...one of the most essential discoveries in brain function lies within the compartmentalization of mental, emotional, logistical, motor, and cognitive capabilities, this process began in earnest with the discovery of Broca's Area through the diagnosis of a particular symptom of trauma—Broca's aphasia. To understand the overall picture of this convoluted problem we must first examine the historical foundations through which aphasia was diagnosed. From there we will attempt to dissect the process of language evolution and attempt to recognize where aphasia fits within the equation of language structure. From structure, we must then look even closer to the actual biology of the neural network to examine how learning and language develops in order to assist in the therapy of aphasics the world over. Broca's area is a portion of the brain in the left temporal lobe which has been attributed to the process of speech. The term “aphasia” is derived from the Greek, aphatos, meaning “without speech”; although not all forms of aphasia silence the aphasic. As opposed to a learning disability which one grows up with, nor with diseases such as Alzheimer’s, aphasias are typified by beginning very suddenly with a trauma to particular portions of the brain. Thus and aphasia is basically a symptom of either a...
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...Ways of Speaking and Other Cognitive Behaviors of the Patients of Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's Aphasia. An Empirical Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillments of the Requirement for the Course: Sociolinguistics and Psycholinguistics of the Masters of Arts In the Department of English Language and Literature Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh. Supervisor- Md. Afaz Uddin Lecturer Department of English Language and Literature Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh. Date: November 05, 2012. Corresponding Authors: Name ID Hosneara Khatun 087 Jyotirmoyee Barman 097 Mahbubul Alam 064 Nazbina Ferdousy Nazneen Sultana O53 Nusrat Jahan 086 Nusrat Tanzin 103 Samiya Tarannum O88 ABSTRACT Language performance of human being is inseparably related to the brain. There are some specific areas in the brain that are responsible for language understanding, organizing and producing. Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are two such type of crucial areas of the...
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...Aphasia comes from the Greek root word, “aphatos”, meaning “speechless”. It is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality which may include difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language. Aphasia occurs in men and women alike and although it is more common in middle-aged adults it may also occur in children. Depending on the area and extent of the brain damage, someone suffering from aphasia may be able to speak and not write, or vice versa. Aphasia may also display a wide variety of other language deficiencies in language comprehension and production such as the ability to sing and not speak. Aphasia may also co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which is now a disorder in itself ((Risser, Anthony H.; Spreen, Otfried (2003). Assessment of aphasia. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press).). Both resulting from brain damage. Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder resulting from a neurological injury and characterized by poor articulation. Apraxia is a disorder caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum and is characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and ability to perform the movements (wikopedia). One can understand how both of these disorders correlate closely to the language disorder aphasia, rather taking an in depth look or just an overview. Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more language...
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...My evidence practice question for this assignment was, “How can I as an OTA treat a patient with aphasia.” I had learned about aphasia in physical dysfunction and became very interested in how to help clients who had this condition. According to Palmer, Hughes, and Chater (2017), aphasia is a common consequence of stroke affecting all aspects of communication including the ability to understand spoken and written language. American Speech-Language Hearing Association (n.d.). states that aphasia is most often caused by stroke but any type of brain damage can cause aphasia. There website provides tips for communication with a person who has aphasia such as keeping eye contact, slowing down your speech, and asking the client to draw, write, or...
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...reading aloud such that semantically related words are substituted for the printed word (e.g., “puppy” is read as “dog,” and “woman” is read as “mother”) would be: | | | Student Response | A. | word aphasia. | B. | attentional dyslexia. | C. | deep dyslexia. | D. | phonological dyslexia. | | Score: | 0.09/0.09 | | | 2. | | | Reduced verbal fluency and difficulties in comprehension and production of prosody have been reported following damage to the: | | | Student Response | A. | right insular cortex. | B. | left orbitofrontal cortex. | C. | right orbitofrontal cortex. | D. | left insular cortex. | | Score: | 0/0.09 | | | 3. | | | The vocal intonation that helps us understand the literal meaning of what people say is termed: | | | Student Response | A. | prosody. | B. | syntax. | C. | discourse. | D. | semantics. | | Score: | 0.09/0.09 | | | 4. | | | An alternative hypothesis for fluent aphasia posited by Dronkers and colleagues suggests that the role of the cortex of Wernicke's area is: | | | Student Response | A. | long-term memory for semantic categories. | B. | short-term memory for speech sounds. | C. | identical to that of Broca's area. | D. | short-term memory for mouth movements. | | Score: | 0.09/0.09 | | | 5. | | | Results from electrical stimulation and imaging studies of conscious patients suggest that: | ...
