...(1960) have studied and tested whether infants could distinguish depth by the time they know how to move (i.e. crawl). They aimed to test whether perceptual behaviors of infants were an innate characteristic of humans and non-humans. They have tested 36 infants aged 6-14 months for depth perception, by putting the infants on the visual cliff. Infants were put in the middle of the half transparent visual cliff, and their mother was standing on the other side. If the infants wanted to crawl to their mother, they had to crawl through the transparent side. As a result, infants would not cross to the transparent side of the cliff - meaning that the depth perception ability is innate. Moreover, to increase the reliability of the study, non-human animals such as chicks and goats were used in this experiment. The results showed the same outcome, therefore supporting the hypothesis that we are born with some(?) perceptual ability. They concluded that in order to survive, humans have already developed the discrimination of depth by the time they are capable of moving. In other words, people will die if they do not have perceptual abilities. If we lack perceptual abilities, we will fall down...
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... “Animal Experimentation” Every year millions of animals in the US are used for scientific and commercial experiments in order to create treatments and determine the safety of products or medications for human uses. The community must face the reality that the well being of animals must be sacrificed in order to successfully cure humanities’ diseases and prevent as many deaths as possible. Since there are many similarities within humans and animals, society was able to deepen understanding of the human body by continuously studying and experimenting on animals. For example, animal researchers have recently found a method to restore people’s visions using safe procedures after conducting several experiments on monkey and mice. However, people who are against the idea of animal experimentation argue that experimenting on them is inhumane and can be replaced animal experimentations by many other methods. Besides, those who opposes the idea would state that researchers are willing to allow animals to go through pain and suffering in order to protect humanity from the physical pain since the human race is selfish in general because society is only care focused on caring for the need and safely of themselves. Evidently, Aysha Akhtar is a neurologist and a public health specialist who brings up her experience at a neuroscience conference where a presenter shows a brief video clip of his animal experimentation, showing how gruesome the presenter was treating the animal. Therefore...
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...monoxide! Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests. Animals should not be guinea pigs. Animals still feel the pain when they are injected with medicine just like humans. Humans can defend themselves and stop the pain, but the animals get strapped down and cannot move. It is better to have tests run on animals because animals will help find cures faster. Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests because a lot of animals are dying for no reason. Ninety-four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products (Animal Testing 1). That only leaves six percent for medical research (1). Ninety percent of all animals used in research are rats and mine (Animals Used in Experiments 4). Cosmetic testing is banned in Belgium, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (1). The United States has many companies that continue to legally perform horrible tests on animals (1). The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Consumer Product Safety Commission do not require animal testing for cosmetics or household products (1). The Animal Welfare Act is the only federal law to require basic standards of care, housing and treatment to the animals that are kept in the labs for testing (4). The LD50 test is one of the worst tests that was developed back in 1927 and is still used today (1). Groups of animals are dosed with different amounts of a test substance in order to determine the does which kills half of the animals (1)! Animals are...
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...” (Hollowell, Kelly. 2002.)”Human embryonic stem cells are interesting to researchers because their pluripotency allows these cells to differ into any type of body tissue. There is a insufficient amount of advantages of stem cell research, this being one, but the many disadvantages outweigh the somewhat positivity.“ ( 2010. Disadvantages of Embryonic Stem Cells.) Embryonic stem cells come from embryos that are three to five days old. ( 2013. Stem Cells: What they are and what they do.) Human embryonic stem cells first came abroad in 1998 from embryos donated by couples no longer having the desire to use them for their own infertility treatments. From there on out, hES cell research has evolved into an ethical controversy. In the US, for example, a sizable amount have objected to the fact that five-day-old human embryos are destroyed in this process ( Hyun, Insoo. 2010. The Journal of Clinical Investigation). There are advantages that come from stem cell research, such as potential treatment for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and several other illnesses. Stem cell research can also help scientists learn more about human growth and development. ( 2011. Advantages and Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research. ) Still aside from these pros remain controversy. Because human embryonic stem cells are extracted directly from human embryos, several questions arise about the...
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...Jason Kimel English 122 Essay #3 Animal testing is a very controversial topic to discuss. The research of animals is defined as the use of chemicals to test on different parts of the animal’s body. Products such as mascara are applied to an animal’s eye, or lipstick is applied to an animal’s lips to see any reaction it may impose on a human. The results based on the animal experimentation will let the scientists know if the chemical or product is safe to use for all ages of people. “Scientists are closer than ever to finding the cures for AIDS, cancer and other deadly illnesses. But more research and testing are needed and much of it must be done on animals.” (Epstein and Brook 604) There are many aspects to animal testing that are for the better, but there also is a bad side to this topic. Animal testing has become a big issue of debate. Some people agree with it, and some disagree. No matter what anyone thinks about the issue, the fact remains that most animal testing is done for a reason and has its benefits and drawbacks. Animal testing was first discovered by Charles Darwin to better study human beings. Since then, animals have been subjected to every test science has to offer. One of the most pointless and cruel tests done on animals, in my opinion, is testing cosmetics. Everything from perfume to soap is tested on the animal to see if it will be harmful in any way to humans. This test is done by pouring some kind of chemical or substance onto the animal's skin...
