...Cognitive Development Richard Clark PSYC1000 Lifespan Development Paper Capella University May 2014 Abstract According to dictionary.com cognitive development. The process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. The purpose o f this research paper is to determine if all infants follow the same development process from infant to adulthood. There are many questions about the development stages of a child. I am sure many people would like to know if a child is born with cognitive skills or is that develop over time David F. Bjorklund explains “One issue central to all of psychology is that of nature versus nurture. Traditionally, this has been posed as a dichotomy: Is human thought and behavior genetically/biologically determined or is it shaped by learning/experience/culture? This is dealt with in a more sophisticated way today, in that everyone is an interactionist, with the issue being better expressed as “how do biological/endogenous factors interact with environmental/exogenous factors to produce the adult phenotype?” From this perspective, cognitive development does not simply mature, or bloom, over time, nor is it solely a product of a child’s culture; rather, it emerges over the course of ontogeny as a result of the dynamic and reciprocal transaction between a child’s biological constitution, including genetics, and his or her physical and social...
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...Is Breastfeeding The Right Choice? There have been many trends that moms have followed throughout the decades. One-minute breastfeeding is the best choice for the baby and there is no doubt about it, the next breastfeeding is no longer the trend and formula is in. My purpose for this paper is to figure out if breastfeeding is truly the best choice for a baby. Being young and hopeful, I one day want to have a child of my own, so hopefully this research will allow me to decide if I will breastfeed my baby. There are a lot of advantages to breastfeeding an infant. The advantages appeal not only to the infant but also to the mother. To start out breast milk is always warm and ready compared to having to prepare a bottle of formula. Not only is breast milk always ready but it also is zero dollars. Formula can be extremely expensive to continuously buy. Breastfeeding is much more accessible and is the least expensive option. Along with being convenient breast milk also enhances brain development and the infants I.Q. in ways that formula cannot. A longitudinal study over a period of eighteen years involving one thousand children was preformed to show breastfed infants grew up to have both higher intelligence and academic achievement than those who were formula fed (Burby). Research has determined that a child’s first three years are the most critical in brain development. The infant’s nutrition during these essential periods in early growth and development permanently...
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...and how it affects breastfeeding attitudes and outcomes. (Kronborg and Vaeth 2004) Defined Social support as the mother's perceptions in relation to the support she receives from peers, family and the society at large. The first paper to be reviewed is written by (Leeming et al. 2013) and entitled 'Socially sensitive lactation: Exploring the social context of breastfeeding'. The second paper is written by (Scott et al. 2015) and entitled 'A comparison of maternal attitudes to breast feeding in public and the association with breastfeeding duration in four European countries: Results of a cohort study. The current paper will summarise the arguments, review the subject matter in both papers and compare and contrast the different methodological approaches taken by the authors with comments on the appropriateness of each method chosen. It concludes by a justified opinion of the subject. (Li et al. 2008), stated that discomfort with the idea of breastfeeding is one of the concerns for some women choosing not to breastfeed or incorporating shorter duration of breastfeeding (Stuebe and Bonuck 2011). Decades of research confirm the benefits of breastfeeding for infants and for maternal health (Cricco 2007) (Tarrant, Dodgson and Wu 2014) (Ingram et al. 2008). 1.1 ARGUMENTS (Leeming et al. 2013) Main argument simply stated that breastfeeding remains a challenging social act despite its accepted importance for child health. Discomfort with the idea of breastfeeding in public has been...
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...20th 2011 Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the most precious gift a mother can give her baby. Breast feeding is natural and healthier for the baby. The bond the mother and child get when they breast feed is amazing. Breast milk helps the infant with their health, their bone structure, and their immunity. Breast milk contains growth factors and antibodies which help the baby grow and protect the baby from illness such as ear infections, allergies, diarrhea, and other serious illnesses. The first milk which comes from a mother is yellowish in color, and it is called colostrum; it has antibodies that protect the baby from infections. The antibodies found in breast milk cannot be found in formula. Breast milk comes in three different types; colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. Colostrum (0 to 5 days after birth) is high in protein, low in fat; it also helps the baby’s bowels to move early and often. Transitional (5 to 10 days) is the amount of sugar, fat and calories increases. Mature milk (after 10 days it is produced) is high in protein, fat and calories. The white milk comes later after a few days and its temperature and texture is just right for the baby. Breast milk is easier to digest for the baby than the cow milk. Breastfeeding is a great method for feeding the baby and it offers many benefits for both the mother and the baby. It is cost effective to breast feed, offers convenience, and it has many emotional and physical benefits. Breastfeeding is the...