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...SPHY 202: Language Disorders (Acquired) 2 Assessment 2: Case Study MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Sustained a left-sided MCA CVA involving lateral frontal lobe TIME POST-ONSET: 6 months SPEECH LANGUAGE DIAGNOSIS: Broca’s aphasia characterised by severe difficulties with expressive language skills involving both verbal and written modalities. ------------------------------------------------- Background Ruby is a 39-year old woman who lives at home in the UK with her husband and two children, 9 and 7 years old. Ruby was first admitted to hospital on the 1st of February 2014 following right side weakness in upper and lower limbs, aphasia and an associated fall getting out of bed in the morning. She was found to have an acute left sided middle cerebral artery infarct involving the lateral frontal lobe. The pre-central gyrus was also involved and damage possibly extends to the lateral fissure and subcortical structures. This has resulted in a right-sided hemiplegia affecting her upper limb primarily. No preceding significant medical history. Ruby has previously spent 2 weeks in a specialist stroke unit and then 3 months in a rehabilitation unit during which she received treatment from physio, OT and speech pathology. Include client demographic information; include information about previous intervention details social history, premorbid level of function, and any other relevant medical or allied health intervention details to date. Language Assessment Ruby’s communication...
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...Broca’s area was discovered in 1861 by Paul Broca through an autopsy of an individual that had problems with speaking and writing. This is where Broca discovered that this individual had something in common with other patients with the similar impairments: a lesion (injury) in the lower left frontal lobe of the brain. Broca’s area is located above and behind the left eye and this is the part of the brain responsible for speaking and language comprehension. This area controls the motor neurons that are responsible for speech control. The exact location of Broca’s area is not precise because it varies due to the sulci and gyrus surrounding it but generally the location is classified as being in the left frontal lobe. When damage occurs to Broca’s area (although it can still occur without damage to Broca’s area), it is called Broca’s aphasia. Aphasia is where a person has problems with speaking, reading, writing and even listening. The most common cause for this aphasia is a stroke. Specifically when Broca’s area is damaged, the aphasia is expressive meaning that individuals will have a hard time forming sentences. In the case of Broca’s area, damage location does not necessarily correlate to...
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...Introduction Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. There are various categories of communication and more than one may occur at any time. The different categories of communication are: (1) Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media. (2) Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent. (3) Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media. (4) Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages. A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance. Communication disorders include problems related to speech, language and auditory processing. Gleanson (2001) defines a communication disorder as a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use their native language. In general, communications disorders commonly refer to problems in speech (comprehension and/or expression) that significantly interfere with an individual’s achievement...
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...Introduction Apraxia is a brain disorder that causes the loss of certain abilities, such as the ability to talk, walk, and do everyday activities. The most common type of apraxia is an inability to move parts of the face when desired (orofacial apraxia). What are the causes? This condition is caused by damage to the brain. Common causes of brain damage include: Stroke. A brain tumor. A brain injury. A brain disease, such as: A brain infection. Dementia. Alzheimer disease. Huntington disease. What are the signs or symptoms? The condition causes you to lose the ability to do things you once could do. The abilities the condition affects depend on the area of the brain that has been damaged and on what caused the damage. Abilities affected may include the ability to: Move your face, lick your lips, whistle, or wink. Move your arms or legs exactly as you want to. Follow verbal commands. Do regular activities, such as getting dressed, cooking, or bathing. Find the right words when speaking. Draw simple figures. How is this diagnosed? This condition is diagnosed based on symptoms and a physical exam, which includes a check of the nervous system (neurological exam). Your health care provider may ask you to perform several tasks and may order some tests, including: Language and mental ability tests. Imaging tests of the brain, such as an MRI or CT scan. These types of tests are done to check for a stroke, tumor, or injury. Spinal fluid tests (spinal tap). These are done to look for evidence...
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...Parts of Brain-definitions arcuate fasciculus - connects broca's and wernicke's areas A white matter fiber bundle and neural pathway has great importance for language Damage to this area can cause a form of aphasia known as conduction aphasia pg 223 functions of the right hemisphere For most people the right hemisphere is the non-dominant hemisphere for speech and language While RHD patients do not typically have the types of language problems seen in aphasia, they frequently have both communicative and cognitive deficits which can be addressed in speech/language therapy. Cognitive Functions Spatial orientation Spatial relations (right-left discrimination) Sequencing of symbols, objects, and events Timing and time perception Music appreciation Recognition of objects and faces Geometric communication Non-verbal communication Praxias - coordinated motor behavior pg 224-226 dorsal – posterior of brain lateral prefrontal cortex – involved in broad aspects of executive behavioral control orbital frontal cortex – a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making ***refer to blackboard ppt pg225 memory – 2 major categories, long and short term short-term – related to working memory, the time...
