...Soviet Union. A devastating amount of radioactive material was released into the environment. 30 kilometres around the plant around the plant was closed after the accident. About one hundred fifteen thousand people were evacuated around 1986 and in the following years, about two hundred thousand more were also forced to vacate. Sadly, the problem did not end there. Three years after the incident, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) assessed the situation around the Chernobyl. Toxic metals and radioactive emission like iodine, cesium-137, plutonium and strontium were found in the plants, soil and even animals. Ever since 1991, the Canadian Nuclear Association also noted that there is a sudden increase in the rate of thyroid cancer. This is happened because cesium-137 or radioactive cesium, with a mass number of 137, has the capability to enter the food chain and can be delivered around an internal dosage of radiation before it can be metabolically eliminated. To prevent this from spreading, livestock were only fed plants that are uncontaminated or plants that cannot accumulate heavy metals. After that, a method was introduced to clean the soil from the toxins. This is called Phytoremediation, which was coined by Dr. Ilya Raskin from the Rutger’s University’s Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment. Phytoremediation came from the Greek word phyto which means plant, and the Latin word remedium which means restoring balance (Radhakrishna). It...
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...Cycle 7 SOIL POLLUTION 7 Main Causes of Soil Pollution: 7 Main Effects of Soil Pollution: 7 SOIL BIOREMEDIATION 8 EX SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 8 EX SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Ex situ thermal processes 9 2) Ex situ chemical/physical remediation ( Soil scrubbing ) 9 EX SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Composting 10 2) Land farming 11 3)Biopiling ( Heap technique) 12 4) Bioslurry reactor 13 IN SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 13 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 14 1) Bioventing 14 2) Biosparging 15 3) Bioaugmentation: 15 4)Biostimulation 15 4) Bioslurping : 16 5) Phytoremediation 16 IN SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 16 1) In situ thermal processes 16 2) In situ chemical/physical process: Pump and treat processes 16 INFLUENCING FACTORS 16 CONCLUSION 17 Table of figures: Figure 1. Soil microorganisms pie chart 3 Figure 2. Acquisition of phosphate by Mycorrhizal roots………………………………...3 Figure 3. Mycorrhizal roots……………………………………………………………….4 Figure 4. Carbon Cycle 5 Figure 5. Nitrogen Cycle 6 Figure 6. Sulfur Cycle 7 Figure 7: Rotary Kiln 8 Figure 8: Biological remediation techniques 10 Figure 9: Compost 10 Figure 10: Land Farming 11 Figure 11: Heap technique 12 Figure 12: Biolsurry Reactor 13 Figure 13 : Bioslurry remediation technique 13 Figure 14: Bioventing technique 14 Figure 15 : Biosparging Technique 15 INTRODUCTION Overviewing contaminated soil...
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...Anaerobic bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by chloroethenes Introduction Chloroethenes, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are one of the contaminants in soil and groundwater which is a significant problem domestically and internationally. Without extracting these contaminants from the ground, the in-situ treatment which directly degrades contaminants in soil or groundwater is now closely watched as an economical remediation technique. Especially, the in-situ bioremediation which degrades contaminants in-situ by activities of microbes is a safer and more economical technique than the physicochemical one and is being developed for practical application. This paper describes that anaerobic bioremediation which cleans up soil and groundwater contaminated by chloroethene such as TCE in-situ by anaerobic bacteria. 1. Degradative mechanism Anaerobic bioremediation is a remediation technique which injects organics, which become electron donors, together with nutrient salts such as nitrogen and phosphorus into groundwater and degrades contaminants by anaerobic bacteria. It is known that PCE and TCE are dechlorinated reductively by anaerobic bacteria and degraded into dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene and likewise, ethane (Fig. 1). Various types of anaerobic bacteria can degrade not only PCE and TCE but also cis-1,2-DCE. Its speed of degradation is relatively fast. On the other hand, by using cis-1,2- DCE and...
