...of influence’; ‘expanding Communism’. The traditional, or orthodox, view of the Cold War is that it started because of Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe after WWII. The orthodox view places blame for the Cold War firmly on the Soviets, and claims that the mutual buildup of arms, the espionage, and all the other stuff was just the West responding to the Soviets enlarging their area of influence and exercising influence on the governments behind the Iron Curtain. However, Stalin stated precisely that his desire was to create security for the Soviet Union, based on previous invasions from the West, especially from Germany, who crippled the country twice. It was merely a case of USA versus the Soviet Union, and Britain playing more of a supporting role for the US. The ideologies in conflict were Communism versus Capitalism/democracy, again between the two huge superpowers. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that personalities had been the prime cause. Before Truman became president and Attlee Prime Minister, Churchill and Roosevelt were in post. They were considerably easy with Stalin, and were willing to make ‘arrangements’ to meet his needs. And by many this was considered dangerous for Western countries as the threat of communism was potential. Thus, Truman became president and was much tougher in his approach (similarly Attlee), and according to post-revisionists, he was caused the Cold war to develop. Truman was determined to contain Communism as much as possible, and not...
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...Communism versus Capitalism A capitalist government is better than a communist government for many reasons. The basic concepts of communism and capitalism contrast quite sharply. In communism, everyone is equal; therefore everyone receives the same amount of income. Communist societies are made up of one large state instead of many different states. All means of production and property are owned by the large state. The basic concepts of capitalism are quite different. There are many social classes, therefore not everyone is equal. People earn different amounts of income based on their job. People are allowed to own land and the means of production are not controlled by the government. Companies are able to raise or lower prices of items depending on whether they are high in demand as well. Communist societies have many strengths. They have a very strong army, there is free health care for everyone when it is needed, and there is no poverty. Everyone also has a job, food, a house, and an education. Jobs are administered to people based on their skill and the government makes decisions that are beneficial to the state. Although communist societies have many strengths, capitalist societies have many strengths that communist societies do not obtain. Anybody is able to be an owner of their own business and is able to become wealthy. Capitalist societies have freedom of choice which allows them to be different. People can think what they want to think instead of being forced...
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...was always striving to be the more superior country. The two countries did not trust one another based on their different views of the world, capitalism versus communism. The United States pushed for capitalism and democracy through out the world, while the Soviet Union felt that communism was better politics because it would enhance their economy and up their status. This relationship gave birth to their clash known as The Cold War, in which the USSR tried to spread their ideas about government and socialist economy, while The United States tried to contain it. In 1946, G.F. Kennan, and American Diplomat stationed in Moscow, wrote the Long Telegram that gave an outline on his views about the Soviet Union. Shortly before it was scribed and sent to Washington, the U.S. Treasury questioned the U.S. Embassy in Moscow about why the Soviet’s were not in support of the new World Bank. This is what prompted Kennan to write the telegram. In it he tells that the Soviet Union does not seek “peaceful coexistence” between communism and capitalism, that according to them capitalism was untrustworthy and could not influence the USSR. He also wrote of their other views, and how they desired to go about their expansion of communism, but the overall theme was that according to the Soviet Union communism was the answer and must be spread and capitalism must fall. In the last section of the telegram, Kennan tells of the Soviet’s weakness to force and also made a proposal for U.S. strategy. This...
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...M2: Complete Communism as the Negation of the Negation (EPM 102; 113-114) Commentary Throughout his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Karl Marx makes a strong argument for communism as a means for human kind to realize its true nature and essence. In short: communism is what is “right” for mankind, through the annulment of private property, as the genuine resolution of conflict between man and nature, and between man and man. Under the existing socioeconomic structure, our natural urges and desires are despised as we are forced to conform to a set means of living in order to financially be sustainable. Through this capitalist process, we are forced to reject our own bodies as the frailties of flesh. According to Marx, this...
