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Body Language

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NGÔN NGỮ CƠ THỂ TRONG GIAO TIẾP

Nguyễn Thị Mai - 09 F3 Bùi Thị Thu Hương - 09 F3 Khoa Ngôn ngữ và Văn hóa Pháp GV hướng dẫn: ThS. Ngô Thanh Thường

1. Lý do chọn đề tài Thế giới đang dần dần chuyển xu hướng từ đối đầu sang đối thoại. Trước tình hình đó, ngôn ngữ không còn chỉ được sử dụng với mục đích trao đổi thông tin trong cuộc sống và trong công việc. Ngày nay, ngôn ngữ được đánh giá là một loại trang sức vô hình của con người bởi nó chi phối phần lớn các mối quan hệ và thái độ giữa chúng ta và những người xung quanh. Trong các loại hình ngôn ngữ, ngôn ngữ cơ thể giữ một vị trí quan trọng không thể thiếu trong giao tiếp. Nhân tố làm nên ấn tượng đầu tiên trong một buổi gặp mặt, nhân tố giúp duy trì không khí của toàn bộ cuộc đối thoại, nhân tố tác động mạnh đến cảm xúc của người nghe, nhân tố đó chính là ngôn ngữ cơ thể. Và phải thừa nhận rằng dù muốn hay không muốn, tất cả chúng ta đều sử dụng ngôn ngữ cơ thể mỗi ngày. Tuy nhiên, việc sử dụng đó sẽ chỉ dừng lại ở mức độ bản năng nếu chúng ta không tự trang bị cho mình những hiểu biết cơ bản về ngôn ngữ cơ thể. Điều đó hoàn toàn không có lợi cho chúng ta trong giao tiếp nói riêng và trong xây dựng các mối quan hệ xã hội nói chung. Mặt khác, không ít nhà ngôn ngữ học quan tâm nghiên cứu loại hình ngôn ngữ hành văn (ngôn ngữ nói và ngôn ngữ viết) và đã xuất bản rất nhiều đầu sách. Nhưng loại hình ngôn ngữ cơ thể lại chưa được khai thác nhiều bởi các nhà nghiên cứu của Việt Nam. Bằng chứng là cho đến ngày hôm nay, vẫn chưa có cuốn sách của tác giả trong nước nào viết về loại hình ngôn ngữ này. Hơn hết, ngôn ngữ cơ thể là một điều bí ẩn thú vị mà chúng tôi thực sự muốn khám phá và giải mã. Khi nghe và xem các bài diễn văn, các cuộc nói chuyện của các chính trị gia, các nhà ngoại giao, chúng tôi bị thu hút ngay lập tức bởi các cử chỉ, nét mặt và phong cách của họ. Sau đó, một câu hỏi chợt xuất hiện trong đầu chúng tôi: "Vì sao cách giao tiếp của họ lại có thể thu hút đến hàng triệu người?" Câu hỏi này cũng là một động lực quan trọng thôi thúc chúng tôi thực hiện nghiên cứu khoa học này. Với những lý do trên đây, chúng tôi nhận thấy ngôn ngữ cơ thể quả thực là một đề tài hay, có tầm ảnh hưởng đối với tất cả các đối tượng trong xã hội tuy nhiên lại chưa được nhiều người chú ý. Chúng tôi đưa ra quyết định chọn đề tài "Ngôn ngữ cơ thể trong giao tiếp" để thực hiện nghiên cứu khoa học với hi vọng thu hút được sự chú ý của số đông độc giả và mong muốn mang đến một cái gì đó mới mẻ hơn để phát triển ngành nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học nước nhà.

2. Câu hỏi nghiên cứu Câu hỏi mà nhóm tập trung phân tích trong bài nghiên cứu này bao gồm: Thứ nhất, thế nào là ngôn ngữ cơ thể và ngôn ngữ cơ thể ở Việt Nam nói riêng và trên thế giới nói chung được sử dụng như thế nào trong giao tiếp? Thứ hai, làm thế nào giải mã thứ ngôn ngữ này khi đã hiểu rõ vai trò của yếu tố phi lời trong giao tiếp?

