...Concentration Camps in Europe If you were to endure years of extreme, inhumane treatment from an overpowering regime- just because you’d be considered a minority- how would you imagine yourself feeling the moment of liberation? Take a moment to picture this in your mind: after being in the concentration camp where you’d starve, be mistreated, and abused, you hear rumors of foreign troops on their way to free you. Consequently, upon hearing this, the cruel Nazi leaders tried to move you all from the camp, where hundreds died on these death marches, and yet they still tried to destroy all the evidence of their crimes that they could. The soldiers came and freed all the people in the...
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...In the original Broadway cast, George Washington, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson are played by African-American actors Christopher Jackson, Okieriete Onaodowan, and Daveed Diggs respectively; Hamilton’s wife, Eliza, is played by Chinese-American actress Philipa Soo; and Hamilton himself is played by Puerto Rican Miranda. This casting decision, described by a Hamilton spokesperson as ‘essential to the storytelling of Hamilton’ , is meant to represent what ‘America looks like now’ . Hamilton was written during President Obama’s term as the first black president of the United States, and the casting of people of colour as the white founding fathers reflects the changing nature of America: Chernow described the musical as having ‘“Obama’s America” written all over it’ . Lyra Monteiro, however, argues that ‘the idea that this musical “looks like America looks now” in contrast to...
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...The Nuremberg Trials by R. D. A student essay from Dr. Elliot Neaman's History 210 class (historical methods - fall 1996) © Elliot Neaman / PHDN Reproduction interdite par quelque moyen que ce soit / no reproduction allowed ________________________________________ The Nuremberg Trials took place during the immediate aftermath of World War II. They were the first trials in history to indict an entire regime for aggressive war crimes. These crimes included invading other nations, violating the Treaty of Versailles and most significantly, "crimes against humanity". These crimes were what later became known as the Holocaust, in which millions of innocent victims were deported, enslaved and systematically executed. The victims were primarily Jewish however many other victims suffered at the hands of the Nazis such as: Poles, Gypsies, the handicapped and the elderly. The Nuremberg Charter "defined war crimes as violations of the laws or customs of war"(Rosenbaum p, 30). Including killing of hostages, ill-treatment of civilians, use of forced labor and looting of public and private property and racial persecution. The International Military Tribunal, the prosecutors consisting of lawyers and judges from the United States, France, England and the Soviet Union had countless evidence of these crimes committed by the Nazis, however to serve justice to every individual for their inhumane actions was impossible. The Nuremberg Trials prosecuted twenty one defendants (all of whom were...
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...Timeline 1 1) Describe three different American Indian cultures prior to colonization. Pre-history to 1600s The Hopewell tribe was mound builders that were located in the Midwest and even today their mounds can be seen in the states where they resided, such as Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and more. They could be considered some of the first traders in the region as they had a very large trade route, with materials coming from across other portions of the United States and Canada. The climate was the reason for this tribe’s decline rather than the colonists that arrived to the New World. The Iroquois were located in what is now the state of New York. This was actually a group of tribes that were united under a league that had been established by a political alliance after tribal warring. Their system of government with chosen leaders called sachems is considered the model for which the American government is currently built upon. The Haidas was a tribe that was located in the Northwest Pacific Coast across the country far from where the colonists first landed. This tribe being so close to the ocean, centered more of tribal life around the waters. They were fishermen and artists. This is one of the tribes that created totem poles that many individuals associate with Native American culture today. 2) The effects of British colonization on the Native Americans. 1600’s The British colonization on the Native Americans had a...
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...they attacked, they fought for Little Round Top. Pickett's Charge occurred at three p.m. 15,000 confederate men walked between two ridges with the Yankee's initiating firing, the rebels retreated after thirty mins. The aftermath of Gettysburg was devastating with the union and confederate losses totaling more than 50,000. The war continued for almost three more years. In August 1863 the nineteen union states raised enough money to buy a seventeen-acre plot at Gettysburg's, the purpose would be to use it for graves for all the men that died on Gettysburg. Pennsylvania's Governor Andrew Curtin planned to give a speech, Edward Everett and Abraham Lincoln also had a few words to say. After Edward finished a two-hour speech, it was Lincoln's turn....