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...soon be served in restaurants and sold at local stores. The Super Salmon is the first approved GMO animal to be sold in the United States. A GMO, genetically modified organism, is the result of a laboratory process where genes from DNA of one species are extracted and forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. The foreign genes may come from...
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...The topic I chose is transgenic plants and animals. Transgenic organisms have had a foreign gene inserted into them. The way transgenic plants and animals can solve the world’s problems is by genetically increase productivity. For example leaves are engineered to lose less water and take in more carbon dioxide; this modification help a range of crops grow in many different climates including those that are susceptible to drought a higher temperature than the normal climate. Mouse models are used to study human diseases. The use of GMO will increase crop yields and promote efficient land use; with more land you could plant more crops which will decrease hunger. The application of animal biotechnology is the use of animal organs in humans. For example pigs are currently used to supply heart valves for insertion into humans. Some examples of transgenic advantages are agricultural applications such as breeding; farmers have used selective breeding to produce animals that desired traits such as increased milk production at a higher growth rate traditional breeding is a difficult task. However, when using molecular biology was developed it became possible to develop traits in animals in a shorter time and more precision also gives farmers an easy way to increase yields. The transgenic cows exist that produce more milk or milk with less lactose or cholesterol. Some of the disadvantages of transgenic plants and animals are; GMO have been known to retain some of the genetically...
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...Animal testing has been a well debated topic for many years. More than 100 million animals are killed in U.S laboratories during animal experimentation each year. The creatures are usually treated very poorly by the scientists conducting the experiments and have to endure many inhumane procedures like inhaling toxic fumes, or are immobilized in restraint devices for long periods of time. Some have holes drilled into their skulls, and other shave their skinned burned off or their spinal cords crushed, which is the cause of many of these innocent deaths. All of these painful, inhumane procedures have been accepted as it is under the name of science. These horrible experiments need to come to an end as soon as possible. These experiments on animals are used by medical researchers to get a better understanding of body reactions in humans and animals. Popular companies that test on animals include Maybelline, Covergirl, MAC, Pantene, Head & Shoulders, Revlon, Dove and many more. (Peta) Animal experimentation is also used to study causes and effects of illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, and birth defects. *(Burrel) Many other experiments led by scientists are curiosity-driven only and do not have a useful outcome. Although the number of animals used for all of these procedures is incredibly high, the accuracy rate is very low, which means many animal lives are killed for no reason and can put any human that uses the product that has been inaccurately tested on animal’s health...
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...Discussion on Tragedy of the Commons | This paper intends to discuss the basic theories within the scope of the tragedy of commons, especially from the ethics perspective. In addition, the paper also explicitly explores two possible ways to solve the tragedy of the commons, the free market solution and the socialism solution, and applies these ways to a real case of Euro’s Tragedy. In the end, referring to Elinor Ostrom’s theory in 2009, the paper recommends the collective agreement from the moral perspective to be the possible ideal solution to the tragedy of the commons. | | Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Formation 2 2.1 Theoretical explain of the formation 2 2.2 Hardin’s grazing model 4 3. Ethics Involved 5 3.1 Ethical Egoism Theory 5 3.2 Utilitarian Theory 5 3.3 Moral Foundation Theory, Virtue Theory and Confucius 6 3.4 Right Theory 6 4. Solutions to the Tragedy 7 4.1 Free market solution 7 4.2 Socialism solution 9 4.3 Comparison of the Two Solutions 10 4.3.1 Attitude towards self-interest 11 4.3.2 Attitude towards common resources 11 4.3.3 Government Function 11 4.3.4 Incentive structures 11 4.3.5 Outcomes 12 5. Case of Euro’s Tragedy 12 5.1 How Euro’s Tragedy Happened 13 5.2 How it related to Tragedy of the Commons 14 5.3 Free Market Capitalism Solution and the Tragedy of Euro 14 5.4 Socialism Solution and the Tragedy of Euro 15 6. A Third Solution 17 6.1 Ethical Obligation 17 6.2 Cultivating Ethics 17 6.3 Elinor Ostrom’s Theory 18 ...
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...For many centuries people have experimented on animals. It is said that millions of animals die due to the testing on them every year. Many people are concerned that animals are abusing unnecessarily and suffering cruelly. Animal testing should be outlawed because it is inhumane. Animals should have the equal freedom with human beings. They are all forms of lime. The main disadvantage of animal testing is the inhumane treatment of animals in tests due to the fact that anesthesia for the help of pain is often not used. The animals feel the same pain that as the humans feel. Also not necessary. They particularly feel that animal testing often used for non-essential products such as cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, and cleaning products. Furthermore, some campaigners would like to see certain tests replaced and more humane methods used. Animal testing allows scientists to test and create new drugs. Animals such as monkeys or rabbits have similar physical processes to humans. This allows scientists to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams practice new operating techniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe. Millions of lives are saved every year because of one animal’s results to either a drug or new form of surgery, the results are not applicable to humans. This may be partly true. Some drugs have had to be withdrawn...
