...president and a Republican majority in congress from 1921-31? From 1921 to 1931, the American political scene was dominated by the Republican Party. This spell of success came after the 8 years of presidency served by the Democrat, Woodrow Wilson. The first Republican president of this period was Republican senator of Ohio Warren G. Harding who was elected president in 1920 by a landslide. The second president of this time was Calvin Coolidge. Like Harding, he was an economic conservative who lacked charisma but made up for it with a strong reputation for personal respectability. The republican who succeeded Coolidge, was Herbert Hoover. Hoover’s economic ideology differed from that of his predecessors, Harding and Coolidge. He believed neither in a traditional laissez-faire approach nor in economic planning and state direction. Instead, he favoured the idea of voluntary cooperation between the private sector and the government. I believe that Republican ideas were the main reason for Republican domination of government between 1921 and 1931. Harding and Coolidge believed in a laissez-faire style of government meaning that it was not the function of government to interfere in people’s lives by enacting legislation unless America’s vital interests were threatened. So, for example, businesses were left alone to organise their own affairs and workers were free to bargain for their wages at the work place. This had the effect of making it virtually impossible for workers to improve their...
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...U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Laws: Small Business During his presidency the 1920’s, President Calvin Coolidge was famously quoted as saying, “After all, the chief business of the American people is business” . Over ninety years later, this quote still has merit. America is a country that was built on small businesses and continues to survive because of them. Small businesses currently employ close to half of American jobs and are responsible for a majority of job creation . Although small businesses must comply with government laws and regulations in order to operate legally in the United States, there are some exceptions to the rule. The Equal Employment Opportunity Committee states that, “Not all employers are covered by the laws we enforce, and not all employees are protected. This can vary depending on the type of employer, the number of employees it has, and the type of discrimination alleged”. More specific to small businesses, “If a complaint against a business (or some other private employer) involves race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, disability or genetic information, the business is covered by the laws we enforce if it has 15 or more employees who worked for the employer for at least twenty calendar weeks (in this year or last)”. In regards to age discrimination, an employer must have less than 20 employees to be exempt from this law (US EEOC , 2009). The Equal Employment Opportunity...
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...American Life in the “roaring twenties” The republican “Old Guard” returns * Warren G Harding was inaugurated in 1921 and was unable to detect immoral people working for him-hated saying “no” to people * Charles Evans Hughes was secretary of state, Andrew W Mellon was secretary of treasury, Herbert Hoover was secretary of commerce * Were bright and capable officials * Senator Albert B Fall (anticonservationist) was secretary of interior, Harry M Daughtery(a big time crook) was attorney general GOP reaction at the throttle * The newly elected officials almost direction the presidents actions in government and business * They wanted the government to have no control over businesses and for the government to help guide businesses along the path to profits * Supreme court ruling on Adkins v CHildrens Hospital in 1923 declared that under 19th amendment, women no longer deserved special protection in the workplace * Corporations under president harding could once again expand without worry of the anti trust laws * Interstate commerce commission came to be dominated by men who were sympathetic to the manages of the railroads The Aftermath of War * Wartime government controls of the government were dismantled * Esch-cummins transportation act of 1920, congress returned the railroads to private management * Merchant Marine Act of 1915 , authorized American shipping board to dispose the wartime fleet of 1500 vessels at extremely...
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...work was completed within 12 years. Borglum, who was, like others involved, a Ku Klux Klan member, was engaged to design the memorial, and proposed expanding it to include a colossal monument depicting Confederate warriors, with Lee, Jackson, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis leading them. The work proved expensive, and the Association advocated the issuance of a commemorative half dollar as a fundraiser for the memorial. Congress approved it, though to appease Northerners, the coin was also made in honor of Harding, under whose administration work had commenced. Borglum designed the coin, which was repeatedly rejected by the Commission of Fine Arts. All reference to Harding was removed from the design by order of President Calvin Coolidge. The Association sponsored extensive sales efforts for the coin throughout the South, though these were hurt by the firing of Borglum in 1925, which alienated many of his supporters, including the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A 1928 audit of the fundraising showed excessive...
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...Zachary Shelsby List and describe the causes of the stock market crash of 1929. Was the crash inevitable? Explain using examples from the presidencies of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. It was the time of the Roaring Twenties; where in the wake of the War jazz music was becoming prominent, Art Deco became popular, and cultural dynamism was emphasized. The twenties also led the United States into unprecedented industrial growth, inventions and discoveries of major importance, as well as significant changes in US lifestyle and culture. Though must prosperity was achieved during the Roaring Twenties, much despair would follow by the end of them. The 1920’s saw an increase in consumer spending as well as a large increase in economic growth. The 1920’s was also an era dominated by Republicans. The Republicans took a rather conservative approach to the economy. They forged tight and close relationships between government and big business. President Warren Harding took the White House in 1921, when the United States economy was seeing the time of a depression. Runaway inflation and a high unemployment rate swept the nation. At the time of World War I the United States economy enjoyed prosperity because of the agricultural industry. With the increase of demand came the increase of prices. With the increase of prices came the increase of output used to supply Europe. With the conclusion of the War the American agricultural industry had a massive surplus of farm goods that by...
