...Economic impacts of Tourism Page # 1 Economic Impacts of Tourism Daniel J. Stynes Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of tourism at national, state, and local levels. One regularly hears claims that tourism supports X jobs in an area or that a festival or special event generated Y million dollars in sales or income in a community. “Multiplier effects” are often cited to capture secondary effects of tourism spending and show the wide range of sectors in a community that may benefit from tourism. Tourism’s economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. Claims of tourism’s economic significance give the industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general. This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favorable to tourism. Community support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community. Tourism businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents of the local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the region in one way or another. Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a region’s economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred by tourism businesses...
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...Economic Impact Analyses analyze the economic effects of a particular project in a particular area. This analysis can cover a region as small as a neighborhood and as large as the world. The main variables analyzed include revenue, profits, wages, and jobs. They consider the direct impact the economic impact has on an area as well as indirect impacts. For instance, you can analyze the total number of employees a firm will hire if it builds a new factory. You can also analyze what this increase in employment will do to other non-related industries in the area. These newly employed workers will have more money to spend at a local store which will in turn create more profits and potentially more jobs. It typically analyzes activity before the project and after the compare the changes and the impact of the project. This is typically done by measuring the difference in economic activity assuming the economic event occurs and then assuming it does not occur. This is called the counterfactual case. An economic event can be defined as a new business moving into a region, a new policy or government program, or any other activity that produces some sort of profit. This is useful to determine if a particular project is worth investing in (Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 2012) . The main types of impact analysis include output impact, value added impact, labor income impact, and employment impact. There is also a property value impact. An output impact measure the total increase...
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...Economic impact approaches Page #1 Approaches to Estimating the Economic Impacts of Tourism; Some Examples Daniel J. Stynes Updated January 1999 Introduction The purpose of this bulletin is to present examples of different approaches to estimating the economic impacts of tourism. In a previous bulletin (Stynes 1997), I summarize economic impact concepts and methods as they apply to tourism. Here we apply the methods to illustrative cases in order to demonstrate some practical approaches. Three specific examples are presented. These represent a range of alternatives for estimating the economic impacts of visitor spending. The techniques covered range from methods based largely on judgement, to methods that utilize secondary spending data and published multipliers, to the use of visitor surveys and input-output models. A third bulletin in this series discusses survey methods for measuring visitor spending and includes sample spending instruments. While the construction and operation of tourist facilities also has economic impacts, we will restrict our attention here to the impacts of visitor spending. Review of Basic Approach and Levels of Analysis The economic impact of visitor spending is typically estimated by some variation of the following simple equation: Economic Impact of Tourist Spending = Number of Tourists * Average Spending per Visitor * Multiplier This equation suggests three distinct steps and corresponding measurements or models: (1) Estimate the change...
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...The Rise of “Economic Consequences” – Notes The impact of accounting reports on decision making may be the most challenging accounting issue of the 1970s. By Stephen A. Zeff Notes by Tyler Shivers Introduction There are increasing “outside forces” in the standard setting process since 1960s. Two parallel developments marking this trend * Individuals and groups rarely had shown interest in setting accounting standards but then started intervening actively & powerfully in the process * New arguments had be brought up and the term “economic consequences” has been used to describe them Economic consequences – the impact of accounting reports on the decision making behavior of business, government, unions, investors, and creditors. * Accounting standards setters must take into consideration of detrimental consequences when deciding on accounting questions. Until recently, accounting policy making was deemed neutral in effect or was considered not responsible. Policy makers have been aware since 1960s that there was a third party intervention issues but not the Economic Consequences argument till 1970s When management began intervening, its true position was probably disguised This is the tactical rhetoric suggested by examination of arguments 1. The traditional accounting model, where management was genuinely concerned about unbiased and “theoretically sound” accounting measurements. 2. The traditional accounting model, where management was really seeking...
