...Retributive justice has been a part of our criminal justice systems for decades, and is still very active today. This type of justice is the heart of all judicial systems that has to deal with law and order. Retributive approach to fairness is, for every crime that is committed the felon should be punished justly. It takes on the biblical principle, an eye for an eye, or a tooth for a tooth. As human beings it is only natural for us to want revenge upon our enemy. For example, a rape victim will more than likely want to see his or her attacker suffer. Or, a parent would want revenge for the one who killed their child. Under retributive justice strategy, it is essential that wrongdoers are really blameworthy of the wrongdoing for which a punishment...
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...women to leave without analyzing what is truly best for her and her family in that moment. A more effective method would be viewing and understanding victim-survivors as capable of making rational decisions in their best interest. To do so, we can consider and apply the rational choice theory to the choices and actions of victim-survivors. By doing so, these once incapable victims become thoughtful actors. Furthermore, if we can change the discourse at the individual level, it becomes much more possible to change the discourse at the policy level. An Institutional Lens By viewing IPV through an institutional framework, advocates, police, and lawmakers, can better understand the pillars of society that uphold and often perpetuates IPV. Through an institutional lens, regulative, normative, and cognitive structures are interwoven to create a complete system that provides stability to social behaviors dependent upon the institution in question (Walters, 2010). Individual actors help in constructing and maintaining it in a myriad of ways within a cyclical system—each structure works to legitimize and strengthen other structures within. By understanding this structure, a more effective policy can be created to combat IPV. Regulative structures that uphold the institution of IPV include formal rules, laws, and sanctions that achieve compliance among individuals, groups, and organizations within the institutional environment thus providing legitimization for the institution...
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...Heroes and Villains: Al Capone Heroes and Villains: Al Capone written by Diane Yancey was overall a fairly informative and intriguing account of his life. She explained how vice-like Al Capone's grip was on Chicago; together with its law enforcers and was capable of influencing the U.S. to repeal amendments. Not only did Yancey inform the reader Capone's smuggling and importation of liquor and other various items, but also prostitution, extortion, bribery, and violence,, but only after other means failed. She also didn't tell exclusively of his life throughout his fame, however additionally his childhood, education, and his beginning years as a malefactor/criminal. Additionally, she wrote concerning his life incarcerated, the legends and riches...
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...MEMORANDUM 4 To: Professor Charlotte Leskinen From: Group 5, International Business Law LLM (Daniela Pacino, Laura Kuenlen, Dima Al- Wazani, Enrique Adrien, Nghi Lam and Marina Miranda) Re: Analysis of Van Gen den Loos case Facts The case concerned Van Gend en Loos, a Dutch postal transportation company that imported a chemical product – ureaformldehyde - from West Germany to the Netherlands. The Dutch customs authorities charged them a tariff on the import, so Van Gen den Loos objected it violated the principle of the free movement and argued so that the tariff was contrary to the law of the Treaties. For instance, the company reported an infringement of Article 12 of the Treaty of Rome 12 – now Article 30 TFEU post-Lisbon -, which precisely banned the introduction of new custom duties and the increase of existing duties on the market. Van Gend en Loos therefore brought an action against the Dutch customs authorities and claimed reimbursement of the sum before the Tariefcommissie in Amsterdam, which is the highest court concerning taxes in the Netherlands. The Dutch Court however had doubt about the direct application of the mentioned article within the territory of a Member State, so decided to turn to the CJEU to obtain a preliminary ruling, in order to discover whether Article 12 could assist a private litigant before a national court. Issues * Whether a citizen of a Member State...
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...The death toll in the drug war reaches 6,844 in 2008 (CNN Library). The head of Los Zetas and head of Beltron were killed in gun battle in 2009 (CNN Library). High ranking members of Beltron, Gulf, Los Zetas, and Sinaloa are arrested or killed in 2010 (CNN Library). One of original founders of Los Zetas is captured, but FBI, CIA, ICE, and Navy members are killed by Los Zetas in 2011 (CNN Library). Four of Los Zetas’ high ranking enforces were captured by marines. Afterwards, the new leader of Zetas is killed in big shoot out with rival cartel and US marines. As a results the Zetas power is weakened (CNN Library). All of this occurred in 2012. The highest ranking enforcer in Zetas, Z-40 is captured with highest ranking member in of Gulf x-20...