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...Calvin Coolidge entered into politics at an early age and eventually became America’s 30th president. He was born July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Notch, in central Vermont to parents John Coolidge and Victoria Coolidge. He was the eldest of two children, with a younger sister and grew up on a small farm. His father served in both the Vermont House of Representatives, and the state senate, and was well respected within the community. His mother was chronically ill and died in 1884 when Coolidge was 12 years old. Several years later, in 1890, Coolidge also lost his sister Abigail. Shortly after the death of his mother, Coolidge was sent to Black River Academy in 1885, graduating in 1890. Coolidge then attended Amherst College in Massachusetts, graduating in 1895. Following college, Coolidge apprenticed at the law firm Hammond and Field, passing the state’s bar examination in 1897, then opening his own law office in 1898. Coolidge married his wife Grace Anna Goodhue, a schoolteacher for deaf children, in 1905. They had two sons John Coolidge, born in 1901 and Calvin Jr. Coolidge, born in 1908. Coolidge was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1906, and went on to become the mayor of Northampton in 1909, and then returned to the state legislature in 1911, serving in the senate. In 1915 Coolidge was elected as Lieutenant governor, and then as governor in 1918. In 1919, many Boston Policemen went on strike forming labour unions demanding for better pay and...
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...How far were the policies of the Republican Party the main reason for America’s economic success in the 1920’s [50 marks] Although America remained neutral and did not join World War One until 1917, they were already increasing their country’s profits by selling goods such as: weapons, food, equipment and other ammunition to both sides of the war. During World War One, as well as selling goods, America became ‘the banker’ to the rest of the world: loaning countries money at a very high interest. According to the First World War commissions “Britain, France and Italy owed the USA $22 billion plus interest”, this is showing that USA was at a very stable place financially even before the 1920s began. When the war ended Woodrow Wilson put forward his 14 Points which included a League of Nations. The League of Nations’ overall aim was to prevent war from breaking out again. America’s congress at the time decided that it would be best for America in the long run not to join the League of Nations because, congress believed that the USA should not interfere in any European or world affairs. Refusal to join the League of Nations made America an isolationist country. When Warren G. Harding won the presidential election and became president in 1921 a political party called the Republicans took over from the Democrats and the American government. 1920s America was known as the ‘Roaring twenties’ because of the entertainment and the crazes sweeping the country. There were lots of...
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...peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities. Warren G. Harding-29th president of U.S. protected alcohol interests and moderately supported woman suffrage. First incumbent U.S. senator and first newspaper publisher to become president. Teapot Dome Scandal-bribery incident that further destroyed public reputation of Harding administration Calvin Coolidge-republican lawyer, conduct during boston police strike of 1919 gave him reputation of a man of decisive action. Soon after elected as 29th president to succeed Harding in 1923, gained reputation as a small-government conservative, and also a man who said very little. Herbert Hoover-republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929, promising Americans prosperity and attempted to deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. “rugged individualism”-moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that promotes the exercise of one’s goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance. Republican Decade-The decade after WWI where there were 3 Republican presidents: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Laissez-faire-the type of economy where government does not interfere because the businesses are supposed to know what’s best for the economy; businesses do their own thing and government does not interfere. Great Crash-book written by John Kenneth Galbraith depicting the economic lead up to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Argues that...
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...History 112 05/09/2013 World War I triggered a number of important changes in American society: gradual and immediate. At war’s end, with the return of male workers, women were expected to quit their jobs. Between 1910 and 1920, only 500,000 more women were added to the workforce. The war had harsh consequences for immigrant families. Further immigration to the United States was halted. Many immigrant families already in the country faced fierce social and job discrimination in an antiforeign climate whipped up by the war. Most African American civil rights leaders supported World War I and some 400,000 African Americans Discrimination was common. Where they saw combat, African American soldiers served with distinction. Many returning black soldiers questioned why the liberties and freedoms they had fought to preserve in Europe were denied them in their own country. Civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois expressedresentment. American economy slows as war-time production ends. Returning troops face difficult adjustment to civilian society. Many women and minority workers faced with loss of jobs as men returned to the workforce. Despite contribution to war effort, returning African American I troops continue to face discrimination and segregation. Death and destruction of war leads to feelings of gloom among many Americans. Migration to the North World War I accelerated the migration of African Americans to northern cities. This immigration began after the Civil...