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...FYC 6620: Program Planning and Evaluation for Human Service Delivery SPRING 2008 |Meeting Time: Thursday 4:05 – 7:05 |Class Location: 1108 McCarty B | | | | |Instructor: David Diehl, Ph.D. – Assistant Professor, Program Planning|Office Hours: By appointment | |and Evaluation | | | |E-mail: dcdiehl@ufl.edu (please do not use the E-Learning e-mail) | |Office: 3038 McCarty Hall D |Course Listserv: SPRING-2205-L@lists.ufl.edu | |392-1778 x278 | | | | | Course Description: Program Planning and Evaluation for Human Service Delivery is a three-credit-hour course that teaches students the philosophy, theory, and process of planning and evaluating...
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... A critical analysis of the model shows that it is deeply rooted in the human relations tradition. Employee influence is recognised through people motivation and the development of an organization culture based on mutual trust and team work. The factors above must be factored into the HR strategy which is premised on employee influences, HR flows, reward system etc. The outcomes from such a set up are soft in nature as they include high congruence, commitment, competencies etc. The achievement of the crucial HR outcomes has got an impact on long term consequences, increased productivity, organizational effectiveness which will in turn influence shareholder interests and situational factors hence making it a cycle. It is thus important to note that the Harvard model is premised on the belief that it is the organization’s human resources that give competitive advantage through treating them as assets and not costs. The Michigan/Matching Model The Michigan model was propounded by Fombrun Tichy and Devanna (1984) at the Michigan Business School. They also named this model a matching model of HRM. Precisely, the matching aspect of this model demonstrates that the model is inclined towards the harder side of HRM. This is because the matching model emphaizes more on “tight fit” between the HR strategy and the buisness strategy. NB It demands that available human resources must be matched with jobs in the organization. The...
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...Statements: Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology Shane R. Wagner TUI University Module 1 Case Study 29 August 2010 Abstract This paper will discuss the common fundamental accounting principles and analyze the financial statements of three major businesses. A basic understanding of the General Accepted Accounting Principles and the standards established within these practices, allow for investors to obtain an accurate snapshot of the financial health of a business. The different methods of documenting both current and future transactions, can have an impact on the information portrayed by the financial statements of an organization. In addition, the basic format of the financial statements can disclose additional considerations of the business, as will be discussed in the analysis of three major businesses within this paper. Information for the analysis portion was retrieved from the financial statements included in the assignment. Keywords: Accrual Basis Accounting; Cost Basis Accounting; Current Assets and Liabilities; Double Entry Accounting; Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB); General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP); Historic Cost; Non-current Items; Security Exchange Commission (SEC); Financial Statements: Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology Introduction The basic of understanding of an organizations financial statement requires one to be familiar with fundamental accounting principles....
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...Comprehensive Analysis Outline Team A: Jaime Borgarin, Julian Contreras, Ibeth Sanchez MGT/448 Global Buisness Strategies May 11, 2012 Professor Quinton Murphy I. Region Analysis A. Regional Alliances and Economic Integration 1. NAFTA 2. United States B. Physical Environment and its Affect on Trade 1. Close Proximity to the U.S. 2. Access to Oceans C. Political Stability 1. Authoritarian Law 2. Democratic Desires D. Economic Conditions 1. Weak Economy 2. Weak Financial Markets E. Finance Options Available 1. Foreign Owned Banks F. Social Health and Environmental Conditions 1. Little Regulation 2. Pollution G. Terrorism Threats 1. Lack of Terrorism 2. High Rate of Violent Crimes 3. Drug Trafficking II. Country Analysis A. Political stability 1. Relatively low geopolitical and domestic political risks in Mexico will increase over the long-term. 2. The war on terrorism has already tightened US border security and immigration rules, opening an important social safety valve for Mexico. 3. Hardening US counter-drug policy in Mexico could heighten already high social tensions. 4. Domestic political risk will increase by continued...