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...resource means. Now according to "HR Certification Institute" (2010-2012), “Human Resources refers to the individuals and support systems within an organization responsible for personnel hiring and firing, applicant tracking, skills development, training, benefits administration, and compliance with government regulations. Management is all about managing people. All together human resource management means managing the availability of limited and scarce skilled people in the organization” (What is Human Resource Management). In order for the human resource manager to succeed within an organization, HRM has to understand the environment the work is done. The role of HRM is to; (1.) Be the enforcer, which means to make sure that everything is in compliance with state and federal and local laws. (2.) Be a compliance officer, by mitigating employee’s complaints. These can be anywhere from harassments to discrimination to wrongful discharge. (3.) Strategic partner is a new role that has come about within the HRM....
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...National Liberation Front, or FLN, attacking French soldiers and policemen as their first acts of aggression towards the French. As stated before, the soldiers and policemen in a colonized country are the ones that enforce the oppression upon the native people by quelling any attempts at liberation. This is backed by a scene in the film where the soldiers are placed in the Muslim section and proceed to frisk anybody coming or going. There are some French people who are simply worried for the Algerians and perturbed by the measures that the soldiers went to keep Algerians under France’s control. Although the French people’s concern for Algerians translates to the acceptance as Algeria being a country capable and passionate to be independent, the French military are the law enforcers for the government of France, who will not allow for Algeria to be free because they depend on it. It has become clear that these restless conflicts would lead into war between the Algerians and French. Was there ever a point where things could have been settled nonviolently between these two? The answer is yes, the two groups attempted to make a compromise, but they all ended in failure. One particular event was when the FNL urged the Algerians to start a strike and group together in the Muslim section of Algeria to get the attention of the United Nations. Instead of reaching a peaceful solution, the French instead took the opportunity to take prisoners in to find the leaders of the FNL which ended...
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...Chapter 12 suggested answers 1. It has been said that Porter’s five-forces analysis turns antitrust law on its head. What do you think this means? Antitrust laws are intended to protect, promote competition and to push industry profits towards competitive floor in order to resist market dominance. Porter’s five forces model reflects that an industry has absolute market power if threat of entrants and substitutes are low along with weak bargaining power among suppliers and buyers, and if industry is not competitive. 2. Comment on the following: All of wisdom contained in the five-forces framework is reflected in the economic identity: Profit = (Price – Average Cost) x Quantity [π = (P-AC) x Q] Porters all five competitive forces affect the variables in equation: (1) Rivals: If competition within industry is high, profit π will be lower due to lower P . (2) Entry: If barriers to market entry are weak, new entrants in industry will boost competition, reducing P in order to avert market entry. Or new competitors will increase supply (Q), driving P & π down. In addition to this, firms operating at full capacity will be left with only choice of raising P to maximize π. (3) Substitutes: Availability of substitute goods can limit price level P, so as to deter buyers from switching to substitute product or service. (4) Suppliers: High bargaining power of suppliers can cause firm’s AC to increase, as a result driving Q down. (5) Buyers: Buyer’s high market...
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...should know that they feel pain; that they feel cold and hot; that they have emotions just like people do. She also informed me that certain organizations prefer that no person owned any animals; because, animals need to be free and in their natural habitat. However, she believes that anyone should be able to own a pet, as long as they can care and provide for it. In the article “Tool use” (2015), it focuses in the idea that animals also have cognitive capabilities, using tools was once a characteristic that separated humans from animals, but today animals are also using tools, animals such as monkeys, baboons, parrots, etc. Therefore, animals do deserve rights to protect them against abuse, allowing them to live better; animals are capable of sentience, thus their welfare must be taken into consideration. Abraham Lincoln said “I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.” Animals are in many important ways like humans. Animal rights purpose is to avoid causing animals unnecessary suffering. Every day in countries around the world, animals are fighting for their lives, they are enslaved, beaten, and kept in chains to make them perform for sake of entertainment. They are restricted to tiny cages, burned, blinded, poisoned, and cut up alive, they are electrocuted, strangled, and skinned alive, in the name of science or fashion. Animal’s rights should always be protected, even when doing so is bothersome personally and not easy...
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...The Motherland is divided into nine regions throughout the Midwest…The regions are further broken down into chapters, and below the bigger chapters, sections. Each chapter is governed by a uniform set of officers. They include the Inca (roughly, equivalent of a president), cacique (vice president), enforzador (enforcer), tesorero (treasurer), secretario (secretary), and investigador (investigator). Incas and caciques are elected by chapter members to terms of indefinite office. They appoint the other officers. (p.244) The Latin Kings are one of the most organized street gangs, with Coronas who elect Incas to oversee all the activities going on in the gang; they also have members in charge of enforcement, money, and security of the gang. Their specific roles in the gang insures the continuity of leadership. The Latin Kings also have meeting where they initiate new members and punish those that have gone against the gang for any reason and as well as discussing everything else going on in the gang. According to Sanchez...
