...Task 1d Carbohydrates are processed in the digestive system by the mouth which breaks them down. Saliva is then produced and in the saliva an enzyme called amylase breaks down the carbohydrates and turns them into glucose. Carbohydrates are then digested in the small intestine where they are broken down by enzymes which process the carbs. It is then converted to glucose which is absorbed into your bloodstream. The food them moves into the pharynx. This is where food is forced by rings of muscle into the esophagus. The esophagus then moves the food into the stomach where gastric juice breaks down food as there is hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach which are enzymes. These enzymes break down proteins. When proteins get digested, it starts in the stomach as the acid denatures the proteins. As well as the acid denaturing the proteins, so does protease which is an enzyme in the stomach. The digestion then continues in the small intestine. Protease continues to break down proteins and turns them into amino acids. They are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestines walls....
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...Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems “Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in your body” Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system has many different functions. The four major functions are to transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body, to protect the body from infection and blood loss, to help the body maintain a constant body temperature and to help the body maintain fluid balance. It has many different structures within the cardiovascular system too. The main structures include the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The heart is the key organ in the circulatory system. Its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. It usually beats from 60 to 100 times per minute but it can go much faster during exercise. There are three types of blood vessels which are the arteries, veins, and capillaries. Energy metabolism is generally defined as the entirety of an organism's chemical processes. These chemical processes are categorized as being either catabolic or anabolic. Energy is needed in order for our body to be able to function. Energy helps break down molecules and to build new molecules...
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...cholesterol in the bloodstream and therefore lowers the risk of heart disease. Another benefit is that it may reduce weight as eating foods with high fiber cause fullness and refrain from fatty foods. 20. State 3 hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. Briefly explain how each work to regulate blood glucose levels....
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. M1- Discuss the role of energy in the body. The Conservation of energy The first law of thermodynamics, is sometimes known as the conservation of energy, this states that: ‘Energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed’. (Moonie, 2010) The second form may not be of use or be capable of being measured. Forms of energy within the body Through the body there are five different forms of energy which exists. These are chemical, kinetic, electrical, elastic and thermal .Energy can be found in several forms and chemical energy is the most common. The energy that is in the chemical bond unites atoms or molecules with each other. When a new bond is made between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and this is usually in the form of heat, light an electrical energy could be used. If the bond is broken and the atoms are released, the energy in the bond is released. Elastic energy is found with the arteries. The middle layer of the tissue (tunica media) which is within the artery wall lining has elastic tissues in. The elastic tissue lets the artery walls to be able to stretch and recoil which helps prevents damage from the high pressure blood flowing through them. By allowing the stretch of the artery this is causing the elastic energy. This kind of energy is known as the ‘potential energy’. Thermal energy is one...
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...GI and Diabetes Exam Study Guide Tube Feeding – (enteral nutrition) refers to the administration of a nutritional balanced liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, jejunum. It is used to provide nutrients via the GI tract either alone or as a supplement to oral or parenteral nutrition. - Nasogastric (NG) Tube – is most commonly used for short-term feeding problems. Other means of feeding are; esophagostomy, gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Transpyloric tube placement or placement into the jejunum is used when physiologic condition warrant feeding the pt below the pyloric sphincter. Special Indications – anorexia, orofacial fractures, head and neck cancer, neurologic or psychiatric conditions that prevent oral intake, extensive burns and those who are receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Procedure for tube feeding 1. Patient position – 30-45 degrees position. Head remain elevated for 30-60 mins 2. Patency of tube – Tube should be irrigated with water before and after each feeing to ensure patency. 3. Tube Position – Placement of tube is checked before each feeing or every 8 hours with continuous feeings. Checking methods; aspiration and pH. 4. Formula 5. Administration of feeding – feeing are given either by gravity drip method or by feeding pump. 6. General Nursing Considerations – daily weight, accurate I’s and O’s. Blood glucose check. Complication Related To tube and feeding - Vomiting and or Aspiration -...