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...Garrett Navaroli Professor Matthews American Civilization March 24, 2013 About the Author: Walter Borneman Walter R. Borneman is very admirable and smart person. He has undergraduate and graduate degrees in history from Western State College of Colorado (1974, 1975) and wrote his master’s thesis on a town characteristic of the western mining frontier. He was the heritage coordinator for the Colorado Centennial-Bicentennial Commission (1975-76), and the assistant to the director and acting director of the Colorado Historical Society (1977-80). Borneman received his law degree from the University of Denver (1981) and from 1982 to 1985 represented the Colorado Historical Society in the reconstruction of the Georgetown Loop Mining and Railroading Park in one of the West’s premiere national historic landmark districts. His books have won awards from the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, the Tennessee Library Association and Historical Commission, and the Colorado Humanities Program. His commentary has appeared in Investors’ Business Daily, the Wall Street Journal, and the San Francisco Chronicle. “My overriding goal in writing history has been to get the facts straight and then present them in a readable fashion”, “I am convinced that knowing history is not just about appreciating the past, but also about understanding the present and planning for the future”, says Mr. Borneman. He truly has a passion for the information he is teaching which,in my personal...
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...inscribing many maps that portrayed every one of the scenes they encountered. He also included definite records of sustenance, creatures, and landforms while encompassing their camps. Additionally, the experiences with the Natives were likewise recorded as well, thus providing essential data of the area in the American Northwest. Moreover, the massacre at Wounded Knee is described differently by various people like Walker and President Benjamin Harrison. Walker, a Lakota veteran, spoke about the atrocities he witnessed during the tragedy at Wounded Knee, where he observed “grisly murders of innocent and unarmed Native Americans during the massacre” (Walker 293). Furthermore, he narrates that he saw the Seventh Cavalry Army riding towards the reservation near Wounded Knee, which was home to numerous starving and freezing Native Americans. Walker states that he then began to hear gunshots that were coming from the direction of the reservation location. He decided to ride towards the reservation, armed with only a bow, when he was joined by his fellow soldiers, where, upon his comrades arrival, the enemy advanced towards them, inevitably leaving Walker to be unsuccessful in restraining the enemy's force. Walker continues to narrate that he saw the soldiers shooting at fleeing women and children. In the aftermath of the attack, the “Seventh Cavalry Army had killed and wounded more than 200 Native Americans” (Kelton 117). Walker claims that he saw the bodies of men, women, children, and...
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...anticipated war and looked forward to becoming the commander in chief. As a new president, his first act was to try to create peace and prevent future conflict. He was a popular president since he had good political experience, military training as well as dedication to the common southern cause. Despite being popular, Davis still did not have the greatest leadership traits. He was impatient and had a hard time talking to people who disagreed with her (Beringer 475). Another mistake he made several times was picking unfit leaders. His loyalty to these unsuccessful leaders led to further fights throughout his governance. After advocating for peace, Lincoln refused to negotiate and sent armed ships to South Carolina to help the troubled Union camp at Fort Sumter. Davis then ordered the attack on the fort, signifying the beginning of the Civil War (Gugliotta 226). The South was very unprepared for the war. He had to administer a new nation by himself, which was harder considering it was in the middle of a war. The South had a low population, only equal to one-fourth of the white population of the Northern states. The South had no navy, powder mills, shipyard, and subordinate railroads. (Hattaway 128). They only had a fraction of the North’s manufacturing ability, leaving them in poor conditions. Despite the South being underprepared, they were able to fix a lot of their weaknesses after the Bull Run on July 21, 1861 in Manassas, Virginia. The South defeated the north in this battle...
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...Michael Jackson English Michael Joseph Jackson[1][2] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter, dancer, businessman and philanthropist. Often referred to by the honorific nickname "King of Pop", or by his initials MJ,[3] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became the dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It," "Billie Jean," and "Thriller," were credited with breaking down racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped to bring the then relatively new television channel MTV to fame. With videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" he continued to innovate the medium throughout the 1990s, as well as forging a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot, and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop,...
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...John K. Walton Seaside resorts at the turn of the century At the beginning of the twentieth century the English and Welsh coastlines were uniquely well-endowed with seaside resorts, as befitted a culture which invented the commercialization of sea-bathing and the distinctive and often highly-specialized settlements which served the fashion and its offshoots. There were clusters of large centres and their satellites in particularly attractive and accessible locations, but every coastline had its resort towns and villages, in a bewildering variety of types and catering for an almost infinite range of social groups and cultural preferences. This was by now a well established resort system, or group of systems, with a history of growth and change which went back to the eighteenth century. The resort map of England and Wales as the Edwardians saw it owed more to the Victorian years and the maps of demand which railways, population concentrations, changing income levels and social structures, and new fashion in the pursuit of health and pleasure, had helped to draw during this dynamic and formative period. European competitors for well-off British holidaymakers had emerged, especially on the French coasts, but there was plenty of growth in demand at working-class and mainstream middle-class levels to sustain continued expansion beyond the turn of the century (Walton, 1983; Travis, 1993). The years between the 1881 and 1911 censuses, and especially the decade of the 1890s, saw...