3. Giả thuyết nghiên cứu Ngôn ngữ cơ thể là nhân tố không thể thiếu trong giao tiếp.

4. Mục đích và ý nghĩa của nghiên cứu
4.1. Mục đích. Đầu tiên, nghiên cứu này được xây dựng với mục đích đem đến cho người đọc một cái nhìn tổng quát về ngôn ngữ cơ thể trong giao tiếp, đặc biệt là hệ thống các ngôn ngữ cơ thể thường được sử dụng bởi người Việt Nam. Mục đích tiếp theo của nghiên cứu là so sánh và làm rõ sự khác biệt trong ý nghĩa của cùng một cử chỉ nhưng tại các đất nước khác nhau. Từ đó đưa ra những nhận xét và giải thích cho sự khác biệt đó. Cuối cùng, nghiên cứu này tổng hợp các ưu điểm và hạn chế cơ bản của ngôn ngữ cơ thể với mục đích chỉ cho người đọc thấy trong vô số các cử chỉ, cử chỉ nào nên dùng, cử chỉ nào nên tránh trong giao tiếp và làm thế nào để tự điểu chỉnh bản thân sử dụng ngôn ngữ cơ thể phù hợp trong từng ngữ cảnh nhất định.
4.2. Ý nghĩa Sau khi đọc nghiên cứu khoa học này, chúng tôi hi vọng các độc giả có thể có được những hiểu biết cơ bản về ngôn ngữ cơ thể và áp dụng những hiểu biết đó vào trong giao tiếp để cuộc đối thoại trở nên thoải mái hơn, để tránh những hiểu lầm không đáng có và quan trọng hơn là để hoàn toàn đạt được mục đích giao tiếp.

5. Phương pháp nghiên cứu Nghiên cứu này hoàn toàn được xây dựng bằng phương pháp mô tả.

6. Đối tượng nghiên cứu Đối tượng ưu tiên của nghiên cứu khoa học này là các ngôn ngữ cơ thể được sử dụng nhiều ở Việt Nam.

7. Bố cục đề tài Ngoài phần mở đầu, phần kết luận và các phần phụ lục, nghiên cứu của chúng tôi gồm có 3 chương: Chương thứ nhất cung cấp cho người đọc một số khái niệm cơ bản mang tính lý thuyết như các định nghĩa trong ngôn ngữ học nói chung và trong ngôn ngữ cơ thể nói riêng. Chương thứ hai đem đến cho độc giả những kiến thức sâu rộng hơn về giao tiếp không lời (hay chính là sự sử dụng ngôn ngữ cơ thể trong giao tiếp) qua việc mô tả và giải thích những loại ngôn ngữ cơ thể được sử dụng nhiều tại Việt Nam và trên thế giới. Điểm nhấn của chương là việc phân tích và giải thích hiện tượng "Cú sốc văn hoá", hệ quả tất yếu của việc sử dụng ngôn ngữ cơ thể ở những nền văn hoá khác nhau. Chương thứ ba tập trung trình bày những ưu điểm và hạn chế của loại hình ngôn ngữ cơ thể đặt trong sự đối sánh với loại hình ngôn ngữ hành văn.

Kết luận Giả thuyết đưa ra ban đầu là đúng: Ngôn ngữ cơ thể là một nhân tố không thể thiếu trong giao tiếp. Ngôn ngữ cơ thể bao gồm một hệ thống các kí hiệu đặc biệt và là một trong các phương thức giao tiếp cơ bản và quan trọng nhất trong cộng đồng người. Vì thế những kiến thức về vấn đề này là luôn cần thiết đối với bất kì ai, bất kì đối tượng nào. Hình thức truyền tải thông điệp với các hành động cử chỉ được sử dụng nhiều trong giao tiếp và cũng là yếu tố quyết định thành công. Các cử chỉ, hành động nói lên được nhiều điều hơn những gì chúng ta nghe thấy, giúp chúng ta dễ dàng xác định độ tin cậy trong lời nói từ phía người đối diện.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Sách tham khảo: 1. Nguyễn Thiện Giáp, Đoàn Thiện Thuật và Nguyễn Minh Thuyết, Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ học, Nxb Giáo dục. 2. Mai Ngọc Chử, Vũ Đình Nghệu, Hoàng Trọng Phiên (1997), Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học và Tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục. 3. Lê Huy Lâm (2008), Cuốn sách hoàn hảo về ngôn ngữ cơ thể, Nxb Tổng hợp TP.HCM (Allian và Barbara Pease, The definitive book of body language). 4. Charles Darwin, Sự biểu hiện tình cảm của người và động vật. 5. Robert L. Vaitsaida, Ngôn ngữ khuôn mặt. 6. Léopold Bellan và Xema Sinpolier Baker, Đọc khuôn mặt. 7. Allan Pease, Ngôn ngữ của cử chỉ.

Các website: http://le-langageducorps.com/ http://lelangageducorps.org/ http://www.langagecorps.com/ http://blog.akova.ca/2010/01/le-choc-culturel-en-quatre-temps/
http://www.vie-etudiante.uqam.ca/etudiantsinternationaux/Documents/CHOC-CULTUREL.pdf

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