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...Aoife McElhinney Nutrition 5N2006 Assignment 2 The Dietary Requirements of Individuals/Groups Page 1 of 35 Contents Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Sources of Fats, Carbohydrates and Proteins within Irish Diet .............................................................. 5 Fats ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Functions:............................................................................................................................................ 5 Sources of Fats .................................................................................................................................... 5 Carbohydrates..................................................................................................................................... 6 Classification ................................................................................................................................... 6 Main Functions................................................................................................................................ 6 Main Sources:.................................................................................................................................. 6 Proteins .................
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...Substances found in plant foods that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties are phytochemicals 2 Which is NOT an example of moderation in your diet and lifestyle? Going back for seconds on all dinner items, rather than just the item you like best 3 All of the following are macronutrients except vitamins 4 All of the following are macronutrients lipids carbohydrates protein 5 Which of the following statements about proteins is false? Proteins are made of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. 6 following statements about proteins are true Proteins differ based on the combinations of amino acids used in each type of protein. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Dietary protein from animal sources better matches the amino acid needs of humans compared to dietary protein derived from plants sources. 7 If you know you are going to order dessert at dinner tonight, which of these choices would illustrate the concept of balancing your choices? Choosing a salad with fat-free salad dressing for lunch 8 With the exception of _______, all the classes of nutrients are involved in forming and maintaining the body’s structure. vitamins 9 Gram per gram, ______ provide the most kcalories. lipids 10 A deficient intake of _______ is known to produce osteoporosis. calcium 11 Some nutrient deficiencies occur quickly, whereas others take more time to develop. Which of the following nutrient deficiencies are listed in the order...
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...P2: Knowing the different characteristics of nutrients is very important as it will enable you to understand and offer suitable foods to ensure your nutritional needs are met. Macronutrients are the nutrients that provide calories and energy in a diet, nutrients are needed for growth, metabolism and for other body functions. As “macro” means large, macronutrients are the nutrients needed in large amounts, There are three different types of macronutrients; carbohydrates which is made up of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues, these are included in starch, sugars and cellulose. Protein is the digestion to amino acids and has relationships with muscle mass; protein also affects the activity and metabolic rates. Lipids are the third main class of macronutrients needed in human nutrition. Lipids are found primarily in meats, and dairy foods. They are a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids. Micronutrients are different from macronutrients (like carbohydrates, proteins and fat) they are only necessary in tiny amounts. Nevertheless micronutrients are essential for good health, if you have a micronutrient deficiencies it can cause serious health problems. Micronutrient includes a lot of dietary minerals such as zinc and iodine these are necessary for the healthy functioning of your body’s system, from bone growth to brain function. Micronutrients are commonly known as “vitamins” the vitamins they hold are vitamin A, C, D, and K. Making sure...
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...Water Soluble Vitamins and the Bodily Functions They Promote Vitamins and mineral supplements are items that most people would think are good for their bodies. Unfortunately, this is only a half truth. There are many people that are not aware of the full ramifications of vitamins, minerals, and other non-energy yielding nutrients. You need vitamins and minerals, but in excess they can be poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual...
