...Introduction: Epigenetics is the study of heritable variations in gene activity and expression without alternation in DNA sequence, this kind of stable alternations can be passed down to progeny in short term, however, in some broader definitions, heritability is not necessary condition, for example, in the overview of the Roadmap Epigenomics Project, epigenetics is regarded as ‘also stable, long-term, alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable’. Patterns of epigenetic modifications are thought to include: (1) methylation on cytosine (DNA methylation); (2) modification of histone proteins and chromatin architecture; (3) small and non-coding RNA-based mechanisms. Two major epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation and histone modifications have been focused in studies of development and cell proliferation over the past few years [1,2]. Recently, the epigenetic modifications are found associating with memory, behaviour and environment. For instance, memories formation, dynamic regulation in behaviour changes...
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...Chapter 5: Learning I. Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice relatively permanent aspect of learning refers to learning being associated with physical changes in the brain experience although physical changes may be present we may not always be able to “get” to the information Maturation * Not all change is accomplished through learning. Changes like an increase in height or the size of the brain are another kind of change controlled by a genetic blueprint. * is due to biology, not experience II. Classical Conditioning learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Ivan Pavlov focused on observable, measurable behavior; worked with salivating dogs * Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * unconditioned means “unlearned.” * ordinarily leads to the reflex response * Unconditioned response (UCR) * involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus * Natural Stimulus (NS) * stimulus that has no effect on the desired response * the sight of the food dish itself became a stimulus for salivation before the food was given to the dogs. Every time they got food (to which they reflexively salivated), they saw the dish. It had no effect on salivation. ...
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...investigation of the neuronal substrates of fear, offer two major advantages. First, they can allow the study of single-gene and/or cell-types modifications in a well-defined genetic background under environmentally controlled and reproducible conditions. Second, emotions such as fear behaviors, involve relatively primitive circuits that are conserved throughout mammalian evolution (LeDoux, 2000), therefore allowing animal models systems different from humans to be a well suitable candidate to reveal brain circuits underlying specific behavioral responses and mechanisms that ultimately regulates emotional learning and memory. In particular, the experimental acquisition of fear responses serves as a powerful model for studying associative learning and memory formation that are necessary to allow an organism to cope with challenging environmental modifications. Fear can be evoked by innate...
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...although indirectly due to the head injury, were disabling factors and frequently led to some instances permanent total disabilities. By the realization, that psychoneuroses develop quite readily in patients especially those who suffer from head injury should be ready to combat this kind of development. In this kind of disorder, the brain that has been damaged has its parts that are very important and needs a full protection. Like the scalp flap in which the strips of hair bearing scalp are rotated from the side and back of the head to the front and top, which restores the hairline while maintaining normal hair density. Another part is skull and we all know that it’s main and overall function is to protect the brain and sensory organs and support facial structures. Next is galea, a muscle that covers the upper part of the skull. It’s attachment to the frontal and occipital bellies muscles on the brow at the front and on the upper back of the head, allows it to move the scalp freely over the underlying skull bone. Next part is the diffuse edema where a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the brain cells and lastly the temporal lobe these are involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning. These behavioral disorder may cause a tricky hard ways to those who experienced it but there’s a way on how to cure them. In short there’s...
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...alternative treatment options: diet and nutrition, and behavior modification therapy (Millichap, 2010). Diet and Nutrition According to Millichap (2010), “of all the alternative therapies proposed for the treatment of ADHD, diet and dietary supplements have demanded the most attention and invoked frequent controversy” (p. 144) . The controversy is largely due to the fact that there is minimal scientific studies around this type of ADHD intervention. However,...
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...conditional fear), and fewer studies on the fear memory extinction as a treatment for psychiatric conditions based on learned fears Such as phobias, PTSD, and general anxiety. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Pavlovian conditional fear is widely used as a model for stress induction and anxiety disorders. The induction of conditional...
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...Definitions of Abnormality Defining a person or behaviour as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Our definition of abnormality must be objective: * It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view * It should produce the same results whoever applies it It must not be under or over-inclusive * It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviours or traits that aren’t Three definitions are used to define abnormality: * Deviation from social norms * Failure to function adequately * Deviation from ideal mental health Deviation from social norms Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Their behaviour may: * Be incomprehensible to others * Make others feel threatened or uncomfortable With this definition, it is necessary to consider: * The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to different sorts of violation. * E.g. is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal or criminal? Abnormality is defined in terms of behavior which goes against societies accepted standards Different societies have different standards Standards change over time Strengths Should be easy...
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...cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment The Pros and Cons of Punishment: Why Reinforcement Beats Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life’s Rewards Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification module 17 Cognitive Approaches to Learning Latent Learning...