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...analyses and evaluates the potential for EasyJet to continue to be competitive in the UK and Europe but also the opportunity to expand into India INTRODUCTION – THE COMPANY AN OVERVIEW Easyjet Airline was established in 1995 by Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou a Greek Cypriot as part of EasyGroup Holdings Ltd. He envisaged it as a low cost airline which could impact on the existing domestic market in the UK which was at the time dominated by large British companies such as British Airways and British Midland. The Company started with two leased airplanes and began operating from London Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh In 1996 they began operating from Luton to Amsterdam and now in 2014, operate on 633 routes across more than 30 countries and own 217 Airbus aircraft. They employ over 8,000 people including 2,000 pilots and 4,500+ cabin crew and in 2013 they flew over 60 million passengers They now claim that “over 300 million people within a one hour drive of an EasyJet airport” (Easyjet About Us 2013) The obvious move for the airline for further growth may now be outside of Europe and India may be the best market to consider. PESTLE Analysis Political/Legal Up to April 1997 the European Airline Market was regulated strictly and each county controlled their own airline companies. After 1997 and deregulation the European market opened up for carriers and subsequently for example an Irish low cost carrier like Ryan Air was allowed to operate between two other European countries. Since then...
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..."marketing mix" became popular after Neil H. Borden published his article The Concepts of the Marketing Mix in 1964. In this article Borden explains how he first began using this term in the late 1940's after James Culliton described the marketikng manager as a "mix of ingredients". These ingredients in Borden's teachings included product, planning, price, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis. These ingredients were later grouped by E. Jerome McCarthy into four categories which we now refer to as the four p's of marketing (NetMBA 2007). The four p's of marketing make up the marketing mix which is probably the most well known of all the marketing terms. "Its elements are the basic, tactical components of a marketing plan. The four p's, of the marketing mix elements are product, place, promotion and price" (Marketing teacher 2009). These four elements create the marketing mix which impacts the development of any organization's marketing strategies and tactics. The concept is simple. Think about a cake and the components of a cake. There are certain ingredients that are required but one can alter how much of each ingredient is added. The same goes with marketing. The four p's are required but depending on the organization there may be more emphasis on one and less on another. But one thing remains the same, all four p's are necessary. "The majority of people use the four p's...
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...[Company name] [Company address] Marrketing principles Contents Introduction 2 Learning Outcome 01 2 Task 1 2 Task 2 4 Learning Outcome 02 5 Task 3 5 Task 4 10 Task 5 12 Learning Outcome 03 12 Task 6 12 Task 7 13 References: 13 Introduction British Airways (BA) is the banner bearer aerial shuttle of the United Kingdom and its biggest carrier focused around armada size, universal flights and global ends. At the point when measured by travelers conveyed it is second-biggest, behind Buisness jet. The aerial shuttle is situated in Waterside close to its primary center point at London Heathrow Airport. A British Airways Board was built by the United Kingdom government in 1972 to deal with the two nationalized aerial shuttle companies, British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways, and two littler, provincial carriers, Cambrian Airways, from Cardiff, and Northeast Airlines, from Newcastle upon Tyne. On 31 March 1974, every one of the four organizations was consolidated to structure British Airways. After very nearly 13 years as a state organization, British Airways was privatized in February 1987 as a feature of a more extensive privatization arrange by the Conservative government. The transporter soon stretched with the securing of British Caledonian in 1987, took after by Dan-Air in 1992 and British Midland International in 2012. British Airways is an establishing part of the one world aerial shuttle union, alongside American...