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...Wiki Loves Africa: share African cultural fashion and adornment pictures with the world! Fascism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the original version of the ideology developed in Italy, see Italian Fascism. For the book edited by Roger Griffin, see Fascism (book). "Fascist" redirects here. For the insult, see Fascist (insult). Part of a series on | Fascism | | Core tenets[show] | Topics[show] | Ideas[show] | People[show] | Literature[show] | Organizations[show] | History[show] | Lists[show] | Variants[show] | Related topics[show] | * Fascism portal * Politics portal | * v * t * e | Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4] Fascists saw World War I as a revolution. It brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic...
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.... ìGETTING TO NOî AN ANALYSIS OF FAILED MEDIATION IN THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT (1993-2000) Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy Thesis Submitted by Ahsiya Posner 9 February 2003 Under the advisement of Professor Eileen Babbitt and Professor Diana Chigas ABSTRACT This paper will attempt this difficult but important task with the humble understanding that ìthe full storyî is impossible to know and telló even for the very participants of the process. Nevertheless, in this investigation, the author will explore four main questions. The first three questions are: 1) did the OPP set the Israelis and Palestinians on a trajectory that ìdoomedî CD2 from the start?; 2) were there problems inherent to the process and structure of CD2 that led to its failure?; and, 3) how should future mediation attempts of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict be structured in order to meet with more success? The fourth question, however, requires further introduction. The forthcoming study of CD2 will be guided by a ìProvisional Framework (PF)î of seven criteria that I believe are necessary ingredients to successful peacemaking processes. I devised this framework after consulting existing literature and scholars in the field of mediation and negotiation in general, as well as after reviewing scholarly pieces focusing on the Israel-Palestinian peace process in particular. Thus, after using this framework to analyze CD2, conclusions will thus be drawn with regard to a fourth and final question:...
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...Abstract The aim of this dissertation, which is based on secondary research involving analysing a range of books, journal articles, Government publications, newspaper articles and videos, is to critically examine the position of the victim in the criminal justice system. The paper looks at the role of political interests in establishing victimfocus policies and the direction towards their placement at the heart of the justice system. This includes the managerialistic values, modernization of the Government and covering-up of punitive measures taken against the offender that all point to the political rhetoric around the centeredness of the victim. Furthermore, the view of traditional justice is accounted for in order to get a grasp of the many underlying factors that can be attributed to the so called rebirth and the consequent concentration on the victim. The paper firstly discusses characteristics of victims, the impact of crime on victims and also their needs for a better understanding of who they are and what can be done to help them. Particular attention is drawn to stereotypes associated with victims and constructions of the ideal victim. Secondly, the adversarial nature of English justice and implications for victims are discussed, as well as some tensions between the interests of the offender and the victim, and the opposed nature of the two. Procedural and service rights especially play an important role in defining whether victims are given appropriate...
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...OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY OUTLINE OF OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 1 Early America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 2 The Colonial Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 3 The Road to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CHAPTER 4 The Formation of a National Government . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CHAPTER 5 Westward Expansion and Regional Differences . . . . . . . 110 CHAPTER 6 Sectional Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 CHAPTER 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CHAPTER 8 Growth and Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CHAPTER 9 Discontent and Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 CHAPTER 10 War, Prosperity, and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 CHAPTER 11 The New Deal and World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 CHAPTER 12 Postwar America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 CHAPTER 13 Decades of Change: 1960-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 CHAPTER 14 The New Conservatism and a New World Order . . . . . . 304 CHAPTER 15 Bridge to the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 PICTURE PROFILES Becoming a Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Contents Preface to the First Edition Introduction Part 1. Thought Control: The Case of the Middle East Part 2. Middle East Terrorism and the American Ideological System Part 3. Libya in U.S. Demonology Part 4. The U.S. Role in the Middle East Part 5. International Terrorism: Image and Reality Part 6. The World after September 11 Part 7. U.S./Israel-Palestine Notes Preface to the First Edition (1986) St. Augustine tells the story of a pirate captured by Alexander the Great, who asked him "how he dares molest the sea." "How dare you molest the whole world?" the pirate replied: "Because I do it with a little ship only, I am called a thief; you, doing it with a great navy, are called an Emperor." The pirate's answer was "elegant and excellent," St. Augustine relates. It captures with some accuracy the current relations between the United States and various minor actors on the stage of international terrorism: Libya, factions of the PLO, and others. More generally, St. Augustine's tale illuminates the meaning of the concept of international terrorism in contemporary Western usage, and reaches to the heart of the frenzy over selected incidents of terrorism currently being orchestrated, with supreme cynicism, as a cover for Western violence. The term "terrorism" came into use at the end of the eighteenth century, primarily to refer to violent acts of governments designed to ensure popular submission. That concept plainly is of little benefit to the practitioners of state terrorism...
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