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Can We Should We

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We Can But Should We
Chamberlin College of Nursing
NR361: Info Systems in Healthcare

Abstract
In this paper we begin with a short history of the Quick Reaction code (QR code) and move onto the QR code in marketing and how it can be similarly used in the healthcare field from advertising to take-home monitoring equipment for patients. We discuss a study conducted by Lin C, Tsai F, Tsai W, Wen H, & Hu M., 2012 and how the use of QR codes has help to decrease wait times in the pharmacy and actually increase accuracy of dispensing correct medications. After discourse on personal information we will end this paper with a few healthcare related ethical concerns. We come to the conclusion that QR codes could be beneficial to the public and private sectors of healthcare.

Quick reaction codes (QR code) had their beginning in auto manufacturing plants in Japan in 1994; QR codes were designed to help track automobiles during the manufacturing process (Gottesman, & Baum, 2013). Like many other technologies, when shortly after their initial production, QR codes were found to be useful in many other areas than just automobile manufacturing. QR codes have recently been heavily used for marketing. The QR code is able to hold a significant amount of information and anyone with the correct tool to read the code is able to extract this information such as a website or such that for a consumer could lead to a shoe store, a hair salon, or even an electronics store. From auto manufacturing to marketing the QR code has found its way into the field of healthcare. The healthcare field is crucial to a functioning society and ways to attempt to improve it are made constantly. With the advancement of technology moving quickly certain things in the healthcare field are attempting to follow, some make it and some do not. As the QR code has been used for marketing the healthcare field could use it in a similar fashion. QR codes could be placed on business cards, magazine or paper ads, and when a potential customer sees and scans the code the information in the code could lead the customer to a physician’s webpage, their referral page, or simply a background information page about the physician. This does not have to be limited to small family practices or specialties but could be used for an entire hospital. This could not only aid the physicians or hospitals advertising but this could also help potential patients who may not be able to find the right type of care that they need easily. Just as many towns’ emergency rooms have been advertising on billboards, Gottesman & Baum, (2013) suggested that these codes could provide potential patients with access to real-time emergency room wait times.

Also suggested by Gottesman, & Baum, (2013) patients that need to have at-home monitoring equipment could scan a QR code that would be placed on the machine for a how-to/trouble shooting video on using the device and even provide the patient with information to contact the necessary people in case a replacement is needed. In one study by Lin C, Tsai F, Tsai W, Wen H, & Hu M., (2012) QR codes were used to ease and simplify the process of patient ID and other patient information between physicians and pharmacists. Usually the pharmacist would receive the prescription for a patient by their physician then have to key-in the necessary information into their computer system at the pharmacy about the patient. This may seem simple enough however this method is quite vulnerable to human error, which in the case of dispensing medications could potentially prove to be fatal. The QR code used in this study contained 17 essential items we will name only a few to give an idea to the reader: ID number of medical institutes, patient’s name, case classification, patient’s birthday, dispensing date of medication, total amount of medication. These are only a few of what the pharmacist must key-in to their computer system before actually dispensing medication to the patient. The results of this study showed that the use of the QR code instead of manual input of patient information significantly decreased the amount of time the patient has to wait for their medication and significantly decreases error rates among dispensing incorrect medication (Lin, et al., 2012). Not only did the use of the QR code speed up and help maximize the efficiency of the pharmacy it also can aid in identifying drug interactions which can also prove to be fatal at times.

The dispensing of incorrect medications can be very dangerous, it should not be taken lightly, and any way to improve upon the accuracy of this should be acknowledged. One area of using QR codes that the consumer may be concerned with is personal information. Everyone would like to know that their personal information is not easily being passed around on something no bigger than one square inch and could be read with nearly any smart phone with the necessary software. This could raise some reasonable concerns as to why many consumers would not condone the use of QR codes, especially for the use of their health. We like to think of our healthcare as something personal, which it is to an extent, however it is also a business which needs to generate revenue to remain stable. In a study conducted by Okazaki, S., Navarro, A., & Campo, S., (2013) perceptions of the use of QR codes were expressed by a focus group of participants, also the loyalty of consumers were examined with “winning back” consumers by repeat purchases. The study suggested that when personal privacy issues were not expected the consumer is less hesitant to make use of the QR code (Okazaki, Navarro, & Campo, 2013). When one participant seen a QR code on their sandwich wrapper from McDonalds they did not hesitate to scan and use it for a discount on their next purchase code (Okazaki, Navarro, & Campo, 2013). This showed that when there is an incentive the consumer was more likely to make use of the QR code thus becoming a loyal customer by returning for another purchase (Okazaki, Navarro, & Campo, 2013). Could the QR code be used in healthcare in this manor? Could incentives be given in QR codes for repeat customers? Or would this cause healthcare to become even more informal than it already is?

Ethical concerns about personal information in the healthcare field are already rampant, however if we were able to somehow educate consumers about QR codes they would have a better understanding of them and how they work, possibly leading to more of the general public being comfortable with using them.
From their uses in the auto manufacturing industry, marketing, and now into healthcare, it seems that QR codes have a place somewhere along the line in healthcare. It may just be a matter of education and time before they become more mainstream. With more education on QR codes and how they are used in healthcare this may aid in calming the anxiety of personal information being leaked. From the information presented the use of QR codes it would seem that their use could prove to be very beneficial and continue healthcare moving along with technological advancements.

References
Gottesman, W., & Baum, N., M.D. (2013). QR codes: Next level of social media. The Journal of Medical Practice Management : MPM, 28(6), 345-7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1412848042?accountid=6579
Lin C, Tsai F, Tsai W, Wen H, Hu M. The feasibility of QR-code prescription in Taiwan. Journal Of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics [serial online]. December 2012;37(6):643-646. Available from: Biomedical Reference Collection: Comprehensive, Ipswich, MA. Accessed September 20, 2013.
Okazaki, S., Navarro, A., & Campo, S. (2013). CROSS-MEDIA INTEGRATION OF QR CODE: A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 14(2), 137-148. Retrieved from http://searchproquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/1372758327?accountid=6579

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