...environment come together to form our schemas. Link it to the debate over whether perception in children is innate (nature) v nurture or a mixture of both. 2) Discuss major influences on both sides of the argument, in favour of perception being an innate characteristic v perception being nurtured through experiential learning. 3) Discuss limitations of the studies primarily the test procedures involved and the unique problems involved when dealing with young babies. 2) Define perception, check into types of perception motion/binocular parallax etc. Check up on studies related to them. Discuss. 4) Limitations include statistical inference issues. Are perceptual abilities innate: Devpsych Introduction: One of the most fundamental and surely the most widely known debate within the psychology community is that of nature v nurture. Humans are diploid; our DNA is divided into two pairs of 23 chromosomes each which determine to a great extent our phenotype as well as our specific personality traits that make us unique. At the same time much of who we are is influenced by our environment. Being creatures of change as we are, our minds are in a state of constant flux as we navigate the world, influence it and our influenced by it in return. The development of perception in children is a topic much debated upon primarily on whether perception is innate to humans or it is something we develop through experiential learning. Here we define perception as our...
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...STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES Are we born with ability (nature, bottom up, nativist) or is it acquired through experience (nurture, top down, empiricist). Can look at infants abilities and /or people living in different environments to try and answer this. GENERAL AO2 limitations Infant studies. (Neonate) Abilities not present at birth not necessarily learned – may require later development. Some may actually get experience in the womb i.e. not innate even if present at birth. Assessment very difficult – e.g. motor skills and acuity – acuity 10-30 times poorer than for adult therefore difficult to assess e.g. depth perception Techniques may not be reliable- may respond to inadvertant cues from experimenter – experimenter bias (cannot ask them) Methods used • Habituation • Sucking rate • Preferential looking • Conditioning • Heart and breathing rate • PET scans Infant studies AO1 Gibson and walk visual cliff – used infants 6 – 14 months old –most refused to cross onto deep side even when enticed by parents – suggests innate ability AO2 Infants 6+months so could have learnt –when done on new born mobile animals – they wouldn’t cross – but animals not humans. Compos – babies placed on both sides heart rate measured. On deep side decreased in very young suggesting they could perceive depth i.e. an innate ability, but not worried, older infants heart rate increased suggests not only perceive depth but understand...
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...Psychology Perceptual Development 331 In: Philosophy and Psychology Perceptual Development 331 Perceptual Development Mohammad Abdul Shabazz-Marsh Fayetteville State University Instructor: Chris Ike Ph.D. November 21, 2012 ABSTRACT The current study examined the individual and joint effects of the Developing Child personality traits and acculturation on coping styles. Using the proposed framework of (Dammeijer, Schlundt, Chenault, Manni, & Anteunis, (2002), the relations among these variables were evaluated at the Developing level to exploit previously unexplored within perceptual skills. This approach emphasizes the unique expression of Nativism and Empiricism specific personality in a Perceptual Development stage in a single culture. Perceptual Developing is not just a one area of a person’s life its throughout their life from a child throughout adulthood, we have to stress the point of Development. “Perception refers to the process of taking in, organizing, and interpreting sensory information. Perception is multimodal, with multiple sensory inputs contributing to motor responses (Bertenthal 1996)”. An infant is revolving his head in reaction to the illustration and acoustic cues of the vision of a face and the reverberation of a voice exemplify this type of perception. Intersensory redundancy, “the fact that the senses provide overlapping information is a cornerstone of perceptual development”...
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...Perceptual Development Mohammad Abdul Shabazz-Marsh Fayetteville State University Instructor: Chris Ike Ph.D. November 21, 2012 ABSTRACT The current study examined the individual and joint effects of the Developing Child personality traits and acculturation on coping styles. Using the proposed framework of (Dammeijer, Schlundt, Chenault, Manni, & Anteunis, (2002), the relations among these variables were evaluated at the Developing level to exploit previously unexplored within perceptual skills. This approach emphasizes the unique expression of Nativism and Empiricism specific personality in a Perceptual Development stage in a single culture. Perceptual Developing is not just a one area of a person’s life its throughout their life from a child throughout adulthood, we have to stress the point of Development. “Perception refers to the process of taking in, organizing, and interpreting sensory information. Perception is multimodal, with multiple sensory inputs contributing to motor responses (Bertenthal 1996)”. An infant is revolving his head in reaction to the illustration and acoustic cues of the vision of a face and the reverberation of a voice exemplify this type of perception. Intersensory redundancy, “the fact that the senses provide overlapping information is a cornerstone of perceptual development” (Bahrick, Lickliter, and Flom 2004)”. Nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities are 'native'...