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...book-jacket on the eleventh printing of the novel in 1965 it is pointed out that “Up the down Staircase” describes from the inside what goes on in a large metropolitan high school with genuine warmth and shrewd comic touches. It shows what happens when a teacher`s ideals run smack against inadequate facilities, the luck of communication, the gobbledygook and pedagogies- all that stand in the way of good teaching. It is a wise and witty book, funny and poignant, that tells a storey of real people and tells it with love. The fragment under analysis is a representative selection from the semi-autobiographical novel. The first person narrator of the storey, an idealistic young English teacher, (Sylvia Barrett,) is a university graduate who comes to Calvin College School, to imbue the young with knowledge of Literature and English. She writes a letter to her former fellow student about her troubles in an inner-city New York Public High School. The basic theme of the abstract is the state of things in the US public high school system of education. The message of the whole book and of the given fragment is imaginatively expressed by the title “Up the down Staircase”. The oxymoronic metaphor represents the education process as affords ascend up the stairs going down. Going up the staircase is no an easy matter. It is an uphill task for any person and especially so for those who try to help others to ascend. Teachers trying to lead their pupils along the steep academy path work against heavy...
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...When many people study history and learn the mistakes from the past, it would be easier to able to understand the present. Nevertheless, it is not enough to simply study the events that have transpired. By changing the unfavorable events that led to despair and continuing the benefits to society, one can understand why they happen and better the future. In the United States in the early 1920s, a new stage appeared with different movements in the areas of politics, economics, society, culture, and foreign policy. By the events that led to the 1930s, new crazes had developed in many of these areas, while other areas remained in continuity. From the 1920s to the 1930, there were several factors that contributed to the changes in American society. The 1920s began shortly after in World War I when the United States and the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918. Many Americans were fed up with Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president from 1913 to 1921. The first election of the 1920s scoured Republican Warren G. Harding against Democrat James M. Cox. Cox supported Wilson and the League of Nations in the election. However, Harding won the election in a landslide, which was a sign of America¡¦s frustration with Wilson and his optimistic and liberal policies. The start of the new conservative era restored the power to the Republicans after the presidential election of the 1920. Harding made quite a few excellent appointments to his cabinet although he failed to demonstrate to have much...
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...How far were the policies of the Republican Party the main reason for America’s economic success in the 1920’s [50 marks] Although America remained neutral and did not join World War One until 1917, they were already increasing their country’s profits by selling goods such as: weapons, food, equipment and other ammunition to both sides of the war. During World War One, as well as selling goods, America became ‘the banker’ to the rest of the world: loaning countries money at a very high interest. According to the First World War commissions “Britain, France and Italy owed the USA $22 billion plus interest”, this is showing that USA was at a very stable place financially even before the 1920s began. When the war ended Woodrow Wilson put forward his 14 Points which included a League of Nations. The League of Nations’ overall aim was to prevent war from breaking out again. America’s congress at the time decided that it would be best for America in the long run not to join the League of Nations because, congress believed that the USA should not interfere in any European or world affairs. Refusal to join the League of Nations made America an isolationist country. When Warren G. Harding won the presidential election and became president in 1921 a political party called the Republicans took over from the Democrats and the American government. 1920s America was known as the ‘Roaring twenties’ because of the entertainment and the crazes sweeping the country. There were lots of...
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...would always decrease because prices would come down until everything was bought (BE). Lastly, the business cycle predicted that through expansion, peak, contraction, trough, and so on the economy would always repair itself (BE). However, these concepts faced a major disruption in the time leading up the Great Depression. The Great Depression was caused by, extreme optimism, high tariffs, credit, and overproduction. First and foremost, the Great Depression was brought on by extreme optimism. In the years before its economy collapsed, the United States had a bright outlook on the future due to the country’s state of wealth and success. In his last Annual Message to Congress, a little under a year before the stock market crash, President Calvin Coolidge expressed his confidence in the country for its wide distribution of wealth and its ability to surpass the standard of necessity into the region of luxury (Doc B). With such positive thoughts in mind, no one anticipated the distress that would soon sweep through America. Nevertheless, with extreme optimism comes comfortability and when people become too comfortable, they buy more goods than necessary. Over time, buying slacks off and leads to contraction which puts the economy in a trough, a recession, and, eventually with the aid of other factors, a depression. Other optimistic attitudes stemmed from reliance on the stock market. As regarded in the article “Everybody Ought to be Rich”, the stock market was a get rich quick scheme of...
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