...Broca’s Aphasia, also known as Expressive Aphasia, was discovered by physician Paul Broca after studying a patient who could only speak the word “tan” following severe brain damage (“Broca’s (Expressive) Aphasia,” n.d.). This form of Aphasia occurs as a result of damage within the frontal regions of the brain. Specifically, this location is known as Broca’s area of the brain, which is known as the speech area. This causes Mr. Brown to have trouble executing speech, as working memory and motor planning are disrupted (Owens, R. E., Jr., Farinella, K. A., & Metz, D. E., 2014, p. 151). Though the malformation in Mr. Brown’s vascular system is developmental, as it has been present from birth, his diagnosis of Broca’s aphasia is acquired, as it is...
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...Parts of Brain-definitions arcuate fasciculus - connects broca's and wernicke's areas A white matter fiber bundle and neural pathway has great importance for language Damage to this area can cause a form of aphasia known as conduction aphasia pg 223 functions of the right hemisphere For most people the right hemisphere is the non-dominant hemisphere for speech and language While RHD patients do not typically have the types of language problems seen in aphasia, they frequently have both communicative and cognitive deficits which can be addressed in speech/language therapy. Cognitive Functions Spatial orientation Spatial relations (right-left discrimination) Sequencing of symbols, objects, and events Timing and time perception Music appreciation Recognition of objects and faces Geometric communication Non-verbal communication Praxias - coordinated motor behavior pg 224-226 dorsal – posterior of brain lateral prefrontal cortex – involved in broad aspects of executive behavioral control orbital frontal cortex – a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making ***refer to blackboard ppt pg225 memory – 2 major categories, long and short term short-term – related to working memory, the time...
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...cortex. | | Score: | 0/0.09 | | | 3. | | | The vocal intonation that helps us understand the literal meaning of what people say is termed: | | | Student Response | A. | prosody. | B. | syntax. | C. | discourse. | D. | semantics. | | Score: | 0.09/0.09 | | | 4. | | | An alternative hypothesis for fluent aphasia posited by Dronkers and colleagues suggests that the role of the cortex of Wernicke's area is: | | | Student Response | A. | long-term memory for semantic categories. | B. | short-term memory for speech sounds. | C. | identical to that of Broca's area. | D. | short-term memory for mouth movements. | | Score: | 0.09/0.09 | | | 5. | | | Results from electrical stimulation and imaging studies of conscious patients suggest that: | | | Student Response | A. | there is surprisingly little variation in the organization of cortical language areas among subjects. | B. | speech areas occupy a smaller proportion of cortical areas than originally thought on the basis of lesion studies. | C. | localizationist theories...
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...involving lateral frontal lobe TIME POST-ONSET: 6 months SPEECH LANGUAGE DIAGNOSIS: Broca’s aphasia characterised by severe difficulties with expressive language skills involving both verbal and written modalities. ------------------------------------------------- Background Ruby is a 39-year old woman who lives at home in the UK with her husband and two children, 9 and 7 years old. Ruby was first admitted to hospital on the 1st of February 2014 following right side weakness in upper and lower limbs, aphasia and an associated fall getting out of bed in the morning. She was found to have an acute left sided middle cerebral artery infarct involving the lateral frontal lobe. The pre-central gyrus was also involved and damage possibly extends to the lateral fissure and subcortical structures. This has resulted in a right-sided hemiplegia affecting her upper limb primarily. No preceding significant medical history. Ruby has previously spent 2 weeks in a specialist stroke unit and then 3 months in a rehabilitation unit during which she received treatment from physio, OT and speech pathology. Include client demographic information; include information about previous intervention details social history, premorbid level of function, and any other relevant medical or allied health intervention details to date. Language Assessment Ruby’s communication abilities were assessed in the areas of conversation, story telling, verbal naming, reading aloud and also repetition. Ruby’s...
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... after she exercised to try and make the pain go away, she describes the feeling she got as “dissociation” or being detached from reality. On her way to get in the shower, her movements were not fluid. The point where Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor realized that she was having some neurological malfunction was when she turned her bathtub faucet on and the sound of the water was over-amplified. She was having issues with her coordination, equilibrium, and auditory system. In the midst of all of this, she described a feeling of euphoria and deep inner peace. When she tries to get help, it is very hard for her to concentrate and keep her thoughts together because of her lack of language and linear skills when the hemorrhage affected her Broca's and Wernicke's area. She couldn't recognize numbers as anything but scribbles on a piece of paper, and she realized that she could neither understand her coworker nor speak fluently herself....
