...A QUESTION: CHOOSE ANY ONE THEORY PERSPECTIVE IN ANTHROPOLOGY AND GIVE ITS STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING HUMANITY In a bid to fully understand the subject of anthropology, a number of theories have been coined, In as much these theories which takes in Marxism, Functionalism, Evolution perspective among other have done justice in their attempt to give light on the subject of humanity, they have been found wanting in some respects. This essay will discuss the evolution perspective and show its strength and weaknesses. Anthropology is defined by Wolf E (1994) as the study of humans which takes a broad approach to understand the many different aspects of human experience and to achieve this anthropologists consider the past , through archeology, to see how human groups lived, they also consider what makes mans biological bodies and genetics, they even go to the extent of comparing humans with other animals to ascertain how humans are similar and different from these. In general they draw and builds upon knowledge from social and biological sciences, as well as the humanities and the natural sciences. Evolution theory perspective or evolution anthropology as it is sometimes referred to is defined by Barnard A (2000) as the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology...
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...1987. The worst mistake in the history of the human race. Discover Magazine, May: 64-66. Draper, P. 1975. !Kung women: contrasts in sexual egalitarianism in foraging and sedentary contexts. Anthropology Faculty Publications 45: 77–109. Ember, Carol R. 1978. Myths About Hunter-Gatherers. Ethnology 17(4): 439–48. Feit, H.A. 1994. The enduring pursuit: land, time and social relationships in anthropological models of Hunter-Gatherers and subarctic hunters Images. In: Burch, E. S. & Ellanna, L. J. (eds) Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research: 421-439.Oxford: Berg Publishers, Inc. Hayden, B. 1994. Competition, labour and complex hunter gatherers. In: Burch, E. S. & Ellanna, L. J. (eds) Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research: 421-439.Oxford: Berg Publishers, Inc. Helvenston, P.A & Bahn, P. G. 2003. Testing the ‘three stages of trance’ model. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13(2): 213–24 Klein, F. Guzman, E. Mandell, E.C & Stanfield-Mazzi, M. 2002. The role of shamanism in mesoamerican art: a reassessment. Current Anthropology 43(3): 383-419. Kuper, A. 1988. The Reinvention of Primitive Society Transformations of a Myth. London: Routledge. Lee, R.B. 1992. Art, science, or politics? The crisis in hunter-gatherer studies. American Anthropologist 94(1):...
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...The tourism sector continues to grow and evolve and destinations have to continuously stay competitive in order to attract visitors and showcase their distinctive image to the market. This paper assesses how authors present the concept of destination branding. This will also put a focus into various components of destination branding and how the components affect tourist decision making and overall experience. Moreover highlight the issues destination marketing organisations (DMOs) face with destination branding activities. A destination is identified as a geographical area such as a country, an island or a town that is chosen by a guest or visitor as a travel destination (Bieger, 2005; Buhalis, 2000). A brand defined by Wood (2000) is tailoring to the needs and wants of a target market using the marketing mix of product, price, place and promotion. Additionally, Aaker (1997) mentions further on the term “brand personality” which is human characteristics associated with a brand to serve symbolism and self-expression. In contrast, destination Branding is defined in a way that it dentifies and differentiates a destination by selecting a consistent brand elements mix”. (Qu et al, 2011) Brand image and brand personality are key components of brand loyalty and brand positioning. Although there has been several models to explain the two concepts, there is a strong focus that surrounds the relationship between the brand image and brand personality. Studies also show that destination...
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...Beginning many centuries ago, Westerns have created a sphere of influence that has been widely accepted by the international world as the ‘way of being’. Since its start, Western influence spread throughout touching the bases of many states, especially post-colonial nations. However, there still remain untouched communities that have not yet adjusted to the global trend of Westernization. Amongst these scarce communities are the ‘Pygmies’ whom are found throughout central Africa. ‘Pygmies’ have been named the ‘Forest People’ due to their lack of integration with the Western world. This essay will mainly discuss how the studies conducted by Western explorers and experts alike aided in creating the myth of the ‘Forest People’ and will then further explain how media and tourism have also played a role in shaping and sustaining the Euro-American representation of ‘Pygmies’. The myth of the Pygmies resurfaced between the 18th and 19th centuries when Europeans were in the prime of colonizing different African states. During this time, many explorers ventured into the forests where they came into contact with the Pygmies. Nonetheless, explorers were unable to keep up contact with the Pygmies in order to provide any detailed accounts of their appearance, lifestyle and interactions. It was not until Schweinfurth’s reveal that multiple ethnographers such as Colin Turnbull became involved with learning further about these unexplored people and African rainforests (Frankland...