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...PSYC 101 Week 8 Final Exam Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/2353/ Week 8 Final Exam Part 1 of 1 100.0/ 100.0 Points Question 1 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points Recovering a memory is like a _____________. A.Replaying a videotape of an event and filling in the missing sensory experiences, such as smell B.Reading a short story in which the plot is detailed but mental images must be generated C.Hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual, and other sensory images D.Watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like. Question 2 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. A.Confabulation B.Flashbulb memories C.Serial position effects D.Priming Question 3 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points Detective Adams interrogates eyewitnesses of crimes on a regular basis. To ensure that their testimony is accurate, it is important that he ____________________. A.Ask leading questions B.Make suggestive comments C.Avoid misleading information D.Provide misleading information Question 4 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points The relearning method of measuring implicit memory, devised by Ebbinghaus involves _____________. A.Recognition of previous information shared B.Recall of previously performed tasks C.Studying information or a task learned previously D.Reteaching of information learned at an earlier age. Question 5 of 50...
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...Biopyschologists believe that every mental event involves a brain event. Many people have experienced severe injuries and trauma to their brains in their lives. However after undergoing exercises, surgery or therapy it is able to help them repair their brains as well as change their minds and literally change their brains. The process whereby their brains change in response to experience is called neuroplasticity. There are various forms of neuroplasticity such as homologous area adaptation, map expansion, cross-modal reassignment and compensatory masquerade which occur through diverse forms of therapeutic rehabilitation and treatment. Many processes are involved in brain recovery, after an injury or trauma. Neural networks and how they trigger an action potential, neuroplasticity, learning experience and therapy in patient recovery or remission are very important in brain recovery. In this essay, case studies that underwent neuroplasticity due to brain damage will be shown as well as how the treatment they underwent both psychologically and physically ‘changed their brain’. In computer science and associated fields, artificial neural networks are computational models motivated by an animal's central nervous system (in particular the brain) which is competent of machine learning as well as pattern recognition. Artificial neural networks are usually conferred as systems of interconnected "neurons" which can calculate values from inputs (Elsevier, 1988). An action potential is...
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...Synaptic plasticity is mediated in part by postsynaptic changes that include the amount of receptors that bind neurotransmitter, types of receptors themselves, and the function of the receptors in position (Kessels and Malinow, 2009). Experience-dependent behavioral formation is expressed as the result of the change in receptor structure and function, thereby allowing synaptic strength to be altered in the brain regions controlling certain behavior types. The generation of appropriate behaviors in response to environmental signals requires communication between various brain regions. Communication between the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, hippocampus, and the amygdala is important in appropriate choice of action (Figure 1). The PFC...
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...Human Development 270 22JAN13 understanding human development wendy dunn the power of habit http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx character strength love caring temperance addiction power point 24JAN13 1859 origin of the species Darwin gene frequency modification generation by generation creates change species- groups reproductive members are compatible freud 1856-1939 psychoanalysis human nature motivated by innate biological inner dynamics id-primative hedonistic component ego- the conscious reality oriented component super-ego the ego ideal conscious plus morality principle death instinct- destructive aggressive impulses life insticts- impulses having to do with survival food water sex psychological stages oral stages- birth to 1.5 oral gratification anal stage- 1-3 stinginess and stubbornness fixation hung up in stage phallic stage 3-6 erogenous zone shifts to gentiles Oedipus electra complexes latency 5-12 sexual impulses are dormant genital 12 onward primacy of sexual impulses erik erikson 1902-1994 trust vs mistrust the world is safe autonomy vs shame 1-3 dress toilet move outside family initiative vs guilt 3-6 learn to cope with wider world industry vs inferiority 6-12 goes to school intimacy vs isolation development of sexual intimacy character learn to be good person choices from habit inhibitions satisfaction kagan standards for behavior formed in childhood. Guilt anger shame beauty by...
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...survive, evolve and learn new skills and talents is by developing our minds and adapting to the ever changing demands of life. What scientists have discovered is that learning requires attention, coding and storing of past memories and experiences. In order to live healthy and happy lives, we can stimulate and encourage learning throughout our entire lifetime from infancy to late adulthood providing that our brain is biologically healthy and intact. Most important, scientists are now studying what simple changes can be made to stave off such diseases such as Dementia and Alzheimer’s. The only kind of memory that the world has ever been able to agree on is that one which saves occurrences from the past. Even more limiting is a methodical notion in which the procedure that creates memory (learning) is identified by the modification of the actions of an individual who has been subjected to a specific occurrence. Researchers have progressed far in creating a nomenclature of special kinds of learning (and subsequently special memories), classical and operant conditioning are a couple that have brought on a unique awareness to the field of science given that Pavlov and Skinner discovered and defined them. Essentially, memory signifies a transformation in whom...
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...Chapter 1 The Dimensions of Psychology Summary: Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate...
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...Chapter 01 Pre Test | 1. | Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people? | | | a. | Participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason. | b. | Deception is never justified. | c. | Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | d. | Participants must understand that confidentiality is not guaranteed. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | c.Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Ethics of Psychological Research, p. 34 | | 2. | A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | | | a. | psychoanalyst | b. | psychiatrist | c. | psychologist | d. | psychiatric social worker | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.psychiatrist | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, p. 18 | | 3. | Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: | | | a. | controlled observation. | b. | participation observation. | c. | the observer effect. | d. | observer bias. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | d.observer bias. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 23 | | 4. | Researchers...
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