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...The Brain and Behavior Essay BEH/225 3/15/2014 Jennifer Reed Did you know that there are four lobes that are within the brain that control the way our behavior is. The frontal lobe and the temporal lobe are the two that we are going to discuss and how they control our behavior. We will also look at what heredity has to do with our behavior and if the lobes were damaged what could the affects be. Broca’s and Wernicke’s had aphesis on the lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with being able to have higher mental abilities and play a role in your sense of self. The frontal lobe is also responsible for the control of movement. The movement comes from the tissue of the rear of the frontal lobe it is called the primary motor area it directs the body’s muscles. The primary motor is one of three actions that the frontal lobe controls. The second one is the mirrors neurons these neurons become active when we perform action. The association area combines and processes information. If there were damage to the left hemisphere may suffer aphasia. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain. These lobes are the direct reason why people can hear. Auditory information projects directly to the primary auditory are making it the main site where hearing first registers. The temporal lobe is also responsible for the language that is spoken. If it is damaged the result is a receptive or fluent aphasia. Let’s talk about what is aphasia and why there are two different...
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...Cognitive Behaviors of the Patients of Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's Aphasia. An Empirical Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillments of the Requirement for the Course: Sociolinguistics and Psycholinguistics of the Masters of Arts In the Department of English Language and Literature Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh. Supervisor- Md. Afaz Uddin Lecturer Department of English Language and Literature Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh. Date: November 05, 2012. Corresponding Authors: Name ID Hosneara Khatun 087 Jyotirmoyee Barman 097 Mahbubul Alam 064 Nazbina Ferdousy Nazneen Sultana O53 Nusrat Jahan 086 Nusrat Tanzin 103 Samiya Tarannum O88 ABSTRACT Language performance of human being is inseparably related to the brain. There are some specific areas in the brain that are responsible for language understanding, organizing and producing. Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are two such type of crucial areas of the brain which are, if affected...
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...The Brain and Behavior Essay The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate. The function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs in the body. Contrasting the roles of behavior of the temporal and frontal lobe seems to be quite interesting. Temporal lobe is one of four major lobes of the cerebral cortex. This particular lobe is responsible for the retention of the visual memories, processing sensory, comprehending language, storing and emotions. The frontal lobe is located in the front of the brain. It contains most of the dopamine sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. It has similarities of the temporal lobe. Some of the behaviors that the frontal lobe is responsible for are conscious thought, voluntary movement and a person individual personality characteristics. Any damages to either frontal can cause a change in a person’s emotions, they become less motivated to do anything and they become very aggressive in their behavior. Paul Broca did a study that involved language in 1861.His first studied was a deceased patient that had a problem that caused him not to speak nor express his thoughts in writing. He came to find out the he had a small size lesion on the left inferior frontal cortex. After several other studies he discovered that they all had a small lesion and this is when he made the statement “We speak with the left hemisphere” and identify the existence of a “language centre” in the posterior portion...
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...The Brain and Behavior Essay Frederica Phoenix BEH/225 Melodie Miller, Facilitator The Frontal Lobe is the part of the Brain that extends from what is known as the frontal pole of the brain and it extends down to the central sulcus. The lobe is located for the most part in the anterior cranial fossa, and parts of it have a shallow more concave low surface. This is designed for it to be able to fit its orbital roof. When you are viewing the human brain and its design, you will notice that the lateral sulcus is located behind the brains frontal pole and this is what separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. The motor cortex is located within the frontal lobe of the brain and this is the area of which we utilize our fine motor skills almost pre-rehearsing them before we actually make any sort of movement. There is also the area for the production of speech which is located within the premotor cortex and is known as Broca’s area. Broca’s aphasia is named after the French neuroanatomist Paul Broca who is responsible for discovering a certain area of the brain in 1861 from his dealings with an aphasic man who went by the name of “Tan”. Once this gentleman died, Broca performed his autopsy and discovered that there was damage done to the left hemisphere of his brain in the frontal lobe which is why this area was named after him. The frontal lobe is responsible for our decision making, problem solving, movement, managing our emotional and sexual desires, as well...
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...Tamika Chandler BEH 225 Janis White February 2, 2015 The Brain and Behavior Essay The human brain is a very multifaceted and sophisticated organ. Understanding the function of the brain is often very limited to the understanding of the brains areas or regions with regard to how these areas respond to stimuli or how it responds to damage. Much of the understanding of the brain is embedded in observation of damaged brains and their association of impaired function with specific areas of damage. Modern technologies have begun to change this trend because of machines such as the Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI) that allows scientist to observe brain function with the invasiveness of surgery. This technology has provided not just insights into neuroscience but also into psychology as brain functions can now be correlated better with behavior and heredity. One can see this insight when examining specific areas of the brain such as the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. The MRI lets the scientist get an in depth look at the brain in slices of an image to better interpret how the brain works. The cerebral cortex is “a large, extremely wrinkled sheet of neurons, or nerve cells, on the surface of the brain’s two hemispheres”. These are defined as the right and left hemispheres and make up the largest volume in the brain. The cerebral...