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...Perceptual development Perceptual Development a) Describe 2 studies of perceptual development (12 marks). b) Assess the way in which such studies help to explain the development of perception (12 marks). In the following essay I intend to describe two studies of perceptual development. I then intend to assess such studies and how they help to explain the development of perception. By perceptual development, I mean how animals and humans alike develop their seeing capabilities. This development of perception could be learnt or innate. By innate, I mean to be born with the ability. a) Gibson and Walk conducted a study in 1960. The study was investigating Depth Perception. The study involved a 6-month-old child, 24-hour-old chicks, kids and lambs. Gibson and Walk used a 'Visual Cliff' to conduct the study. The 'Visual Cliff' was comprised of 2 floors. On one side there was a check-board pattern, on the other side there is glass floor. Below the glass floor there was another floor with check-board pattern. This was placed so that an illusion of a cliff and depth was created. At first the child was placed and was found to be reluctant to go onto the glass. The child's reluctance could be seen as even with encouragement from the child's mother, the child refused to go onto the glass. The study was continued on chicks, kids and lambs. All subjects studied refused to go onto the glass. Held and Hein conducted a study in 1965. The study was investigating...
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...Perception is the use of the senses to acquire information or knowledge about the external world. Questions of perception can be asked at a basic level, such as how the five senses respond to external stimulation, or at a higher level, such as how do we determine depth or object shape. Questions of development focus on what capabilities humans have at the beginning of life and how the growing child comes to achieve adult levels. Much of the research on perceptual development has focused on the first year or so of life, in part to answer intriguing questions about the roles of biological mechanisms and experience in directing development. Historically, the debate has centered on whether an ability is inborn (innate) or whether it emerges after birth as the result of specific experiences. This debate has been termed the nature–nurture controversy, and it has pervaded how we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying perceptual development. Two general views of perceptual development provide examples of the nature–nurture controversy. One view – termed constructivism – emphasizes the construction of perception through learning. For the constructivist view, the starting point is trying to make sense of sensations. In every day experience, our senses are bombarded with stimulation, and the perceiver’s task is to make meaning of this stimulation. Over time, the young or naı¨ve perceiver begins to bring order to this barrage of information. A prediction...
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...Psychologists studying perceptual development tend to make a distinction between sensation - "the functioning of our sensory system", and perception - "the interpretation of those sensations" (Foley & Matlin, 2010, p. 2). Perceptual development provides the foundation for interpreting the events of the world around us. Stimuli from the environment that evoke sensory experiences of hearing, seeing, and touching promote brain growth and development. Our sensory systems do indeed change over time, just like the rest of our body. At birth our senses are not completely developed giving us an incomplete view of the world. As we age, our senses will decline leaving us with less of a connection with the world. The path and nature of the development of our senses are important for several reasons. Understanding development helps the medical field intervene in problems to help people of all ages have more normal sensory systems. Understanding development also yields important insight into the basic operations of our sensory systems. Seeing how they change gives researchers peaks into the nature of their general operation. In perceptual development, many focus area does exist, but for the purpose of this paper, emphasis will be placed on discussing the significance of nature vs. nurture to perceptual development in infants, as well as discuss other sensation and perception concepts like visual abilities – acuity and eye movements. Nature vs. Nurture Nature and Nurture in perceptual development has...
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...Perception comes between simple sensation and complex cognitive behavior (human nervous system, 2013). Perception is so automatic to individuals that they hardly realize that what they are seeing and hearing is only an interpretation (human nervous system, 2013). Three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is discernment, elucidation, and awareness. Discernment is the ability to judge well (The Free Dictionary, 2013). Discernment generates one’s experience of the world around them and allows them to respond inside his or her surroundings. Elucidation is a communication method intended to clarify or explain that serves to make the explanation clear (The Free Dictionary, 2013). Finally awareness; awareness is defined as having knowledge and cognitive response to a situation or occurrence (The Free Dictionary, 2013). Discernment, elucidation and awareness provide ways to gather information and can be very accurate or perverse and inaccurate. Accurateness of sensory data depends on the source of data and one’s cognitive ability. Identify and describe at least three (3) factors contributing to the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory data. A normal human being...
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...The Challenges of Leadership Desire, determination, effectiveness, passion, management skills, being able to inspire, positive attitude, knowing who you are, what to do or not; these are all characteristics of a leader . “Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.” (Concept of Leadership, 2010). In this 21st century world we are living in and with all the complex changes happening and the many ways businesses are being conducted and operated, leadership skills are definitely needed but are becoming more and more challenging to obtain because leadership is a process which is put in place in order to influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. This is achieved by pertaining leadership, knowledge and skills. In the paragraphs that will follow, we will touch base on the leadership challenges of today, what it takes to be a good leader in today’s world and the importance of being a good leader in order to have a blooming business. First, there are four key factors of leadership: leader, followers, communication and situation. “Leader: entails knowing and having a clear understanding of the type of person that you are, your knowledge, and what you are able to do. Followers; we each have and require different types of leadership which is why it is imperative to have a good understanding of the human nature, such as needs, emotions, motivation...