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...The classification of Goth as a subculture in society The subject matter of this essay will aim to show that the group known as Goth, is indeed a subculture in society. This essay will demonstrate that this group has its own individual values and norms, separate to that of mainstream society and how it has managed to reinvent itself inside and against mainstream society since it emerged during the 1980's. I have chosen to pick Goths for this essay as they have managed to last as a subculture in many countries worldwide and in my view have successfully distinguished themselves from the dominant culture in society. This essay will try to define what the group is, it will explain what a subculture is and how Goths are a part of that subculture, and it will outline and explain the concept of values with respect to the Goth group while differentiating those values between the gothic subculture and the dominant culture in society. Through norms, dress, language and artifacts it will also show why Goths should indeed be classed as a subculture, separate to that of mainstream society, as they have identified themselves as a subculture through symbols and nineteenth century gothic literature influences as well as contemporary imagery and style through horror films (Hodkinson 2002). The concept of subcultures can be traced back to Frederic Thrashers work on Chicago gangs, when he identified that the gang had its own distinct traditions, morals and their own structure as a group which...
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...Table of Contents Table of Contents2 Introduction4 Expectancy Theory 12 A team is a set of people with a range of different skills that will ideally have objectives that contribute to the overall corporate strategy of the business (The times 100).13 13 Factors Promoting Development of Effective Teamwork in Organisations13 Communication14 Diversity14 Evaluation of the impact of Technology on organisations (LO 4.3) 14 Conclusion 14 Bibliography14 Guy’s and St Thomas Hospital17 John Lewis Partnership17 Organisational Culture18 CONCLUSION19 Bibliography19 Executive Summary This report is for the principal of City College, Mr Wakefield as they are preparing to take over Abbey College, a college that, due to recession, it went into administration. It will start with a comparison between different organisational structures and cultures and will continue with an explanation on how the relationship between structure and culture can impact performance in a company. I will discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. I will also compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles and will discuss the impact of these styles may have in organisations. I will continue with explaining how organizational theory underpins the practice of management and I will evaluate different approaches to management used by different organisations and will compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace. I will also...
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...attempts to examine how the ideological structure of organizations and alternative structures of control affect different organizational interests and outputs. Two propositions are identified; the first is Organizational ideology, politics, strategy and structure have significant impacts on the NGO’s strategy formulation and implementation and the second is NGO context affects approaches to strategy formulation and implementation as well as organizational structure and relationships. Introduction: NGOs- Part of the Social Service Sector: Management science attributed the study of organization to Max Weber, whose sociological agenda justified organizations as extensions of society, their organizational formats derived from religious beliefs, power and status-- organizations whose functionalism is rooted in the practical, functional disciplines that seek ways of controlling and making more efficient the organization‘s production of goods and services (Robbins 1990). Seeking the third way between government and private enterprise, the mandates of the third sector are...
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...attribute in which every employer crave in every of their employees. Hardworking in the eyes of the employer means the employee must be willing to do the extra mile on their job - means their working hours being extended beyond their usual. But along this case lies the question underneath. Is the extra hour spent in the workplace increase the work performance of the employee? Or employee can just simply stay around in their workplace for the sake of showing that they are hardworking, whereas they are not doing anything productive in their workplace. An initial study by Frank and Lewis (2004) says that those who said that people get ahead by working hard were no more likely to work hard than those who did not. Retention from this case carries the second questions to be answered. Is the employee being productive when they are in the workplace? From one country to another, they have their own distinct values, beliefs...
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...CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS SUMMARY Culture, a society’s “programming of the mind,” has both a pervasive and changing influence on each national market environment. Global marketers must recognize the influence of culture and be prepared to either respond to it or change it. Human behavior is a function of a person’s own unique personality and that person’s interaction with the collective forces of the particular society and culture in which he or she has lived. In particular, attitudes, values, and beliefs can vary significantly from country to country. Also, differences pertaining to religion, aesthetics, dietary customs, and language and communication can affect local reaction to brands or products as well as the ability of company personnel to function effectively in different cultures. A number of concepts and theoretical frameworks provide insights into these and other cultural issues. Cultures can be classified as high- or low-context; communication and negotiation styles can differ from country to country. Hofstede’s social value typology sheds light on national cultures in terms of power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long- versus short-term orientation. By understanding the self-reference criterion, global marketers can overcome the unconscious tendency for perceptual blockage and distortion. Rogers’ classic study on the diffusion of innovations helps explain how products...
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...leadershipELAF 683 LEADERSHIP FROM THE BOARDROOM TO THE CLASSROOM: EFFECTIVE PRACTICES IN BUSINESS AND EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP Introduction Purpose and Direction for the Paper: This paper intends to discuss leadership from a business perspective leading to effective practices that are both documented in business and educational leadership. It will present a historical perspective on leadership from the kings of the 16th Century to a discussion on theory (administrative and leadership). The paper will transition to discuss effective practices and common characteristics of effective leaders tying the concepts from business thought to educational leadership. Finally, a discussion will be presented detailing current educational and economic trends for schools for the 21st century and a summary of the leadership that will be required. A Business and Educational Leadership Perspective: A Required Change Niccolo Machiavelli, the 16th century author of The Prince (1981), stated, “The whole Kingdom . . . is governed by one man; everyone else is his servant” (p. 22). Since its first printing in 1516, The Prince has been the inspiration for many managerial texts and has been utilized as a guide for leaders throughout the centuries, including several today. In a Machiavellian or so-called “top-down” managerial philosophy, a chief executive officer (CEO) defines and controls the power of the organization. The workforce serves the mission as determined by management, which oftentimes has...
