glucose means no starch.

Diploid vs. Haploid Somatic cells are diploid. Gametes are haploid.

What is homozygous dominant? 2 identical alleles for the same trait that would be expressed in heterozygous organism.

What is homozygous recessive? 2 identical alleles for the same trait that would be only expressed in a homozygous organism.

What is heterozygous? 2 different alleles for the same trait.

What is an allele? One form of a gene

What is a genotype? The alleles an organism has for a trait (AA,Aa,aa)

What is a phenotype? The physical characteristic that is expressed (tall, short, brown, black, etc)

Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid Cross Monohybrid- one gene Dihybrid- two genes

What is a sex-linked trait? A trait that is on the X Chromosome (sex chromosome, 23rd pair)

What is autosomal dominant? A characteristic that is dominant and located on an autosome (chromosome pairs 1-22)

What is autosomal recessive? A characteristic that is recessive and is located on an autosome (chromosome pairs 1-22)

What are X-linked traits in pedigrees? Usually only the males are diseased

What is electrophoresis? It can be used to analyze hemoglobin in blood in order to detect the carrier of a genetic disease.

Autosomal recessive trait in pedigrees? Only a few males and females have it

Autosomal dominant in pedigrees? Many males and females have it

What is a Chi-Square test? A statistical test used to tell if results of genetic crosses are close enough to our predictions to support our model of inheritance (Observed-Expected)^2/Expected

What is gel electrophoresis? It is a technique that separates proteins based on their size, isoelectric point, and electrical charge

How is gel electrophoresis so useful for testing hemoglobin for sickle cell anemia? Normal hemoglobin is more negatively charged, so it moves father toward the anode than sickle cell anemia.

What is sickle cell anemia and that are the genotypes associated with it? It is an autosomal recessive disease where the red blood cells are sickle shaped and are destroyed, so the patient has fewer red blood cells. AA-normal hemoglobin; no disease Aa-carrier, half normal-half abnormal; usually not anemic aa-very severe sickle cell anemia

What cell barriers had to be disrupted get the DNA out of the strawberry cells, and how were those barriers disrupted? Cell walls, Plasma membrane, Nuclear envelope Mashing the strawberries disrupted the barriers.

What caused the DNA in the strawberry to precipitate? Ethanol

p= frequency of A q= frequency of a p^2= frequency of AA q^2= frequency of aa 2pq= frequency of Aa

What is a bottleneck effect and how does it affect allele frequencies? It is an example of a genetic drift and occurs when a population is reduced in size rather suddenly. The larger the population that survives a sudden reduction, the less a bottleneck will affect its genetic variation.

How does non-random mating affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? It cause change in the genotypic ratios (causes the homozygous genotypes to become much more prevalent than they should)

Degrees of freedom? The number of classes of events minus 1.

What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium mean? The proportions of genotypes in a population should remain unchanged through generations p^2+2pq+q^2=1 for 2 alleles

What are the main assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equation? Random mating, no genetic drift (infinite population size), no mutation

What factors disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? When a population is evolving due to: natural selection, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, mutation, or gene flow

How can you tell if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? The proportion of alleles= p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and the frequencies of its genotypes stay the same

How does a bottleneck affect allele frequencies? An allele may be completely eliminated if the new population size is very small. Or, a previously rare allele could become more common.

How can you use Chi-Squared test to test the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? If the results are 5% or less probability, we can conclude the model is likely incorrect.