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: Can Technological Innovation Relieve Neck Strain Among Those Sitting at Computers for Long Periods of Time.

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|It is known that there are ergonomic issues regarding the use of computers in the workplace. People sit at computers for many hours and |
|repetitive motion and other bodily strains result. One particular problem involves neck and back strain as people adjust the angle of |
|their neck/and or their sitting posture to view the computer screen as the cursor makes its way from the top to the bottom of the screen. |
|There are literally 100s of millions of people who now spend more than half their day sitting in front of a computer screen and experiencing|
|all of the strain associated with this endeavour. |
|We propose an innovation in computer screen design which keeps the cursor at a constant level relative to the user by either automatically |
|adjusting the height through motor adjustment or through an automatic scroll feature embedded within the software. |
| |
|This prevents the user from having to adjust the angle of their head to view the point of data entry as it moves down the screen until there|
|is a screen refresh or a page break occurs. |
|Reduction of strain has implications for productivity which we will attempt to measure |
|We will show that the cost savings in terms of lower morbidity among workers will more than justify the cost of this innovation |

Current Situation and Problem to be Addressed:

• Almost all computer monitors on the market today have stationary screens that force the user to adjust head angle/posture to view the point of data entry as it changes on the screen.

• Neck and/or back strain has been shown to be a significant issue among those who spend a majority of the day facing a computer monitor (Sommerich, Joines,and Psihogios, 39-40)

Key facets of problem:

According to Helander (2006), the following are the ergonomic issues regarding use of personal computer equipment. Work posture and keying is the first problem listed and suggests that the solution lies in the area of biomechanics.

FIGURE 1.1

Design Problems and Corresponding
Knowledge Arising from the Introduction of
Computers in the Workplace

Problem Knowledge Required to Solve Problem
Work posture and keying Biomechanics
Size of screen characters, contrast, colors Vision research, perception
Environmental factors Noise, environmental stress
Layout of screen information Cognitive psychology, cognitive engineering
Design of new systems Systems design and cybernetics
Collaboration on the net Psychology, cognitive psychology, anthropology
Problem solving at work Cognitive work analysis, task analysis

Source : Helander, M. (2006) A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics (2nd ed.). CRC Press: Boca Raton FL. , p. 4

FIGURE 1.1 Analysis of the Human Machine Interface
[pic]
Source : Helander, M. (2006) A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics (2nd ed.). CRC Press: Boca Raton FL. , p. 4

Recommended Workstation Specifications:
Source: Department of Health and Safety: North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina. Retrieved on Nov. 14th, 2011 from http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/handsMan/office/ergonomic.html
| |Seat Height: “Seat height should be pneumatically adjusted while seated. A range of 16 - 20.5 inches off the floor should accommodate |
| |most users. Thighs should be horizontal, lower legs vertical, feet flat on the floor or on a footrest. Seat height should also allow a |
| |90 degree angle at the elbows for typing.” (DHS, 2011) |
|: |Seat Width: “A seat width of 17-20 inches suffices for most people and should be deep enough to permit the back to contact the lumbar |
| |backrest without cutting into the backs of knees. The front edge should be rounded and padded. The seat slant should be adjustable (0 |
| |to 10 degrees). Avoid bucket-type seats. The seat should swivel easily.” (DHS, 2011) |
| | |
| |Workstation Design: |
| |Work Station Height. “The ideal is for the user to be able to sit at the work station with the keyboard in place and be able to easily|
| |maintain a 90-100 degree elbow angle and straight wrists while keying. The height of an adjustable keyboard support should adjust |
| |between 23" and 28" to accommodate most-but not all-users. 26" is a recommended compromise position while leg clearance must still be |
| |considered.” (DHS, 2011) |
| |Leg room: “The knee space should be at least 30" wide by 19"deep by 27" high to comply with the requirements of the Americans with |
| |Disabilities Act. For those using a footrest, clearance must be calculated with the legs in place on the footrest. “(DHS, 2011) |
| |Work Station Top. “A general recommendation is that the work area top should be at least as big as the standard office desk - 30 |
| |inches by 60 inches. A depth of at least 30 inches allows flexibility in use/reuse of the work area. Usable space may be maximized by |
| |good wire/cable management. Standard workstation height is 30 and 32 inches from the floor.” (DHS, 2011) |
| |Thickness of work surface: one inch (DHS, 2011) |
| |Monitor Specifications (DHS, 2011): |
| |“Top of screen is at eye level or slightly lower” |
| |“Viewing distance is 18-24 inches” |
| |“Screen is free of glare or shadows” |
| |“Images on the screen are sharp, easy to read and do not flicker” |
| |Data on Eye Height from Floor: |
| | |
| |EYE HEIGHT |
| | |
| | |
| |Standing |
| |Sitting |
| |Variance |
| | |
| |Avg. female |
| |59.4 inches |
| |44.0 Inches |
| |15.4 inches |
| | |
| |5% level female |
| |55.7 inches |
| |40.8 inches |
| |14.9 inches |
| | |
| |Avg. person |
| |61.7 inches |
| |46.1 inches |
| |15.6 inches |
| | |
| |Avg. male |
| |64.4 inches |
| |48.5 inches |
| |15.9 inches |
| | |
| |95% level male |
| |68.6 inches |
| |52.1 inches |
| |16.5 inches |
| | |
| |Variance: female/male |
| |5.0 inches |
| |4.5 inches |
| | |
| | |
| |Variance: 5% female – 95% male |
| |12.9 inches |
| |11.3 inches |
| | |
| | |
| |Source: Ergetron, Inc. (2011) Ergonomics Data and Mounting Heights: Retrieved on Nov. 14th, 2011 from |
| |http://www.ergotron.com/Portals/0/literature/whitePapers/english/ergonomics_arms_data.pdf |

Redesign Recommendations for Computer Monitors

Given a 5% female to 95% male variance in eye height of 12.9 inches when standing and 11.3 inches when sitting, it is necessary to work in an initial calibration to establish a base-line height for the cursor. This can be established at set-up of the monitor.

• Once initial calibration has been set, the cursor height from the floor can be kept constant either through an automatic scroll feature on the monitor or to have a motor placed on the monitor platform to automatically adjust monitor height as the cursor changes position on the screen.

o Given costs of installing and operating external motor on the monitor platform, it is more cost effective to embed an automatic scroll feature within the computer software
Prepared By :
Phone :
Originated : November xx, 2011
Approved:
Works Cited

Helander, M. A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics (2nd ed.). CRC Press: Boca Raton FL. (2006).

Sommerich C.M., Joines, S.M.B., Psihogios, J.P., “Effects of Computer Monitor Viewing Angle and Related Factors on Strain, Performance, and Preference Outcomes.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43.1 (2001): 39-55. Web, 17 Oct. 2011.

DHS (Department of Health and Safety) North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina. Retrieved on Nov. 14th, 2011 from http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/handsMan/office/ergonomic.html (2011)

Ergetron, Inc. Ergonomics Data and Mounting Heights: Retrieved on Nov. 14th, 2011 from http://www.ergotron.com/Portals/0/literature/whitePapers/english/ergonomics_arms_data.pdf (2011)

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