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...Mid-Michigan 3340 Ranger Road Lansing, MI 48906 Ph. 517-321-3331 Fax 517-323-7228 pme@pmenv.com Metro Detroit 22655 S. Chrysler Drive Hazel Park, MI 48030 Ph. 248-336-9988 Fax 248-336-9989 pmehazelpark@pmenv.com West Michigan 1441 Arboretum Dr. SE, Suite 200 Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Ph. 616-285-8857 Fax 616-285-8026 pmegr@pmenv.com ISO 9001 REGISTERED CATEGORY-N BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FORMER ACTIVE HOMES MANUFACTURING BUILDING LOCATED AT 7876 VAN DYKE, MARLETTE, LAPEER COUNTY, MICHIGAN June 2, 2006 May 19, 2006 District Supervisor Remediation and Redevelopment Division Lansing District Office Constitutional Hall North Tower, 4th Floor 525 W. Allegan Street Lansing, Michigan 48909 RE: Category-N Baseline Environmental Assessment of Former Active Homes Manufacturing Building Located at 7876 Van Dyke, Marlette, Lapeer County, Michigan PM Environmental, Inc., Project No. 22-692A Dear District Supervisor: Enclosed is one copy of the above-referenced document prepared in accordance with the March 11, 1999 “Instructions for Preparing and Disclosing Baseline Environmental Assessments by PM Environmental, Inc., on behalf of Outlook Properties LLC. An affidavit signed by Mr. Bob Gilling, for a Disclosure Baseline Environmental Assessment has been included. If you have any questions regarding the information in this report, please contact our office at (248) 336-9988. Sincerely, PM Environmental, Inc. Rachael...
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...followed by a prescribed date. The Company needs to determine if the contaminated soil and smoke filter requirement should be disclosed on the financial statements as an asset retirement obligation, loss contingency, or an environmental obligation. APPLICABLE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 410 Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450 Contingencies DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES The following section will address the alternative treatments accounting for both the remedial action and smoke filtration system under US GAAP. Recording both issues as a loss contingency will be discussed first, followed by soil contamination as environmental remediation, then applying the asset retirement obligation treatment for pollution from normal operations. Alternative 1: Contaminated Soil and Smoke Filter Disclose both environmental issues as a loss contingency using a footnote. Soil contamination and smoke filters both meet the definition of contingent loss. ASC 450-20-20 states: “An existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible loss to an entity that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur…” Cleanup costs, extent of the pollution,...
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...Introduction There has been an emergence of interest in the use of biological systems and bioremediation to degrade, modify, move, transform or sequester environmental contaminants. Traditional methods of remediation include chemical and physical processing and are often plagued with problems such as the creation of toxic bi-products and environmental damage. Bioremediation of a site offers the advantages of lower costs, environmental soundness, insitu or exsitu solutions, higher aesthetics, and increased public acceptance. The following will focus on how microorganisms can be used and manipulated to remediate various sites of environmental contaminants. Bioremediation Definition Bioremediation is the use of microbes, fungi or plants to remove toxic contaminants from a site. This can be accomplished in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves remediating the contaminant at the site of contamination. In situ remediation requires extensive monitoring to ensure the success of the remediation effort and to control environmental impacts. Ex situ remediation involves removing the contaminants from the site and treating them at a processing location in a bioreactor. While this method may be more financially and environmentally costly, it allows more control over the remediation process. This includes setting growth conditions in the reactor and choosing foreign or engineered microbes that may be more efficient at remediating than native organisms. Advantages Interest...
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...particular country. In addition, Energy has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes clean up all contamination that it causes. Energy is currently involved in environmental obligations, such as clean up the lands. ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Does Energy recognizes and accrues the liability of clean up costs in this year? What is the accounting treatment? 2. Is Energy has the obligations to undertake soil remediation in Dirty country? What is the accounting treatment for this operation in Dirty country? 3. What is the accounting treatment for new income tax? What is the accounting treatment for training employees? 4. Does Energy have obligations to install smoke filters this year? What is the accounting treatment for installing smoke filters in Energy’s factories next year? SUMMARY CONCLUSION ON ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Energy should recognize and accrue the liability of clean up lands in this year. Energy should charge clean up costs to expenses. 2. Energy has no obligations to undertake the soil remediation in Dirty country. 3. Energy should recognize the retraining costs to compensation expenses. 4. Energy should recognize install smoke filters to expense. AUTHORITATIVE AND INTERPRETIVE GUIDANCE CONSIDERED Refer to ASC 410-20-25-1 (Background for...
