...Servant Leadership Why is it someone can achieve things that seem to defy all the odds? Why is it George Washington, a Virginia farmer with a love for the military became the “Father of our Country” ? An honorable, virtuous, adventuresome, solider who fought for independence from the British. Why him? Why is it that Mahatma Gandhi was the architect of civil disobedience that influenced the world? A struggling, shy, student who had tremendous difficulty speaking in public. Gandhi was unsuccessful as a lawyer in Bombay. He found his calling working for the downtrodden Indian minority in South Africa. Why him? Why is it Mother Teresa, a convent school teacher dedicated to her student’s education became a Noble Prize humanitarian? Her clinics now care for tens of thousands. Why her? Why is it that Jesus, (whether one believes he is just a man or truly the Son of God), became the most influential person who ever lived? Born in a barn to poor parents; Jesus relied on friends and strangers for food and shelter. He changed the culture of the world. Why him? There is something else at play here, Servant leadership. Servant leaders show proof of their character through behavior. They display the common practices of model leadership by modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act and encouraging the heart (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). Leadership is about service, stewardship, and shepherding those; at...
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...involvement * Opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as aristocracy and monarchy * “RADICAL WHIGS”: British political commentators * Feared threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers relative to elected representatives in parliament * Mounted attacks on use of patronage and bribes by king’s ministers * Symptoms of wider moral failure in society - “corruption” * Dukes and princes = unknown in colonies * Property ownership and political participations were relatively widespread * Murices unmolested by remote officials in London * Distance weakens authority * Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances * British authority embraced theory - MERCANTILISM * Justified their control over colonies * Mercantilists believed that wealth = power and country’s economic wealth could be measured by amount of gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported * London gov. looked on murican colonists as tenants * Expected to furnish products needed in mother country (tobacco, sugar, ships’ masts) to refrain from making for export certain products (woolen cloth or beaver hats) to buy imported manufactured goods from Britain * Parliament passed laws to regulate mercantilism system * NAVIGATION LAW OF 1650 - aimed...
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...explorers established colonies on every continent of the world. The Dictionary of Human Geography defines colonialism as a state centralized system of power, often distinguished by economic exploitation and with astounding disregard for the colonies (D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts & S. Whatmore 2009). Great Britain was no stranger to colonialism, and since the first settlers arrived at Jamestown, the British Empire expanded its control over the first thirteen colonies for nearly 170 years. An intricate part of colonialism was the economic doctrine of Mercantilism. In Companion to British History, Mercantilism is explained as a basic economic theory to increase the country’s wealth by amassing gold. He listed amongst other aspects of the theory the following trade policies: trade restraints by prohibition, taxation on imported goods which could be produced in the colony, prohibition of imports from countries with unfavorable trade balance, goods exported to colony had to pass through home country ports first, establishment of trade treaties, and the regulation of colonial trades so that the colony’s raw materials were exported to the imperial power in exchange for the import of that power’s manufactured goods (2008 Charles Arnold-Baker). At the end of the French and Indian wars in 1763 and in order to fund the British debt from that war, Great Britain began to exercise more control over the colonies by passing trade acts to include increased taxation. The...
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...miscellaneous receipts (earnings of the Federal Reserve System and various fees and charges) make up the balance. Similarily, the “UK tax revenues come from a variety of sources. The main sources of tax revenue include: 1. Income Tax, 2. National Insurance, 3. VAT, 4. Corporation tax, 5. Council Tax (local government), 6. Business rates, 7. Excise duties (alcohol, cigarettes), 8. Other taxes include (stamp duty, carbon tax, airport tax, inheritance tax, capital gains) (Williams, R, 2009).” “The systems are most obviously similar in that they rely on income and payroll (social social security) taxes for the bulk of their revenue. But many features of the British system differ significantly from that of the US. For example, the personal income tax is based on individual rather than family income, and only about 10 per cent of taxpayers have been required to file returns in recent years. Capital gains are indexed for inflation, while deductions for mortgage interest and other items are much more limited than in the US. In general, relative to its American counterpart, the British income tax emphasizes simplicity, downplays the role of social policy and limits attempts to obtain finely tuned measures of income (Gale, W., 1997). “About 150 countries have a [Value Added Tax] VAT. It comes in different shapes and sizes, ranging from 5 percent in Japan to 25 percent in Sweden. It's easy to see why it's popular: As a broad-based tax that's easy to collect and hard to see, a VAT...
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...true still today. You may think that the colonists owed Britain a favor for the French and Indian War but the British had a choice. They didn’t have to fight the war. They chose to. The British did not have experience with governing the colonies, and the colonists had come accustomed to governing themselves their own way for many years. When Britain started to tax the colonies the citizens reacted the way they should; they rebelled. I agree with the colonists, in that the British had no right to perform any of these acts of tyranny. I will try to convince you by all possible means as to why the colonists’ revolution was justified in the three following points: tax acts, violence, and the declaration of independence which led to war,...
