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Botany -Plants

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• • • • • It is the physico-chemical process on which the every existence of life on this planet depends. It is an endergonic reaction and anabolic process. It is synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O by utilising the light energy in which O2 is the bye product. The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be represented by the equation:

Light and 6CO2 + 12H2O   Chlorophyll →   C6 H12 O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 • From carbohydrates, the other organic substances of the plant are formed. • Green plants utilise only 1% of solar energy that falls on this planet to fix 2 billion tones of CO2 every year. • The algae of oceans carry out 90% of global photosynthesis. Chloroplast • It is double membrane bound cell organelle involved in photosynthesis. • It has two smooth surfaced, selectively permeable membranes with periplastidial space between them. • The enzyme rich region surrounded by inner membrane is called as Stroma. It is involved in dark reaction of Photosynthesis. • The flattened sack like structures of stroma are known as Thylakoids. • Stack of thylakoids is known as Granum. • The region where one granum is in contact with other granum is called as appressed region. • Grana are linked by unstacked thylakoids known as Stroma lamellae or Fret membranes. • The cavity of each thylakoid is called as Lumen or Intrathylakoid space. • Thylakoid membrane has two structurally different photosynthetic units called Photo System I and Photo system II. Photo System • Each photosystem has two components known as Reaction centre and Antenna – Chlorophyll complex or Light Harvesting Complex. • Reaction centre is also called as core complex and consists of highly specialised form of Chlorophyll a. It is P 700 in Photo system I and P 680 in Photo system II. It converts light energy into chemical energy. • Light harvesting complex is present around the reaction

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