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...Facts: • An accrual basis taxpayer Charles Cho engages in a Section 351 transaction with the newly-formed Patten Corporation. • In the transaction, Cho transferred his gas station to Patten, in exchange for the stock of Patten and assumption of the contingent environmental liabilities. • The land underneath the gas station has potential environmental problems but Cho did not take any remediation to fix environmental problems before the exchange. • A year later, Patten pays a third party $100,000 for environmental clean-up costs to remediate the site. • The transaction does not have tax avoidance purpose. Issues The main issue encountered in this case is whether the contingent environmental liabilities assumed by Patten is a liability that would give rise to a deduction within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 357 (c)(3) and whether Cho’s basis in the stock is determined by reference to Section358 (d)(1) or Section 358 (d)(2). The issue for Patten is how to determine the tax consequence based on the transaction. Applicable Laws The most pertinent Sections are directly cited form Code and listed as below: IRC Section 351(a): “No gain or loss shall be recognized if property is transferred to a corporation by one or more persons solely in exchange for stock in such corporation and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control (as defined in section 368(c) of the corporation.” IRC Section 357(a): “Except as provided...
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...bringing meaningful spending and health care budgets; over-the-counter (OTC) innovation to our patients and customers, and making product quality issues at McNeil Consumer Healthcare and a difference in their lives in a personal way—from the recall of the DePuy ASR™ Hip System. Brunhilde Wecker, who made a full recovery from her stroke Our company was severely tested. thanks to our new blood clot retrieval and removal device, In managing through this stretch, we relied heavily on the resolve to our own Bill Hait, an oncologist whose vision and insights of our people and on our time-tested business model: our broad helped accelerate the approval of a wholly new treatment for base in health care, our decentralized management structure, prostate cancer. managing for the long term and the values set forth in Our Credo. These stories remind us why health care is such a rewarding We made necessary restructurings to our business to manage endeavor. They excite me about the future of Johnson...
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...effects that may result in a community exposed to noise produced by a nightclub. * Describe the restrictions you would recommend to the city for the new nightclub to meet before granting an approval. Please be sure to support your position with evidence from the literature. Radon Question 2: Exposure to radon gas may cause health hazards. You have friends who are about to purchase a new home in an area where it is perceived that radon gas levels may be high. Please respond to the following: 1. Describe the type of radiation that is emitted by radon gas and how it poses a health risk. 2. Identify potential human health risks associated with living in a home where radon gas levels may be high 3. Describe corrective/remediation measures that can be taken to reduce radon levels in a home. Please be sure to support your position with evidence from the literature. Assignment Expectations Use information from the modular background readings as well as any good quality resource you can find. LENGTH: 2-3 pages typed and double-spaced, in addition to a cover page. The following items will be assessed in particular: Precision: Each of the questions of the assignment is specifically addressed in the paper. The paper discusses the public health effects that may result in a community exposed to noise produced by a nightclub....
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...More and more people are taking radon gas testing seriously these days. This is not unconnected to the agony it has caused many people. The present awareness is borne out of the fact that so many health risks are involved. However, some people do not yet see the reason for radon gas testing. If you are one of the people who are not taking radon health hazard seriously, it is time to have a change of attitude. You should not take chances when it comes to radon gas. This is because it can cause lung cancer. How is that so, and what can you do to prevent effect of radon gas? Some people may overlook radon health hazards. Perhaps, you do not think it worth all the worries. If so, examining the health risks of radon may help you to see the need to carry out radon gas testing for your home. Let us examine the risk or a health problem that could be caused by radon gas. Radon and lung cancer In the USA alone, thousands of people die every year of lung cancer. Radon, along...