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...CHAPTER 3 America in the British Empire ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. Use the column entitled “Anticipation.” When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Use the column entitled “Reaction.” Note any variation in the placement of checkmarks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction _____ 1. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. The British government usually left American colonists to make their own laws pertaining to local matters. American colonial trade was severely crippled by British trade laws. The European Enlightenment had little influence on the thought of American colonists. Because they were part of the British empire, colonists were constantly involved in England’s imperial wars with France and Spain. Parliament taxed the American colonists as a way to express its authority over them, not because it needed. the money. Colonists protested the Sugar Act and Stamp Act as violations of their rights as Americans. Colonists protested the Tea Act because it threatened to raise the price of tea. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 3 you...
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...ELUBEKU TUNDE HISTORY 11. OLUBIYI TOMILOLA FRN/2011/0016 12. EBIRIM JOY HIS/2011/OO19 13. DAMILOLA FEMI HISTORY 14. ADEESO ADEDOYIN FRN/2012/0026 15. HAMZAT SEKINAT HIS/2012/0091 16. ASIFAT AISHAT FRN/2012/0022 INTRODUCTION The Indirect Rule System was a system of administration which was based on the use of traditional authorities by the British officials. Indirect rule aims at a synthesis between European and African culture. The essence of indirect rule is that the present and the future are to be built on the past without any violent break; the loyalty of the people is to attach firstly to their traditional institutions. In other words, the indirect rule is a system of administration in which the British colonial government made use of the paramount chiefs to govern the people of its colonies in accordance with their traditional political system, under the guidance and supervision of officials of the British government. The view is commonly held that Sir Fredrick Lugard was the father of indirect rule in Nigeria. Such a view implies that the system with which the British ruled the Southern Nigeria in the pre-Lugardian era by Governor MacGregor and Egerton from 1900 to 1912 was not one of indirect rule. In fact, Lucy Mair even goes to the extent of maintaining that indirect rule was...
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...and before the Revolution, America was still under the rule of the British crown. Colonists, deeply upset over “Taxation without representation” chose to do something about it. On December 16, 1773, a group of men disguised as Native Americans boarded ships and dumped entire shipments of tea into Boston harbor. Although this is as deep as knowledge of the Boston Tea Party goes for some, the real reasons the Boston Tea Party occurred were vastly more complex. You could pin the blame simply to the Tea Act of 1773, or you could broadly state “taxes” as the cause. But truly, these things, along with a few other stressors, working in tandem, were responsible for the Boston Tea Party. To really understand the events which occurred, one must know about the mercantile system. According to Accountingtools.com, The mercantile system is a system of managing the...
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...Alexander Hamilton: (1755–1804) the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the Federalist Party. Hamilton took the lead in the funding of the states' debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. Anti-Federalists: who favored a more decentralized federal system. Articles of Confederation: postwar economic conditions were difficult because British markets were closed to the new nation and the Articles had not provided for a mean to raise taxes or stimulate economic recovery. Shay's Rebellion made many Americans fear that anarchy would destroy the new republic and led them to clamor for a stronger national government. Battle of Bunker/Breed’s Hill: took place on June 17, 1775, just a few months after the start of the American Revolutionary War. Boston was being besieged by thousands of American militia. The British were trying to keep control of the city and control its valuable sea ports. The British decided to take two hills, Bunker and Breeds, in order to gain a tactical advantage. The American forces heard about it and went to defend the hills. Although the British won the hill and the battle, they paid heavy costs with so many soldiers, officers dying. This gave the Americans courage to know that they could stand up to the British in battle. Many more colonists joined the army after this battle and the revolution continued to grow in strength. Boston Tea Party:...
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...Historical Systems of Power Governance and Authority Western Governors University Prompt A Colonialism is the settlement of foreign land through sending their countries citizens to establish a new colony for that country without the use of military involvement. British settlement of North America is a perfect example of colonialism. The Lost Colony of Roanoke was England’sfirst attempt of colonialism in 1590, but it failed because of the indigenous people.In 1607 a British company sent another colony to North America and established the first successful British colony named Jamestown. English colonization was a very interesting idea that the empire had set up to encourage settling the New World. The charter system in North America allowed companies and individuals to organize their own colonies as long as the crown received a portion of the profits. Jamestown was started by the London Company from England, a joint stock enterprise created to find gold and other riches in The America’s. The settlement was almost doomed from the beginning, because the London Company hadn’t picked skilled pioneering type men. In the first 9 months only 38 men were left alive out of 104. They starved to death even with the surrounding forest and rivers full of game. The London Company reluctantly placed John Smith in charge, and through his dictatorship commanded the settlers to work, or starve. He divided the settlers into labor gangs to build Jamestown. The Powhatan...
