...NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl by Keith K. Schillo Biology Department SUNY College at Oneonta Part I – A Tragic Error In 1965, Janet Reimer of Winnepeg gave birth to twin boys named Bruce and Brian (Colapinto, 2004; CBC, 2004). Both infants were normal and healthy, but because they had difficulty urinating doctors recommended that they undergo circumcision (i.e., surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis) at six months of age. Although this is a routine operation, the doctors who performed this procedure used an unconventional method that resulted in the destruction of Bruce’s penis. Mr. and Mrs. Reimer sought the advice of numerous specialists, but all agreed that Bruce would have to live without a penis. At the time that the Reimers were coping with the mutilation of their son’s genitalia, a Johns Hopkins University psychologist was receiving considerable attention for his ideas on the biology of gender and sexuality. He promoted the theory that a child’s gender identity (i.e., the identification of the self as male or female) was determined by environmental variables such as the social conditions in which the child is raised. This idea is a form of the “nurture theory” of development. A competing view is the so-called “nature theory”; that is, the idea that a person’s innate qualities are determined solely by biological mechanisms. The psychologist was essentially advocating...
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...NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl by Keith K. Schillo Biology Department SUNY College at Oneonta Part I – A Tragic Error In 1965, Janet Reimer of Winnepeg gave birth to twin boys named Bruce and Brian (Colapinto, 2004; CBC, 2004). Both infants were normal and healthy, but because they had difficulty urinating doctors recommended that they undergo circumcision (i.e., surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis) at six months of age. Although this is a routine operation, the doctors who performed this procedure used an unconventional method that resulted in the destruction of Bruce’s penis. Mr. and Mrs. Reimer sought the advice of numerous specialists, but all agreed that Bruce would have to live without a penis. At the time that the Reimers were coping with the mutilation of their son’s genitalia, a Johns Hopkins University psychologist was receiving considerable attention for his ideas on the biology of gender and sexuality. He promoted the theory that a child’s gender identity (i.e., the identification of the self as male or female) was determined by environmental variables such as the social conditions in which the child is raised. This idea is a form of the “nurture theory” of development. A competing view is the so-called “nature theory”; that is, the idea that a person’s innate qualities are determined solely by biological mechanisms. The psychologist was essentially advocating...
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...កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PHNOM PENH Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមនភេពញ ិ ទ នំ កលវិទយល័យអុី ៉ ្រស្តី Royal University of Phnom Penh In Cooperation with Ewha Womans University Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA Examination committee: Dr. Erica Y. Auh (Chairperson) Dr. Choong Rai Nho Prof. Kim Sovankiry August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work Supervisor Prof. Soon Dool Chung Sponsored by EWHA Womans Univerity August, 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Name of program: Master Program of Social Work Major in Social Work Name of Candidate: Title of thesis: HEAK Morina Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health...
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...There are many dangers to an unborn child that can follow them the rest of their lives from maternal smoking. Many studies and significant research shows smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a long list of problems. Still birth is the most common complication, but placental dysfunctional, premature labor and low birth weight are also problems that can harm the fetus. Over 40% of children studied also had some form of heart defect. Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy has also been linked to SIDS. Birth defects such as cleft palate and cleft lip can be caused from smoking while pregnant as well as your child being diagnosed with asthma. Speech defects as well as behavioral problems such as ADD/ADHD also play a role in maternal smoking. No one would give an infant a cigarette, so why would we while carrying our child smoke? Smoking during pregnancy can harm both the baby and the mother. Most would do anything to protect their child. Yet many women, who feel this way, continue to smoke while pregnant, insisting that the dangers are non-existent. In reality, there are many dangers to an unborn child that can follow them for the rest of their lives, if they survive gestation, and birth. Miscarriages, low birth weight, premature labor, and organ defects are just a few things that can plague the child of a smoking mother. There are many studies, and significant research that shows smoking while pregnant increases the risk of a long list of problems, that may...
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... many studies have reported on the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND) . The three main types of research methods used in these studies are passive surveillance, clinic-based studies, and active case ascertainment. This article describes each of these methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and summarizes the estimated prevalence of FAS produced by each of these approaches. The maternal risk factors associated with FAS and other alcohol-related anomalies include advanced maternal age, low socioeconomic status, frequent binge drinking, family and friends with drinking problems, and poor social and psychological indicators. Overall, the available literature points to a prevalence rate of FAS of 0.5 to 2 cases per 1,000 births in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. KEY WORDS: fetal alcohol syndrome; prevalence; epidemiological indicators; alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; birth defects; statistical estimation; data collection; clinical aspects; population dynamics; risk factors; research in practice; research quality Establishing the prevalence 1 (1 See the sidebar on page 160 for the definition of prevalence as it is used in this article.) and other epidemiological characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder ( ARND) 2 (2 FAS is a set of birth defects...