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...Capitalism vs. socialism: the great debate revislted October 11 Civics CHV2D1-02 Capitalism versus socialism : the great debate revislted Page1 -debate between two isms, soicalism and capitalism are far from over. -International agencies porvide hard evidenceto discuss these 2 isms -comparisons between before and after the important events of capitalism in Europe and comparison of excommunist countries provide us with enough fact which provides us with definate conclusions -Under communism ->economic decisons/property owned by national/publicly -over the past 15 years of the transition to capitalism-> basic industries taken over by European/Us corporations and by mafia billionaires or have been shut down -In bulgaria, Rumania and some other countries, their average capita growth over the past 15 years -> far below compared to 15 years under communism. -In Armenia, the number of scientific researchers -> 20000 to 5000 in 5 years(1990-1995) Page2 -By the mid 1990s, over 50% of population lived in poverty,homelessness in Russia(Capitalist). Economy = privatized ->taken over by russian gangsters (which was led by billinaire). -the transition to capitalism in russia led to over 15million premature deaths (which would not have happened if they remained as socialism). -intro of capitalism has weaken the system of public health ->caused death/ infectious disease -The big contributor to the AIDS ->russian criminal gangs (trade in heroin and...
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...Edexcel A2 Political Ideologies 3 Socialism A Short-answer questions 1 Why did Marx believe that capitalism was doomed to collapse? • Capitalism is doomed to collapse because of its own internal contradictions. • Capitalism embodies its own antithesis, the proletariat, seen by Marx as the ‘gravedigger’ of capitalism. • Capitalism is defined by the creation of profit. This is only possible by the exploitation of the proletariat — that is, by the extraction of surplus value from the workers by the bourgeoisie. • Marx believed that the inherent contradictions of capitalism would cause the proletariat to achieve revolutionary class consciousness. This would occur as capitalism went through a series of deepening crises, leading to the immiseration of the proletariat. This would inevitably result in a proletarian revolution which was destined to overthrow capitalism. 2 Distinguish between fundamentalist and revisionist socialism. • Fundamentalist socialism rejects capitalism entirely and seeks to abolish it. It usually attributes the flaws of capitalism to private property for private profit, and seeks to establish socialism in the form of common ownership and very substantial equality of outcome. The Marxist or communist tradition is the clearest example of fundamentalist socialism. However, some fundamentalists pursue their goals by the parliamentary road — i.e. it is possible to be ‘fundamentalist democrats’ in the parliamentary sense. Eurocommunists...
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...The industrial revolution its effects and the communist theory Western Governors University A. The industrial revolution and its consequences The industrial revolution had significant consequences as it negatively impacted the lives of many. Long hours of work reduced a factory workers quality of life and greed revoked its value. Women who once worked happily from home now worked long laborious hours in a factory. They were usually given low skilled position as well as the lowest paying jobs. A normal day for a workingwomen usually consisted of about ten hours of labor in a factory and later countless hours at home completing their traditional duties. Not only were women working twice as much as they once did many also had to endure double the bulling as they now had to answer to both their boss and a husband. Not only was the quality of life for women reduced but also that of men and children since they as well no longer had time for many of life’s simple pleasures, as they too spent a large portion of their life working. The industrial revolution also caused the value of human life to plummet. Children no longer completed small tasks at home but worked just as long hours in a factory and were usually exploited by their bosses. They were at times given dangerous tasks to complete such as unjamming textile machines. Textile owners understood that if the child wasn’t swift enough they were at risk of a traumatic injury or death. Rather than turn off a machine and lose...
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...and market forms.[13]Non-market socialism involves the substitution of factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based oncalculation performed in-kind, thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws than those of capitalism. Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system.[22] By contrast, market socialism retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets, and, in some cases, the profit motive with respect to the operation of socially-owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend.[23][24][25] The feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. The socialist political movement includes a diverse array of political philosophies that originated amid the revolutionary movements of the mid-to-late 1700s out of general concern for the social problems that were associated with capitalism.[10] In addition to the debate over markets...
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...Sociology 100 – Key theorists Bauman, Zygmunt (1925– ) A Polish-born sociologist who was expelled by the Communist government of Poland and dismissed from Warsaw University. He left Poland in 1968, working in Israel (and briefly in Australia) and then in Britain, at Leeds University. Bauman is a prolific and highly influential writer whose work extends beyond academic sociology. His study of contemporary ‘liquid’ society and postmodernity, and the ethical and moral consequences of living in such a society, have made him one of the most influential social theorists of modern times. Liquid society – postmodernity, ethics and moral consequences. Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002) A French sociologist and anthropologist whose work attempted to deal with how people contribute to their own domination. Developing the concepts of ‘habitus’, ‘cultural capital’, and ‘field’, Bourdieu examined processes of subordination and resistance in a number of areas of social life, including education, art, literature, language, television, and the globalised economy. Bourdieu’s most famous book is Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1984). Globalised economy, subordination and resistance in social life. ‘Culture capital’ Burke, Edmund (1729–97) An English politician and writer, often seen as the father of modern conservatism for his hostile reaction to the chaos and violence of the French Revolution. For many, his defence of tradition and individual liberty is...