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...UK AIR PASSENGER DUTY The British Treasury will increase the tax from April this year by eight percent, which increases the cost of travel and causes fewer benefits to people in a moment of global economic crisis. The Air Passenger Duty (APD) is considered as a real obstacle for the growth of so-called "smokeless industry" in this geographical area extremely vulnerable to financial problems that shakes the world. According to the general secretary of the Caribbean Association of Hotels and Tourism, Alec Sanguinetti, in 2007, 1,373,600 tourists traveled to the region from the UK. And in 2010, the number fell to 1,103,400 tourists. Also, the number of Caribbean residents trips into the European nation to their home countries decreased by almost 20 percent due to the tax mentioned previously. The figures presented in January (2012) at the Caribbean Travel Marketplace, based in Bahamas showed that Caribbean has lost about 270 000 tourists in three years as a result of the same cause. Furthermore, other data show a decline by 16 percent over the last five years the number of arrivals from the United Kingdom, which still has influence in some nations and several Caribbean territories. At the moment, the damaged region belongs to the C band of the four bands which has the APD. This level refers to the distance between both destinations from 4,001 miles to 6,000 miles from London. Afterwards, here are some details about the new tax: - With a current charge of...
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...In 1767, Charles Townshend, made a promise that he would make up the debt of the British so that the English parliament did not have to cut the land tax of the British in order to balance the budget.This promise was known to be the Townshend Acts. Under the Townshend Acts there are five laws that are often mentioned: the Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and the New York Restraining Act. The Townshend Acts were made to collect revenue from the colonist in order to pay off British debt. The colonist rationale was “No taxation without representation!” because they knew it was just another way for British to gain money for their debts. This caused rebellions, boycotts and plenty of protests. The Townshend Acts just gave the colonist another reason why they should fight for their independence. The Townshend Acts were introduced soon after the British ministry was seized by the unpredictable Charles Townshend, also known as “Champagne Charley”. Although unstable, Townshend was gifted in a way that he could deliver the most brilliant speeches in Parliament, even while drunk. He persuaded Parliament, in 1767 that he would begin to tax the colonists in order to make up the difference of debt. In order pay off the debt, Townshend placed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea. This was the first out of the five acts in the Townshend Acts, called the Revenue Act of 1767. Townshend had to be very...
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...the “magnificent African cake” because Africa was divided amongst these countries like slices to a cake. The early resistance to European invasion was the early British takeover of southern Africa. The British took the Ashanti nation forcefully. The king of the Ashanti was publicly humiliated after surrendering. He was forced to kiss the British commander's boot. The Portuguese farmers were forced to grow cotton for export to Portugal. The price per unit of cotton was fixed by Portugal. The farmers were forced to sell great quantities of cotton at low prices. So many farmers were forced to produce cotton that there was a shortage of crops in Mozambique. The people began to pressure the government to become more liberal. Stronger demands became common, to the point of requesting a full-fledged democracy. The ideas were not only confined to the elite of the colonies, however, the elite held protests. Farmers face grievances from Portugal because farmers were forced to grow cotton for export to Portugal, but the price of this cotton was fixed by Portugal which created an unfair market price for the Africans, meaning that the farmers of Mozambique were forced to sell a lot of cotton at very low prices. There was also famine amongst the people, because there was no one left to make the food. The welcoming of the British was brief after the building of the railway, amongst the native...
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...argue that war tends to be both positive and detrimental on a nation’s economy. It is essential to keep in mind that these surges in economic activity do not necessarily outweigh the detrimental effects caused by war, especially in uniquely difficult and trying times of war. Specifically, Britain, the mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, experienced frequent and intense warfare which forced sectors of its economy to adapt to and mitigate the changes which normally affected a nation at war. The British economy dealt with wartime difficulties associated with rises in taxation, in foreign trade, and in financing wars themselves. Taxation, as a source of revenue to finance wars rose significantly, but the sums collected were often insufficient to alleviate growing debt. Foreign trade was often subject to embargoes, the politics of alliances, and privateering. Britain’s merchant class often faced the burdens associated with war. However, the case of the Continental System shows where Britain prospered despite the opposition it faced in commercial trade, making trade a practice where war did benefit Britain. In financing her wars, Britain borrowed heavily from the Bank of England, but after having been strained so much by multiple financial crises, the Bank could no longer supply the loans needed by the government. Eventually, the government had to borrow from the savings of the people in the form of issuing Consols and annuities. Generally each of taxation, trade, and...
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...Englishmen, took the unprecedented step of seeking a political separation from the British Empire. A “perfect storm” of economics, politics, society, philosophy, and communication technology helped create a situation in which it was possible for the colonies to not only separate from the empire but create a functioning government to take the place of the one from which they had separated. Economically, the colonies and England were extremely close. The colonies provided a source of raw materials for the Empire as well as a marketplace to sell goods produced by...
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