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...stakeholders include shareholders various groups of employees, government and the community at large. ← The recognition of the legitimacy of these multiple stakeholders renders this model a neo - pluralist model. ← This model emphasizes more on the human/soft side of HRM. ← Basically this is because this model emphasizes more on the fact that employees like any other shareholder are equally important in influencing organizational outcomes. ← In fact the interest of the various groups must be fused and factored in the creation of HRM strategies and ultimately the creation of business strategies. Source : Beer et al (1984 : 16) ← A critical analysis of the model shows that it is deeply rooted in the human relations tradition. ← Employee influence is recognised through people motivation and the development of an organization culture based on mutual trust and team work. ← The factors above must be factored into the HR strategy which is premised on employee influences, HR flows, reward system etc. ← The outcomes from such a set up are soft in nature as they include high congruence, commitment, competencies etc. ← The achievement of the crucial HR outcomes has got...
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...BTEC EDEXCEL HND DIPLOMA IN BUISNESS (MANAGEMENT & HUMAN RESOURCES) OFFERED BY INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUISNESS AND TECHNOLOGY HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DILEESH KAUSHAN MADURAPPERUMA BATCH 12 ICBT NUGEGODA SUBMITTED TO: Mr. ANTON JOHNSON 10/01/2014 Acknowledgement I would like to thank, Specially to lecturer Mr. Anton Johnson For giving knowledge and courage to complete this assignment. To all the other lecturers at ICBT, To my parents, To my friends, For helping and giving hand To complete this… Executive summary This report discuss about the main functions in HRM and about the role of a HR Manager. It discuss about the roles and responsibilities of a Line Manager in HRM perspective. End of the first part of this assignment it discuss about the legal and regulatory framework relavent to HRM as well. Second part of the report is all about Human Resource Planning. It explains the HRP process, stages involved in planing human requirement and the practical scenario of recruitment and selection process of the selected two organizations. Third part of the report is abou the Rewad Management and it’s application in organizations. It also discuss about the pay structures, about motivational theories, and the evaluation systems. Fianl part is about cessation of work and it’s legal implications. Table of contents ...
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...LOVELY PROFESTIONAL UNIVERSITY Lovely school of management TERM PAPER MGT-511 Business Environment PESTLE Analysis of India Submitted To: - Submitted By:- Mr. Vishwas Chakranarayan Ashish Suman Roll No. RS1904A10 Reg. No. – 10905868 Acknowledgment My sincere thanks and gratitude to my faculty who inspired me by his able guidance and was a constant guiding light during the course. The support and knowledge provided by him has been a great value addition for me and will go a long way in building a promising career. Last but not least, I am also thankful to all the respondents of my survey without whom the Term Paper would not have been completed successfully. (Ashish Suman) Contents Page No. 1. Abstract : 4 2. Methodology : 5 4. About India : 6 4. Introduction : 9 5. PESTLE Analysis 7 Political : 10 Economical : 13 Social : 16 Technological : 17 Legal : 18 Environmental : 19 6. Conclusion : 20 8. References : 21 Abstract In this term paper Pestle analysis of India. How Organization take the analysis for setup the offices or industry in India. In this analysis tell the environment of India. Factors of India. Government policy, literacy, privatisation, legal problem, technology use India, any many factors given below. Methodology For This term Paper I search...
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...Academic Research and Communication Skills (ARCS) “What are the good effects of Piracy in the entertainment buisness?” Candidate Name: Sumeth Madan Candidate Number: 1156FAGD011 Session: 2012-2015 Subject: ARCS Word Count : 4538 Supervisor: Hans Kirkels Draft – Final 19th June 2013 | Abstract: Background - Piracy in the Internet is defined as the evil force that is destroying the entertainment industry. This blame has been put on since the invention of the Internet and its file sharing ability. It has recently been observed that a significant number of reasons can help in proving that piracy does have a good effect on the society. Result – Distributing the three major entertainment industries such as the music industry, gaming industry and the Movie production industry the research helps in proving the question about why is piracy good to the society. Piracy is not only the back bone of the entertainment business but is also the backbone of the internet as by doing critical analysis we find that it even protects us from the government. Conclusions - A theoretical analysis, backed up by observation and intense reading and understanding of how the Internet and the piracy works we can conclude that the piracy has had good effects on the entertainment industry. Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………… 2 ...
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