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...character is Jack McKee, who is a gifted but arrogant surgeon. He cares little about the emotional welfare of his patients and is little more than a benign stranger to his wife Anne and his son Nicky. He has been suffering from a nagging cough for some time, and when he begins coughing up blood one morning, he finally allows another doctor to take a look at him. The doctor discovers that he has a malignant tumor in his throat that could rob him of the ability to speak, or even kill him. He now becomes a patient instead of a doctor, and learns first hand about the long stretches in the waiting room, the indignity of filling out pointless forms, and the callous attitude of the professional medical community. He also gets to know June, a terminal cancer patient whose joyous embrace of life as her time draws to a close is an inspiration to him. After recovery, Jack becomes more determined to be a caring healer and strives to be a better husband and father. But his new outlook on life turns former friends into foes, and dislike co-workers in to friends. His fellow surgeon Murray, who wants Jack to lie under oath for him in a major malpractice case becomes an enemy when Jack refuses to testify on his behave at the trail. He also gains a new respect for Eli, an ear-nose-throat man he used to ridicule for his empathetic treatment of his patients, who performed the surgery to safe his ability to speak and voice. Through out the movie,...
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...Genetic testing is a scientific process in which an individual’s DNA can be screened for mutations or variations that may cause certain diseases or dysfunctions. It is my opinion that standard genetic testing for disease or the predisposition to disease is purely beneficial. Having clear answers as to whether or not a person may carry a higher risk for some diseases may in fact save their life, or the lives of their current or future children. However, over the years of development of the science, more and more controversial types of testing have developed. In this paper, the science of genetic testing will be introduced by going through a brief history, the different types of genetic testing available, as well as the controversies that surround them. History Genetic testing had a very positive and productive start. The first usage of Genetic Testing occurred over half a century ago, beginning with the testing of infants for PKU, or Phenylketonuria, “an inborn error of metabolism in which an amino acid buildup in the blood causes mental retardation.” (Lewis) To test infants, a drop of blood was taken from their heel while at the hospital after birth. If a child was found positive for PKU, dietary treatment was used to prevent loss of brain function. Testing was reliable and results were accurate. The disease being tested for was easily treatable, and every child that came through was tested without a problem. (Lewis) In the 1970’s, doctors began the process of testing...
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...The chronic disease that I have chosen to write about is breast cancer. Breast cancer is a group of cancer cells that starts in the cells of the breast. It is a malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. Now for females breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for them and can even happen for guys. This pertains to both genders males and females, who are born with some breast cells and tissue that can become a possibility where it can develop into cancer. But, for guys it is very rare for them to get breast cancer and with a number of guys that can get diagnosed with breast cancer each year is 2,190. Risk factors are anything that affects your chance of getting a disease like getting breast cancer. These are some risk factors of getting breast cancer like being young when you have your first period, having menopause at a very late age, by being older at the birth of your first child, being able to never give birth, not able to breast feed your child, getting older, having a family history of breast cancer being passed down to their children, being overweight can increase the risk for breast cancer after menopause, drinking alcohol more than once a day, and not getting any exercise for your body. But, if people did not know this risk factors do not tell us everything that we need to know which not every single detail is pertaining to that disease. Having a risk factor does not always mean that...
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...In this day and age, people of all races and sex’s, are becoming increasingly overweight. This main problem stems a number of medical and economical concerns as the “obese” continue to suffer greater probability of heart disease, high blood pressure, and reduced work productivity. It is obvious that this matter cannot continue lest the world be strained by easily averted medical disasters. I wholeheartedly believe that society would be better off without them and even better then that if they are put to use. Therefore I propose that anyone that is currently in the obese category, along with those that enter after my proposal take effect, shall be rounded up and put into work camps. When the obese first enter the camps, their weight shall be taken and recorded into official records for future use. After the check in process is complete, the workers will be delegated to a variety of manual labor jobs that would seem “unpleasant” to the average weight individual. The work itself will be beneficial to society. For example, employers will not have to pay reluctant workers by the hour to slack off most of the day but instead be able to train them for more skilled positions of the workforce. These now skilled average weight workers will prove more effective in society and thus contribute to a growing economy. Also, the manual labor will contribute to the better health of those obese. By getting into better shape, these individuals will reduce their risk of various medical conditions...
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