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...I believe the window of vulnerability is two week. Birth. Denoting the flaw’s creation, birth usually occurs unintentionally, during a large project’s development. If the birth is malicious and thus intentional, discovery and birth coincide. By convention, we consider the vulnerability to exist only after there is a nonzero probability of deployment—internal development and testing do not count, only deployment does. Discovery. When someone discovers that a product has security or survivability implications, the flaw becomes a vulnerability. It doesn’t matter if the discoverer’s intentions are malicious (Black Hat) or benign (White Hat). It is clear that, in many cases, original discovery is not an event that can be known; the discoverer may never disclose his finding. Disclosure. The vulnerability is disclosed when the discoverer reveals details of the problem to a wider audience. The disclosure may be posted to a vulnerability-specific mailing list such as Bugtraq. A full-disclosure moderated mailing list, Bugtraq serves as a forum for detailed discussion and announcement of computer security vulnerabilities: what they are, how to exploit them, and how to fix them. Alternatively, the product’s vendor or developer may receive news of the vulnerability directly. Obviously, the many levels of disclosure comprise a vast continuum of who was informed and what aspect of the vulnerability the disclosure revealed. Correction. A vulnerability is correctable when the...
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...Methods of Research An Analysis on the Overcrowding Problem of Birthing Mothers in the Obstetrics Gynecology Ward of Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center Submitted to: Chona Sebastian Adviser Submitted by: Bacasmas, Dianez Lora Tudtud, Dennis Courtney, Joe TEAM LEGIONS February 20, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Problem Statement ............................................................................. 3 II. Research Objective ............................................................................ 4 III. Background of the Study ................................................................... 5 IV. Hypothesis of the Study ...................................................................... 6 V. Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................. 7 VI. Significance of the Study ................................................................... 8 VII. Methodological Framework .............................................................. 9 VIII. Methodology ...................................................................................... 10 IX. Data Presentation and Analysis ....................................................... 12 a. Interview with Integrated analysis on Survewy report ............. 12 b. Satisfaction Rating on Different Aspect on Hospital ................ 32 X. Conclusion .................................................................
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...Throughout american history the way in which a woman's body was portrayed and the basis in which it was supposed to function (in society) was entirely based upon the male perspective. However with the turn of the twentieth century through various women's rights campaigns and movements, women have taken the power over their bodies back. Yet one issue that still remains highly controversial is Abortion; a word that incites incites strong emotion in both men and women. The most famous court case revolving this infamous issue is known as Roe v. Wade; and though it was chosen a quarter century back,the effects and decisions from this case can be felt to this day. The verdict to legalize abortion has led to mass revives, bombings of fetus removal...
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...Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia in Pregnancy Pre-eclampsia also known as toxemia is hypertension associated with protein in the urine and is prevalent in 7 out of 100 pregnant women. Severe form of pre-eclampsia sometimes develop resulting in seizures or convulsions; this is known as eclampsia. The blood vessels constrict during pre-eclampsia thus reducing the amount of oxygen and nutrients delivered to the fetus and can lead to low birth weight. If it is untreated, it may result in liver, lungs, and kidneys failure. It appears during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, and is more prevalent in first pregnancies, multiple births, teenagers, and women over 35. Background Approximately 50,000 maternal deaths occur annually due to eclampsia, with the highest percentage being in third world countries. This study discusses the use of a Criteria-based audits (CBA) to improve quality of care among eclampsia patients admitted at a University teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The incidence of eclampsia is high (about 6%) with the majority of cases arriving after episodes of convulsions. The quality of health care versus maternal mortality rates average and below average income countries is diverse, whenever, the need arises to achieve the Millennium development goal (MDG) in spite of having less than desirable finances and the infrastructure. Numerous policies have been found for shrinking maternal and perinatal mortality; for example, through high quality antenatal care...
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...Epidemiology NUR 408 October5, 2015 Epidemiology Epidemiology is the basic principle of public health. According to Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams (2012, p. 255 ), “Epidemiology has been defined as the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems” (Porta, 2008, p 81). The goal of epidemiology is optimal health for the entire community. It is important to remember that health does not merely mean medical treatment for specific diseases, but also assurance of available services and development and implementation of policies and programs to meet the needs of the population as a whole. Descriptive epidemiology is the study of the “association of health events to person, place, and time” (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009, p. 262). Analytical epidemiology studies the causes and risk factors of health events. In order to evaluate the health events in a population, both descriptive and analytical epidemiology are important (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009). Three categories of data sources commonly used in epidemiologic studies including surveillance data, census data, and vital records, data collected for other purposes, and epidemiologic data (Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams 2012). The epidemiological triangle is composed of three elements of disease, and includes...