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...The Brain and Behavior Essay The Brain and Behavior Essay The temporal and frontal lobes are only two of the four lobes that make up the neocortex. Both have very specific responsibilities within the brain. The frontal lobe of the brain deals with executing behavior. This behavior ranges from individual muscle control, to complex abstract planning about what to do ("Examining The Brain’s Four Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, And Occipital", 2015). Within the frontal lobe are four different cortex. They are the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, primary motor, and the premotor cortex. The prefrontal cortex makes up the majority of the frontal lobe. This cortex is responsible for all skills that require intelligence. The prefrontal cortex is larger in primates that any other mammal. But humans have larger prefrontal cortex than primates, and primates have a larger prefrontal than any other mammal ("Prefrontal Cortex", 2015). The prefrontal cortex is located in the front part of the frontal lobe. This area of the brain is where complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making and moderating social behavior is processed. Thoughts and actions are considered to be the basic activity of this region of the brain. The anterior and medial part of the brain is made up of the orbitofrontal cortex. This is where assessments of risk and reward, as well as moral judgment are weighed. It is located in the frontal lobes and...
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...finally, the temporal lobe. Each of these lobes has different functions that contribute to the many different behaviors of people. The frontal lobe, also called the cerebral cortex is located at the front of the brain right behind the forehead. This lobe is associated with reasoning, higher level cognitive, motor skills, and expressive language. According to K. L. Hartwig, the frontal lobes of the brain “are the seat of emotions and judgments related to sympathy, which is the ability to feel sorrow for someone else's suffering, and empathy, which the ability to understand another's feelings and problems.” (Hartwig, 2007) An area in the back of the frontal lobe, the motor cortex can be found. The motor cortex takes in the information from the other lobes which will then be used to carry out our body movements. The frontal cortex has three main areas precental, prefrontal, and orbital-frontal cortex. The temporal lobe is located at the bottom of the brain behind the temples on the head; this...
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...Essay Plan… * Ce; responsible for giving attention to information from the other two stores and making decisions about which information is the most important. Rehearsal occurs between the central executive and the other stores. PyL processes sound based information, consists of the articulatory control system, known as the inner voice; holds information in a speech based form, used to store rehearse and store verbal information; limited capacity. –Primary acoustic store- ‘The inner ear’ – store for information you hear Vss- knows as inner eye and is specialised for spatial and visual coding, also can store information that has been encoded from verbal stimuli A strength to this this is it considers how we use our stm for everyday activities and evidence has been provided to support this model for instance, paulesu et al set out to investigate the phonological loop in the wmm and the results he gathered ; the sound of rehearsal caused an increase blood flow in broca’s area of the brain, while letter memory task was associated with another part of time. Therefore showing the phonological loop has two components, one which stores sound and one which involves mental rehearsal… However; the study was artificial, labatory, controlled, lack in realism ecological validity, However, it could be argued that although….. the model neglects LTM. , not complete mm. In comparison, although it is negligent of ltm It could be said to be a better model that msm and levels of processing model...
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...BEH/225 THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR ESSAY The Brain and Behavior Essay BEH/225 June 7, 2014 The Brain and Behavior In the four lobes of the brain, temporal lobe is of them. Cerebral cortex the major part of which this lobe is part of. It is on the lower side of both cerebral hemispheres on each side. This lobe has different functions, mainly auditory detection, keeping memory and emotional perception. The hippocampus happens to be an area of the brain that consolidates information from brain. The damage to this lobe is mainly linked to the impairment of an individual experiences. For instance, damage that occurs to the left lobe may cause difficult noting words while damage to the right lobe can cause lack of talk inhibition. One of the well noted behavior due to damage to this lobe is attention type of disorder, victims proving distraction and inability to attention. They give incompatible memory, sometimes it is called forgetting to recall. The way of thinking of victims with this injury happens to be hard, and they may prove some improper issues in their way of responding. This preservation, with inability to change form one way of thinking to another, brings difficulties with calculations, such as carryover subtraction. Aphasia is not all times observed, but this so contrary from Wernicke’s and Broca’s response on it. Victims have well monitored motor speech. Repetition is always intact...
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...As long as psychology has been a discipline in its own right there have been many new and exciting theories proposed, all claiming to hold more promise and insight than the last. Consequently, many of these theories are scrutinized by those of the potentially effected field, and rightly so. Therefore the concept of a paradigm shifting theory in the form of mirror neurons would surely be scrutinized more than most, as the potential of such a theory has implications across many a field in psychology. However the concept of mirror neurons may have the potential to increase any understanding of how human and animal brains may function. Furthermore, in order to discuss possible implications of mirror neurons this essay has firstly presented a detailed description for the concept of mirror neurons, supporting any explanation with relevant research. In addition to any supporting research, research providing evidence to the contrary has been provided to enable a balanced analysis. Therefore, a balanced description of mirror neurons will facilitate any critical analysis for the possible psychological implications, thereby providing a balanced argument for the legitimacy of mirror neurons. Additionally, following any analysis of relevant research, a balanced and supported conclusion was produced in order to summarise any analysed research. Accordingly, the concept of mirror neurons first came to be in the winter of 1991when a paper entitled ‘Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological...
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