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...eye. Then, after she exercised to try and make the pain go away, she describes the feeling she got as “dissociation” or being detached from reality. On her way to get in the shower, her movements were not fluid. The point where Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor realized that she was having some neurological malfunction was when she turned her bathtub faucet on and the sound of the water was over-amplified. She was having issues with her coordination, equilibrium, and auditory system. In the midst of all of this, she described a feeling of euphoria and deep inner peace. When she tries to get help, it is very hard for her to concentrate and keep her thoughts together because of her lack of language and linear skills when the hemorrhage affected her Broca's and Wernicke's area. She couldn't recognize numbers as anything but scribbles on a piece of paper, and she realized that she could neither understand her coworker nor speak fluently herself....
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...is possible because the motor cortex has mirror neurons. Mirror neurons are activate when an action is observed or performed this allows for the same neurons to be active when we are learning something with our hands or when watching someone else perform the same action. If this part of the brain were to be injured it would cause the loss of motor skills and possibly loss of motion in parts of the body. The Broca’s area and the prefrontal areas are essential parts to functioning on a normal level. The Broca’s area is a human’s speech center. The Broca’s area interacts with the flow of sensory information from the temporal cortex (which will be gone over next) to devise a plan to speak, it then passes that plan to the motor cortex also in the frontal lobe to control the movements of the mouth for action of speech (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2015). When this part of the Frontal lobe is damaged it can result in a type of aphasia, aphasia is the impairment of the ability to use language, known as motor/expressive or Broca’s aphasia (Mitterer & Coon, 2013). This type of aphasia causes problems with people speaking or writing, for instance, grammar and pronunciation are poor...
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...heredity has to do with our behavior and if the lobes were damaged what could the affects be. Broca’s and Wernicke’s had aphesis on the lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with being able to have higher mental abilities and play a role in your sense of self. The frontal lobe is also responsible for the control of movement. The movement comes from the tissue of the rear of the frontal lobe it is called the primary motor area it directs the body’s muscles. The primary motor is one of three actions that the frontal lobe controls. The second one is the mirrors neurons these neurons become active when we perform action. The association area combines and processes information. If there were damage to the left hemisphere may suffer aphasia. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain. These lobes are the direct reason why people can hear. Auditory information projects directly to the primary auditory are making it the main site where hearing first registers. The temporal lobe is also responsible for the language that is spoken. If it is damaged the result is a receptive or fluent aphasia. Let’s talk about what is aphasia and why there are two different diagnoses one for the frontal lobe and one for the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe aphasia is related to Broca’s area, a speech center that is part of the left frontal association. If there were to be damage to the Broca’s area it would be very difficult for speech and writing to be done. Wernicke’s area lies on the...
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...The Brain and Behavior Essay The Brain and Behavior Essay The temporal and frontal lobes are only two of the four lobes that make up the neocortex. Both have very specific responsibilities within the brain. The frontal lobe of the brain deals with executing behavior. This behavior ranges from individual muscle control, to complex abstract planning about what to do ("Examining The Brain’s Four Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, And Occipital", 2015). Within the frontal lobe are four different cortex. They are the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, primary motor, and the premotor cortex. The prefrontal cortex makes up the majority of the frontal lobe. This cortex is responsible for all skills that require intelligence. The prefrontal cortex is larger in primates that any other mammal. But humans have larger prefrontal cortex than primates, and primates have a larger prefrontal than any other mammal ("Prefrontal Cortex", 2015). The prefrontal cortex is located in the front part of the frontal lobe. This area of the brain is where complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making and moderating social behavior is processed. Thoughts and actions are considered to be the basic activity of this region of the brain. The anterior and medial part of the brain is made up of the orbitofrontal cortex. This is where assessments of risk and reward, as well as moral judgment are weighed. It is located in the frontal lobes and...
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...Speech Perception Worksheet Jason Helmer Sensation and Perception PSY/345 Lynn Davison July 20, 2015 University of Phoenix Material Speech Perception Worksheet Complete the following table. |Components |Description/Function | |Acoustic signal |Speech sounds are produced by the position or movement of structures in the vocal apparatus, which | | |produce pressure patterns | |Articulators |Structures that alter the shape of the vocal tract, such as the lips, tongue, and soft palate. | |Formants |The change is shape changes the resonant frequency of the vocal tract and produces peaks of pressure| | |at a number of different frequencies. | |Sound spectrogram |Indicates the pattern of frequencies and intensities over time that make up the acoustic signal | |Formant transitions |Rapid shifts in frequency preceding or following formants | |Phonemes |The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, would change the meaning...
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