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...(birth to 1 year) * Physical development * Reflexes: * Rooting reflex: The rooting reflex is present at birth; it assists in breastfeeding, disappearing at around four months of age as it gradually comes under voluntary control. * Sucking reflex: The sucking reflex is common to all mammals and is present at birth. It is linked with the rooting reflex and breastfeeding, and causes the child to instinctively suck at anything that touches the roof of their mouth and suddenly starts to suck simulating the way they naturally eat. * Gag reflex: gagging when the throat or back of the mouth is stimulated. * Startle reflex: pulling arms and legs in after hearing loud noise. * Babinski reflex: occurs when the big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. * Social development * Social behavior based on the social relationship experienced Parenting Styles (enumerate and describe) Parenting Style | Parent Behavior | Child’s Behavior | 1 Authoritarian Parenting | These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991). | Children resulting from this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him or herself. | ...
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...Abstract In 2003 the Government’s recommendations for the introduction of solid food to babies changed from four months to six months. Many parents continue to introduce solid food earlier than six months despite being aware of the recommendations. Delivering key messages about weaning has always been a part of the health visitors role. However, no formal, evidence based weaning intervention is currently being promoted to health visitors and advice continues to be communicated at the discretion of individual practitioners. Very little research exists on this topic, much emphasis has been placed on encouraging breast feeding as the main focus infant nutrition literature. Yet childhood obesity is on the rise and establishing healthy eating habits as a baby could pave the way for healthy eating habits later in life. This paper looks at the ways professionals communicate general messages about weaning and attempts to provide some clarity and guidance for health visitors about a humanistic intervention to educate parents about the benefits of waiting till six months, rather than using ‘scare tactics’ as to what could happen if they wean earlier. It is hoped that not only will this paper provide guidance about best practice, it will also highlight the importance of the subject and the pressing need for urgent research on the specific topic of delivering weaning advice. Table of Contents Page Abstract 1 ...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS IN STATE HOSPITAL, ASUBIARO AFOLABI TOLULOPE MARY INDEX NO: DEPARTMENT OF NURSING, COLLEGE OF CLINICAL SCIENCES, LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OSOGBO IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE AWARD OF “REGISTERED MIDWIFE” CERTIFICATE SEPTEMBER, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that AFOLABI TOLULOPE MARY, Exam No …………………………….. has carried out this research under my supervision. Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) ...…………………….…. Research Supervisor Signature and Date Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) .………………………... Head of Department Signature and Date ABSTRACT Meeting the nutritional needs of the infant is one major task that should be considered very important by the mother. Breast milk has been considered the best and complete nutritional feed for the infant and Exclusive breastfeeding has been recognized worldwide as the optimal feeding option for human infants. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers working in State Hospital Asubiaro, Osogbo. Descriptive design was used for the study. The target population were nursing mothers working in a health institution. Purposive sampling technique was used. The sample size was 176. Data was collected using a self-designed...
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...fallen ill by the formula and it was traced back to Nestle. * Political they were facing Boycotts of the infant formula in third world countries that would reduce their revenue. * Cultural they did not advertise to the consumer properly in the third world countries resulting in improper use of their product. 3. Strategic Marketing Issue * Product: Gerber, Pet Foods, Frozen Meals, Water, Coffee, Candy etc… * Price: The price of the can $17-30 Dollars * Distribution: Nestle use a joint venture * Selecting a Target Market: They target markets of family that are middle class, but they also target consumers who can’t afford formula. * Phase of life cycle: They are in the declining stage in third world countries, but they are in the mature stage. 4. SWOT Analysis Strengths * High market share * Size and financial power * Strong brand portfolio * wide range of products * Ability to customize global products & brands to local preferences * Operational efficiency * Strong R&D * Geographically diverse of the major food and beverage companies * Noor the SOOOOR KA BILLAH Weaknesses * Limited presence in organic foods market * Unwillingness to divest weaker brands * Lack in retail presence * Didn't promote fully their new product LC1 Opportunities * Integration of new...
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...| Breastfeeding is Bad for Business | How Nestle creates dependency in the developing world | | Wrtitten by Jinny PagleInternational Business 868 Strategies in Emerging and Developing EconomiesProfessor Gerardo UngsonSan Francisco State University MBA Program12/5/2011 | | Introduction A system exists on our planet; A system in which certain regions of the globe are continuously dominated by others. Because of this system, we observe poorer countries stripped of their resources and limited in their abilities to develop. Around the 16th century, when the major continents were for the first time all aware of each other, nations and regions began to emerge as economically dominant and dominated. We observe a coordinated effort to implement this system of domination and dependence in the first colonizers. Many centuries later, this system still exists. It has evolved into a system with a global capitalist, consumerist, profit maximizing, goal. Even more interesting, this system is no longer controlled by nations. The very governments which encouraged strong capitalist minded companies are no longer in control of the supra-national organizations. Multinational companies, having exhausted their home markets, have reached to the underdeveloped regions in search of resources, and ultimately profits, in an effort to continue growing their business. Successful firms with flourishing international businesses and markets are not necessarily a negative...