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...Strategic Integration of Recruitment Practices and Its Impact on Performance in Indian Enterprises Ashok Chanda, Trapti Bansal & Rupal Chanda Abstract Recruitment and selection is a foundation of human resource management (HRM) practices and its integration to business is critical to achieve organisational strategic goals. However, little research has to date examined strategic integration in this specific human resource (HR) practice, and, therefore, little is known about the level and application of recruitment and selection strategic integration a situation that warrants greater investment due to the economic growth in India in a corresponding expansion of Indian enterprises. Consequently, this study investigates the level at which recruitment and selection practices integrate with business strategies and the relative effects of different levels of such strategic integration on organisational performance in 259 Indian enterprises. The results show the majority of Indian enterprises had a high level of recruitment and selection strategic integration in business strategy formulation and implementation. Moreover, the level of recruitment and selection strategic integration was positively related to growth in market share, profits and sales, employees’ satisfaction, employees’ productivity, and negatively related to employees’ turnover. The implications for HRM practitioners and further research are discussed. Introduction Recruitment and selection is the process of attracting...
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...Social Compass http://scp.sagepub.com/ Theories of Conversion: Understanding and Interpreting Religious Change Lewis R. RAMBO Social Compass 1999 46: 259 DOI: 10.1177/003776899046003003 The online version of this article can be found at: http://scp.sagepub.com/content/46/3/259 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education Additional services and information for Social Compass can be found at: Email Alerts: http://scp.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://scp.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://scp.sagepub.com/content/46/3/259.refs.html >> Version of Record - Sep 1, 1999 What is This? Downloaded from scp.sagepub.com at University of Zambia on March 22, 2014 Social Compass 46(3), 1999, 259–271 Lewis R. RAMBO Theories of Conversion: Understanding and Interpreting Religious Change The author explores the nature of theory and provides an overview of resources for the study of conversion to Islam. Theory is valuable in so far as it illuminates different aspects of a phenomenon. Various theoretical approaches include some dimensions and exclude others. Scholars of conversion must be aware of theoretical issues and systematically utilize theoretical options with sophistication. Such an approach will expand understanding of conversion and also enhance comparative...
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...Airline Brand Loyalty: A case study involving the three airlines, - SAS, Norwegian and Widerøe A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Tourist Studies at UiT The Arctic University of Norway by Basant Raj Shrestha Course code: RMG40 Candidate no. 3 Student no. 420456 October 2014 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several people, without whom this Master thesis would never have been started, let alone finished and who deserve to be thanked and acknowledged for their support and inspiration. First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Per Kåre Jakobsen for guiding me through this process. I would also like to thank my methodology supervisor, Professor Kjell Hines, whose open- minded approach to the Master process enabled me to develop in my own words. His comments and suggestions for improvements to my dissertation are highly valued and gratefully acknowledged. Secondly, I am very grateful for the help provided in execution of the field study by securities of the Alta airport. Many thanks to Mr. Arnulf Nilsen and to some members of Avionor for their help and co-operation. Many thanks to travelers who took the time to thoughtfully provide the information used in this study. Thirdly, I would like to thank my teachers at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, in particular Professor Bente Haug, Professor Bente Heimtun, and Professor Britt Kramvig not only for...
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...interest within the field. Possible further research is recommended at the end of this review. T his article examines the literature regarding the topic of ethical leadership within organizations. The literature review was conducted by utilizing databases such as scholar.google.com, the Library of Congress database, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost Discovery, and OmniFile Full-Text Mega. Additional resources were secured at Barnes and Nobles bookstore. A list of keywords used during the search is ethical leadership, ethics, morality, virtues, values, morals, and management. Thirty-eight articles were ultimately selected due to their focus on four main topics: a) defining ethical leadership, b) the personal integrity of the leader, c) influencing followers in ethics, and d) current challenges and solutions. The structure of the literature review examines each of these four topics in greater depth and considers the findings in the end. Defining Ethical Leadership The study of ethical leadership is increasing in...
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...FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPLEMENTION OF CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND PROJECTS IN GARISA COUNTY BY ABDIKADIR ADEN FARAH A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS OF MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER, 2014 DECLARATION This research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or for any other award. No part of this study should be reproduced without authority of the author or/and of Mount Kenya University. Signature:_______________ Date:________________ Abdikadir Aden Farah MGE (DL) 111/23452 This research proposal has been presented for examination with our approval as the university supervisors Signature:______________ Date:________________ Mr. Godfrey Kinyua School of Social Sciences Mount Kenya University Signature:_______________ Date: _________________ Prof. Geoffrey Owino School of Social Sciences Mount Kenya University DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my dear family for their love, understanding and support during the many long hours committed to this program. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am highly indebted to my supervisors, Mr. Godfrey Kinyua for his availability, and also for providing the necessary guidance through each and every stage of this proposal. I am grateful to the Library staff of Mount Kenya University, for helping...
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