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... Should Animals be used for Research During the past ten years, a major controversy over the use of animals in biomedical and behavioral research has arisen. The debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. The struggle is usually between animal rights activists and scientist. I believe that animal testing is imperative to the progression of medical cures, procedures and drugs. Scientists have been solving medical problems, developing new techniques and treatments, and curing diseases by using animals in biomedical research. Animal rights advocates believe that animals should not be exploited by humans, and that animals have the same rights as humans. Anti-vivisectionists oppose the use of animals in medical research. They believe that medical researchers are cruel and inhumane. Animal Welfare does not oppose all use of animals in research. They oppose inhumane and unnecessary use of animals and fight to eliminate pain and suffering of animals. On the Contrary, scientists argue that animal research is necessary because it helps them develop medications, vaccines, or new procedures to treat or prevent diseases for both humans and animals. Most research projects either do not involve pain or the pain is alleviated with analgesic or anesthetic drugs. They understand that pain causes stress for the animals, and this stress can seriously affect the results of the study. With all these controversies about this issue, why are animals necessary...
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...Regeneration is a process that regrows and repairs parts of the body that are lost or injured. This process mostly occurs in certain types of animals like worms, starfish and sea cucumbers, but regeneration can occur in every species. The type of regeneration differs, as planaria can regenerate their entire body, as humans can only regenerate cells and certain body organs, such as the liver (Chen et al. 1991). Regeneration is important to the animal because it is involved in functionality, and without these limbs and structures the animal would have “locomotor, foraging, reproductive, and/or metabolic disadvantages” (Maginnis, 2006, p. 289). If an animal was to lose an arm and not be able to regrow it, the animal would lack function and eventually die off, this process allows them to adapt and survive within their environment. Like almost every other bodily system or process, the process can be manipulated and changed by different factors. Regeneration can be affected by both internal and external factors, such as nerves within the animal, (Fansa and Keilhoff, 2003) and environmental factors. Environmental factors include: temperature, salinity, pH and many other factors. Dugesia tigrina are flatworm planaria, that live in freshwater lakes,...
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...profitability of each prey item (such that prey can be ranked) Rule: optimal foraging rule (prediction) – always eat the most profitable prey and eat the next most profitable prey if the gain is greater than the gain from rejecting it and searching for a more profitable prey. Predictions of Optimal Foraging Theory: The highest ranked prey type should always be eaten when encountered. 1) Predators with small handling times and long search times should be GENERALISTS. 2) Diets should be broad in pre-poor (unproductivr) environments. 3) The abundance of low ranking prey types is unaffected by the a abundance of the low-ranking prey is irrelevant. Herbivory and mutualisms (Chapter 12) A. Introduction -Herb ivory: animals feeding on plants. -Only part of the prey item is eaten base of many food webs B. The world is green. Thus, herbivores cannot consume all of the available plants Explanations: -Herbivores may be self- regulated...
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...The French fine arts academic study placed the comprehension of the human anatomy through the study of nude models at the core of their program. This training was crucial for the success of artists interested in history painting; the most elevated and most profitable category of painting. Unfortunately, female artists were expected to restrict themselves to genre painting, still-life, landscape and portraiture, all subjects that were not held to the highest regard. This was a shame as; “without access to nude models, female artists could not receive the training necessary for the production of “important” works of art” (Myers). While life drawing classes were essential to the academy study, the women were not permitted to experience this type of learning modality as it was deemed improper, especially if the model was a man. However, the male artist on the other hand, was able to draw male as well as female nudes freely with no restrictions. This restriction for the female artist is indicative of a society that diminished their gender and considered them inferior to...
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...Number | Contents | Page | 1. | Introduction to ZaraHistory & Company BackgroundCompany Profile | 23 | 2. | Case Summary : ZARA The technology Giant of the Fashion World | 7 | 3. | Discussion: Question 1Question 2Question 3Question 4Question 5Question 6 | 899101010 | 4. | Conclusion | 11 | 5. | Reference list | 11 | History and Background of Zara Marked as the first prestigious venture of the Inditex group the first store of Zara, the chain of Spanish fashion stores came into reality on central A Coruña Street in 1975. In 1985, Amancio Ortega integrated Zara in a new holding company, Industria de Diseño Textil, INDITEX S.A. The Zara fashion concept was well received by the public later in 1976, allowing it to expand its network of stores to the other main Spanish cities. During 1981-1988 with the growing popularity Zara started new ventures by multiplying in number not just in Spain but around the world. Today Zara is present in 73 countries, with a network of more than 1,540 stores, ideally located in major cities. Its international presence clearly shows that national frontiers are no impediment to sharing a single fashion culture (fibre2fashion.com, 2011). Today Zara is the largest and most internationalized of the six retailers that Inditex owns which are Zara, Massimo Dutti, Pull & Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Oysho (www.zara.com/company, 2011). The role of the corporate centre at Inditex’s headquarters is that of a “strategic controller” only...
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