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...question regarding a treatment she has been receiving for over a year. She thinks that she might developing immunity to the treatment. The doctor can report this code only once during the online communication. Since she has been recieving the treatment for over a year and not just within the last seven days he can use this code. These services may be reported separately during a Preventative Medicine Service; vaccine products, immunization administration, ancillary laboratory or radiological studies; vision, hearing or developmental screening and others. Care to a newborn can occur in two different places a Hospital or Birthing Center A Birthing Center is designed for women who prefer to have a natural childbirth experience usually a Midwife or an Obstretrician helps the mother while in labor and giving birth. The center is very low tech and is not prepared in handling emergencies. In the instance of an emergency the patient or newborn will be transfered to a hospital. Birthing Centers are usually freestanding but can also be in a...
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...variables. Controlling for different relevant variables like demographics, age, education etc. we try to find a causal relation between the impact of prenatal care and birth weight. And in the end we conclude our results that a positive relationship is indeed present and significant, leaving room for data limitations and possible solutions for future research. IMPACT OF PRENATAL CARE ON BIRTH WEIGHT Shehryar Amin Waqas Sheikh Hafiz Moazam Ali Nasir Javed Econometrics 2 Introduction Birth weight is a key factor for a child’s health and wellness. Not only it is important to prevent infant mortality rate but also a healthier birth weight helps reduce the increased risks of illnesses faced by babies born with low birth weight. Also in a statistical brief for the state center for health statistics of North Carolina1, it was found that compared with children born with normal birth weight, low birth weight children were more at a risk for poorer health and also low educational outcomes through childhood and adolescence. They are more likely to have special health care needs and require additional educational services and extra medical care. So birth weight is an important measure for a child’s health. In this paper we would try to establish the relation between infant’s health (being represented by birth weight) and the impact of...
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...| Abortion vs. Child Birth | An Individual’s Cost and the Cost to Society | | | Abortion vs. Child Birth An Individual’s Cost and the Cost to Society “The ability of women to participate equally in the economic and social life of the nation has been facilitated by their ability to control their reproductive lives.” Justice Sandra Day O’Connor (Boonstra, et al., 2006, p.6) Introduction “A woman typically spends roughly five years pregnant, postpartum or trying to become pregnant and three decades trying to avoid pregnancy.” (Boonstra, et al., 2006 p.6) This is more true today than any other time in history. The role women have played throughout history has been that of nuturer. In society today, she must also be provider. With this added duty placed on her, today’s women have had to adjust. One of these adjustments are the number of children she is willing and able to provide for. Advancements in technology in the past century has enabled her to control this, specifically abortion and the use of contraceptives. Hypothesis Changing roles in the family unit have caused the dynamic to change. Women have become the sole provider to the family in many households forcing them to earn a living as well as take care of the children. Conflicting sets of moral and ethical values within society have made their choices more difficult. By controlling which options she has availible, is society choosing for her? When does a specific...
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...I am most grateful for your invitation to address this Joint Session of Congress and delighted to be here. Today I will be defending Planned Parenthood and why legislation to defund this essential organization cannot be passed. I would like to start off with the fact that 1 out of five women in the U.S. has visited a Planned Parenthood center at least once in her life, which is an estimated 20% of the female population. The topic of defunding Planned Parenthood has been a partisan issue because of the fact that the organization provides abortions. I am not here to defend the pro-life or pro-choice argument, instead I am here to defend the plethora of other services that Planned Parenthood provides to 5 million men, women, and adolescents a...
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...we are divided on our opinion of sex education. Sharyl Attkisson from CBS News reported in 14 states both abstinence and contraception are taught, in 19 states only teaching abstinence is required and in 17 states the state does not specify on which sex education curriculum to teach. “The National Abstinence Education Association argues that comprehensive sex education in schools doesn’t reduce the number of teens having sex”, reported in the Grand Rapids Press. But contrary to the National Abstinence Education Association a study by The Mathematica Policy Research study found that students who had received abstinence only education showed the same propensity toward having sex as students who had not been taught an abstinence only curriculum. Health officials are very concerned with the number of teenagers contracting sexually transmitted diseases. In the United States over 3 million teenage girls ages 14 to 19 have an STD. In a study done by the Center...
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