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...SENSORY PERCEPTIONS Barbara Jerry Critical Thinking January 20, 2013 Reality under normal circumstances is something that can be easily comprehended and understood by everyone; however, that is not always how it plays out. Our interpretations of what our senses reveal appear to be true in our individual realms of existence. Oftentimes, people believe what they are told, what they feel or what they believe by faith but never fully experiencing the actual event or episode. Sometimes we live in a reality that has been manufactured by someone else and we accept it as truth. Recently reported in the news media, we were all duped (myself included) into believing the untrue reality of the once highly accomplished but now disgraced Tour de France cyclist, Lance Armstrong. We all road along with him on those championship runs, felt his anguish and pain at being accused of taking performance enhancement drugs as well as blood doping; we defended and support his denials and prayed for him to overcome his cancer. It was shocking to learn the real truth, that Lance’s reality and our perception of him was in fact a hurtful lie to so many and it was deceitful to the extreme. Inaccuracy of Sensory Data At times our senses are accurate in terms of delivery but things are not always as they seem. When our senses are in good working order, they are reliable tools. But at times they often fail to transmit accurate data to the brain particularly when we are ill, drowsy, exhausted...
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...The Evolution of Compassion The evolution of compassion as a part of human nature has been a long standing debate topic. It is typically ignored when analyzing our evolutionary process, and if considered is viewed as some sort of emotional unreliability, and something that hinders out ability to evolve. However, compassion is an innate part of human nature that has evolved from thousands of years of survival. There are three evolutionary arguments for compassion. The first is that within the vulnerable offspring argument, sympathy is thought to have risen as the full of feeling component of a caregiving framework, intended to help raise powerless posterity to the time of feasibility (accordingly guaranteeing that qualities will probably...
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...criminologists of the era who were either inspired by Doyle’s fictional character, leading them to their own discoveries in forensic science, or who were driven to start implementing Holmesian methods within professional police forces (448). A review of Sherlock stories reveals that almost every one of the forensic techniques utilized by police forces today is touched upon in one form or another. In E.J. Wagner’s book The Science of Sherlock Holmes, such methods included the examination of dirt, cigar ashes, blood stains, fingerprints and a dabbling in ballistics among others. Part of the lure of Sherlock Holmes is that readers are captivated by the iconic nineteenth century detective’s innate abilities in solving his cases so seamlessly. In essence, he is the perfect intellectual model for analytical ability and razor edge wit. How then, is Holmes able to utilize the powers of his mind so well? One path to understand this is to investigate the cognitive strengths that he brings to a crime scene. These comprise of his observation and deduction skills, memory, specialized knowledge, emotional control and incubation periods (Kellogg 42-44). A natural starting point would be Sherlock’s observation and perceptive qualities. Hogan and Schwartz lay the groundwork in their article “The...
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...Personality Impact MGT/312 June 15, 2015 Gregory Lucht Personality Impact Paper In order for managers and employees to effectively get along in the workplace they must first learn how to understand and appreciate one another. The purpose of this paper is to summarize Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 assessments, it will also summarize my primary personality aspects, cognitive abilities that I can apply to the workplace, and mitigate any shortcomings. Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 Exhibit 2.5 is an assessment that measures the extraversion or positive affectivity of a person. According to the text a person, which is positively effective, is "predisposed to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them" (page 43). People, who are extroverted, tend to be more sociable and affectionate towards others. Exhibit 2.6 is to measure the neuroticism or negative affectivity. Negative affectivity in the textbook is defined as people tendencies to "experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and view themselves and the world around them negatively" (page 44). This is the exact opposite at positive affectivity. People, who have high neuroticism, are more likely to experience more stress over time and often have negative moods at work or home. Exhibit 2.7 is a measure of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experiences. The textbook explains agreeableness as individuals "who get along well with other people and those who...
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...PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz Click below link for Answers http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 Question 1 Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique. • A. means-end analysis • B. reasoning-by-analogy • C. gestalt restructuring • D. generate-and-test • E. productive-thinking Question 2 The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one. • A. generate-and-test • B. means-end analysis • C. reasoning by analogy • D. mental set • E. introspection Question 3 When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: • A. introspection • B. analysis • C. analogy • D. backtracking • E. working memory Question 4 When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: • A. functional fixedness • B. procrastination • C. a heuristic • D. mental set • E. reasoning by analogy Question 5 Study of chess masters indicate that masters: • A. consider more possible moves than novices...
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...senses will be to them until later in life and how their senses will interact with their brain. Our brain can help us make statements which will help us personally, perceive. Kirby and Goodpaster (2007), pg. 53 believes “there is nothing in the mind unless it is first in the senses says in stark simplicity, that our brain would be empty without our senses. If this view is correct, then sensing would be the main source of raw data for our thinking: If we sense better, we can think better.” Whenever there is nothing contradicting to our beliefs there would be any reason to believe that which we perceive to be inaccurate. However, factors that may contribute to the accuracy of sensory data are as follows: Source of data and cognitive ability: To obtain accurate sensory data, the source of data must be received through the senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch acutely sensitive to act like lenses, amplifiers, particle detectors and pressure and gauges to feed the brain to produce accurate sensory perception of the data obtained. Reliability of facts observed: the reception of solid sensory data through the accurate observations would provide facts and data that is vital for sensing -thinking connection or accurate sensory perception....
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