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...flowing. More specifically, the functions of the circulatory system are as follows: Transport * The blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's tissues, while it picks up carbon dioxide from those tissues and carries it to the lungs to be removed from the body. * It picks up nutrients from the digestive tract and delivers them to all of the body's tissues. * It carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal. * It carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs. * It transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and other origins to the tissues where they lodge and mature. Protection * The blood plays several roles in inflammation, a mechanism for limiting the spread of infection. * White blood cells destroy microorganisms and cancer cells. * Antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and help to destroy pathogens. * Platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting and other processes for minimizing blood loss. Regulation * By absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions, the blood capillaries help to stabilize fluid distribution in the body. * By buffering acids and bases, blood proteins help to stabilize the pH of the extracellular fluids. * Shifts in blood flow help to regulate...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...cell function. Healthy cells make healthy bodies, and it is up to you to take care of them. This ebook contains lots of useful tips that you can use right away, to get the most out of your diet and help to balance your hormones. Happy eating © Copyright 2007. Julie Merrick ND BHlthSc. www.poweroverpcos.com Page 2 1. FOCUS ON LOW GI FOODS GI stands for glycaemic index, which is a numbered ranking of foods based on how quickly that food raises your blood sugar. Low GI foods raise your blood sugar levels more slowly than high GI foods. When you have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), it is vital to eat foods with a low GI. Because sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream more slowly with low GI foods , less insulin needs to be produced (Insulin is a hormone from the pancreas that allows sugar from the bloodstream to get inside cells for energy production). Lower insulin is desirable because too much insulin can stimulate the production of testosterone, the male hormone that is responsible for many of the symptoms of PCOS such as acne, excess hair, scalp hair loss, and menstrual irregularities. It also has the effect of ‘switching off’ fat burning in cells, making it harder to lose weight. Low GI eating can help to reduce your insulin levels and balance hormones, keep your energy levels stable for longer, and reduce sweet cravings. Try eating wholegrain...
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...things. Science measures the physical make-up of the universe and talks about how it happened, not who made it. An obvious example of this is the illusion of conflict between creationist and evolutionist. They argue as if they are talking about the same thing when they are not. Creationist have no idea how it was done, they only know that God did it. Evolutionist are not at all interested in who did it, they are exploring all the possibilities from physical and mathematical evidence of how one thing led to another. Hydrogen is found to be the most abundant element in the universe (97%) and comprises the core of most stars. Stars are seen as fusion furnaces forming (creating), at the least, the elements of the periodic table up to iron. Science finds that 99.6% of the human body is comprised of 11 elements. 54 trace elements make up the rest of the body. We are made of star dust. Each atom in our bodies is at least 5 billion years old. I wonder where all they have been in that time. This is one big reason to start teaching the Periodic Table of Elements in the 1st Grade. Start with 5 elements that they encounter everyday: Oxygen (air) and Hydrogen (water); add Carbon and make carbon dioxide, carbohydrates and fats; add Nitrogen and you've got proteins; and for brushing those teeth we'll add fluorine for the fluoride in toothpaste. Each year add new elements and processes that make our bodies, our world, and the entire universe work. No fear, no confusion, no intimidation...
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... biochemistry, genetics, the study of nutrition is increasingly concerned with metabolism and metabolic pathways: the sequences of biochemical steps through which substances in living things change from one form to another. The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite), both in the human body and in the plant and animal organisms that humans eat. The human body consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved in obtaining nutrition. In a typical adult, about seven liters of digestive juices enter the digestive tract.[citation needed] These break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modulate their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged, digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods. Unabsorbed matter, along with some waste products of metabolism[examples needed], is eliminated from the body in the feces. Studies of nutritional...
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...AHS 210 Study Guide for unit test #2 * A Glycemic Index is a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose. Selecting foods with a low glycemic index is a practical way to improve glucose control. So it is better to choose food with a low glycemic index. Some low glycemic foods are: Peanuts, Soybeans, Cashews, Butter beans. Some high glycemic foods are: whitebeard, baked potatoes, Cornflakes. *Added Sugars are sugars and syrups used as an ingredient in the processing and preparation of foods such as bread, cakes, beverages, jellies, and ice cream as well as sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table. Some other names for added sugars are: sucrose, invert sugar, corn sugar, corn syrups and solids, high-fructose corn syrup, and honey. * The DRI suggests that no more than 25% of the diet should come from added sugars, while the WHO and FDA suggest that no more than 10% of the diet should come from added sugars. *High-fiber foods-especially whole grains-plays a key role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. When soluble fibers trap nutrients and delay their transit through the GI tract, glucose absorption is slowed, which helps to prevent the glucose surge and rebound that seem to be associated with diabetes onset. *Increasing Dietary Fiber- 1. Increase fiber gradually over several weeks to gives the GI tract time to adapt. 2. Drink plenty of liquids to soften the fiber as it moves through the GI tract. 3. Select fiber-rich...
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