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...unsafe" (136). By making a great, youthful and solid character like Harrison, Vonnegut demonstrates that there will dependably be a contradicting power in any world, regardless of how much the government tries to adjust its nationals to its radical principles, and that there will dependably be somebody to force and execute those standards for example, "...the Handicapper General, a lady named Diana Moon Glampers"(135). Diana Moon Glampers is the Handicapper General and enforcer of all things normal. She is the one who requires above-average people to be handicapped, but average is really, really low. She is a symbol because she is the representative of the laws and what is average. People believe in her because of her mediocrity. When she shoots Harrison, it reinforces the idea of average-ness, and the citizens faith in their laws. George believes in the current laws, and while Harrison defies them, he is ultimately shot down by the Handicapper General, reinforcing the strength of the new laws. "Harrison Bergeron," while loaded with dim topics, is additionally brimming with humor, which makes Vonnegut's not kidding message both simpler to process and all the more severe. Practically every terrible occasion in "Harrison Bergeron" is joined by a shrewd joke or snapshot of despairing parody. For instance, the storyteller clarifies that ballet performers are burdened and conceal to shroud their softness and magnificence. This profoundly evil picture is raised when we...
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...Juvenile Delinquency and the Adult Court System Soc. 321 Juvenile Delinquency February 21, 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Social Norms in Society 4 The founding father 4 Gangs 4 Juvenile Delinquent 5 Juvenile Justice 5 Juvenile Prosecution 6 Waivers 7 Factors for Waivers ...
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...become educated things changed tremendously. In a classroom setting there are different instruments used for learning such as, chalk boards, art supplies, books, etc. These items do not necessarily shape the gender, but the students use them in different ways. Boys are said to participate more in class than girls and show more interest in math and competitive learning. Boys interact more in the classroom than girls and it is said that they have more confidence (Sapiro, 2003). In classrooms there are also décor that enhances the learning experiences of the students. For instance, a history class usually has pictures of famous people that have made or been a part of history. There may be pictures up of men more than women because of the laws that clearly separated different actions regarding both genders. Learning about history may help the female students oftoday; this may make the girls...
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...CRIME AND DEIVIANCE – Table of Sociologists GENDER | Sociologist | What they said | Heidensohn | - Women’s behaviour is conformist- Control at home – housework and childcare impose severe restrictions on women’s time- Control in public – women fear the threat of male violence against them- Control at work – kept in place by male supervisors and managers- Females are treated more harshly than males when they deviate from gender norms e.g. double standards – courts punish girls for premature or promiscuous sexuality activity- 4/5 convicted offenders in England and Wales are male- By 40 9% of females had a conviction against 32% of males- Males are more likely to be reoffenders | Pollak | Men have a protective attitude towards women and so the criminal justice system is more lenient with women | Carlen | When women are jailed, it is less for ‘the seriousness of their crimes and more according to the court’s assessment of them as wives, mothers and daughters’- Women are lead to conformity:Class Deal –women who work will be offered material rewards with a decent standard of living and leisure opportunitiesGender Deal – patriarchal ideology promises women material gain and emotional rewards from family life by conforming to a domestic gender role | Parsons | Gender roles in the traditional nuclear family cause crime boys are encouraged to be tough, aggressive and risk taking so are more likely to take advantage of criminal opportunities when they arise | Dobash and...
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...Use of Force by Police in Law Enforcement Name Institution Professor Course Date Abstract This paper seeks to explore the use of force among police officers in law enforcement in urban cities and how it relates with common variables regarding police officers. Some of the police variables that will be discussed include race, education, experience, age. These variables will be comprehensively studied so as to ascertain if there exists any relationship among these variables and use of force among police office in law enforcement. Introduction The use of force presents one of the most controversial sectors of law enforcement in any given society. Recent developments have escalated concern about police use of force. These ranges from properly publicized occurrences involving accusations of excessive force to the inception of violent policing whose frequent emphasis is on zero tolerance law enforcement. The kind of police actions that most provoke public concern include fatal shootings, severe beatings with fists or batons that result in hospitalization of the victims, choke holds that cause oblivion or even death. The use of force by law enforcement personnel is permitted by law under certain circumstances such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group of persons (Barrett 2008). Law enforcement officers receive direction from their respective agencies on when to apply force during law enforcement, but there exists no universal set of regulations...
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