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...University of Phoenix Material Key Theories of Child Development Worksheet Part I: Fill in the following table with information regarding the main theories identified in the Key Child Developmental Theories activity. |Theory |Approach to research (research |Components of the approach |Historical milestones of the | | |design) | |theory | |Psychosocial Theory |Clinical and case study method |Emphasis on individual’s unique |1940’s observed that Yurok | | | |life history |Indians deprived babies of | | | | |breastfeeding for the first ten | | | | |days of life | |Social Learning Theory |Modeled behaviors |Emphasis on behavior |1992, 2001 places strong | | | |modification |emphasis on how children think | | | | |about themselves and other | | | ...
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...Knowledge and Conformance of Delivery Room Staff on Essential Newborn Care Protocol A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of University of the Visayas Cebu City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Nursing Major in Maternal and Child Health Nursing by MAY PRINCES T. ABUCEJO, RN August, 2012 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study The Child Survival Strategy published by the Department of Health has emphasized the need to strengthen health services of children throughout the stages. The neonatal period has been identified as one of the most crucial phases in the survival and development of the child. The Millennium Development Goal Number four (4) of reducing under five child mortality can be achieved by the Philippines, however, if the neonatal mortality rates are not addressed from its non-moving trend of decline, MDG 4 might not be achieved (http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/2664). Based on health statistics, the Philippines is one of the 42 countries that account for 90% of under-five mortality worldwide. Eighty two thousand (82,000) Filipino children under five years old die every year. Thirty seven percent (37%) or 40,000 of them are newborn. Majority of them (3/4) die within the first two days of life, mostly from preventable causes. The high mortality and morbidity rates in newborn are directly related to inappropriate hospital and community practices...
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...Paper The film is showing four beautiful babies: Ponijao from Namibia, Mari from Tokyo, Bayar from Mongolia and Hattie from San Francisco. All four babies are surrounded by different macrosystems but display similar developmental patterns regardless of their upbringing. All these children still must go through the same developmental milestones. In the first year of life babies undergo dramatic changes, many of these are observed in this film. All four babies are living in their own microsystems, each very different from one another. Ponijao has a big family consisting of several siblings, Bayar lives with his parents and a brother, and Mari and Hattie are the only children for their parents, which is a typical situation in developed countries. We see the babies going through the Sensorimotor Stages as soon as they were born, they all were breastfed, which is a sign that they had sucking reflexes that are connected with rooting reflex and breastfeeding. There was an episode where Babinski reflex shown: Mari was sitting in her highchair and a family cat playing with baby’s feet. I noticed that Mari had all possible toys to help her to develop mentally and physically, but she also can be seen playing with CDs and cellphones. On the other hand Ponijao was happy to play with sticks, stones beads and a plastic bottle. I saw Bayar unrolling toilet paper and feeling very happy when he finally got to its base, which he immediately put in his mouth (Oral Stage of Sigmund Freud’s Theory)...
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...management transition from an individual case management to a family-centred and chronic-care approach targeting and prioritising pregnant women and children. Enrolling pregnant women and children into HIV care and treatment early and regularly can prevent new HIV infections and reduce morbidity and mortality, effectively sustaining the quality of life of mothers, their children, and their families. The scale up of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and paediatric ARV care and treatment programs are crucial in the fight against HIV but are challenged by many factors including perceived complexity of treating pregnant women and children, inadequate paediatric and PMTCT knowledge and clinical skills, lack of psychosocial and adherence support, delays in integrating PMTCT services with antenatal and child health management systems, and gaps in referral systems. The South to South Partnership for Comprehensive Family HIV Care and Treatment Program (S2S), a collaboration between the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, and the International Centre for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, aims to address these gaps in support of quality...
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...center of the body outward. The head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, and finally hands and feet. During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. • Sex differences in growth: infancy, girls are shorter and lighter than boys and higher ratio of fat to muscle. Sex differences persist through early and middle childhood and are greatly magnified at adolescence. Children of the same age differ in rate of physical growth – some mature faster than others. • History of breastfeeding & cultural variations: breastfeeding now more common in industrialized nations. 77% of mothers in America begin breastfeeding after birth, but more than one third stop by 6 months. • Benefits of breastfeeding: provides correct balance of fat and protein. Ensures nutritional completeness. Ensures healthy physical growth. Protects against many diseases. Protects against faulty jaw development and tooth decay. Ensures digestibility. Smoothens the transition to solid foods. • Kwashiorkor: disease caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein. The disease usually strikes after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age. Common in regions where children...
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...highlight an existence of additional complex factors, above and above parenting, that affect children’s mental health, varying from, social, environmental, cultural, stigma and poverty effects. Mental health can described as state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Research outlines that, a child mental well being is thought to depend a combination of factors such healthy and balanced nutrition, socialization, and nurturing, provided by primary caregivers, extended family, and the community of residence, a potential impact to which, the child development process can proceeds along a healthy, or potentially traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of a drive behavioural system, organised around specific attachment figures (Bowlby, 1969). The theory further explains that the Infants attempt to establish a secure base with a primary care giver, usually the mother, from later, develop appropriate explanatory behaviours...
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