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...In a way, communism is an extreme form of socialism. Many countries have dominant socialist political parties but very few are truly communist. In fact, most countries - including staunch capitalist bastions like the U.S. and U.K. - have government programs that borrow from socialist principles. "Socialism" is sometimes used interchangeably with "communism" but the two philosophies have some stark differences. Most notably, while communism is a political system, socialism is primarily an economic system that can exist in various forms under a wide range of political systems. Comparison chart | |Communism |Socialism | |Philosophy |From each according to his ability, to each according to |From each according to his ability, to each according to| | |his needs. Free-access to the articles of consumption is |his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed | | |made possible by advances in technology that allow for |among the society or workforce to complement individual | | |super-abundance. |wages/salaries. | |Economic System |The means of production are held in common, negating the |The means of production are owned by public enterprises | | |concept of ownership in...
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...Communism vs. Capitalism In Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto, he describes the Communists as the party that "fights for the interests of the working class"(136), while in a Capitalist society, the "living person is dependent and has no individuality-----only capital is dependent and has individuality"(84). That is not the case of today's society once you take a closer view at the comparison and contrast of communist Vietnam versus the democratic United States of America through their economy systems, educational systems, judicial systems, and the life style of their citizens in general. In a capitalist, democratic nation such as the U.S., freedom gives us just about everything and anything that the Vietnamese do not have under their communist government. Contrary to what Karl Marx has written in his manifesto, the living people of a capitalist nation (i.e. USA) of today are more independent and possess more individualities than ever. Economic-wise, Americans are the most progressive people in the world. The U.S. government is not directing the flow of its economy, but the individual businesses of its people are. These people have all the rights in the world to improve their businesses, as long as they are conducting them under the legal guidelines of the government. Such freedom in a capitalist society gives the Americans much greater advantages over the Vietnamese in improving economic conditions. When we touch upon the subject of education, only eighty percent...
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...Czech Republic and Vietnam Communism: Past Versus Modern Keith Leung 7-1 January 10th 2014 Communism is a political thinking ideology. Communism has been used by various nations not only in the past, but also now. Changing to another government system is a tough choice. Countries have to be able to observe the stability and the economic growth rate of the system. Both Vietnam and Czechoslovakia (Now Known as the Czech Republic) “are” and “were” communists. After the velvet revolution in 1989, the communist party in Czech Republic has been thrown out and lost its power of influence ever since. Conversely, Vietnam has still remained a communist country since 1945. The communist party has been developed after World War 2 in both Vietnam and Czech Republic. World War 2 has a great impact on both countries. In the late 18th century, the Vietnamese had become a French colony due to the invasion. The French had constructed a lot of infrastructures in Vietnam such as the Saigon to Hanoi railway. The French had heavy tax for everything in the country. Eventually, the Vietnamese wanted freedom and independence. So in 1925, Ho Chi Minh established the Revolutionary youth league from China. 5 years later in 1930, this evolved to be the VCP (Vietnamese Communist Party). Similarly, After World War 2, the sovereignty of Czech Republic generally went to the Communist Party. At the same time, some two million Germans were expelled from their own country and the Nazis confiscated all...
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...Big Business Corporatism Versus Free Market Capitalism Right now, there is a lot of talk about the evils of “capitalism”. But it is not really accurate to say that we live in a capitalist system. Rather, what we have in the United States today, and what most of the world is living under, is much more accurately described as “corporatism”. Under corporatism, most wealth and power is concentrated in the hands of giant corporations and big government is used as a tool by these corporations to consolidate wealth and power even further. In a corporatist system, the wealth and power of individuals and small businesses is dwarfed by the overwhelming dominance of the corporations. Eventually, the corporations end up owning almost everything and they end up dominating nearly every aspect of society. As you will see below, this very accurately describes the United States of America today. Corporatism is killing this country, and it is not what our founding fathers intended. Corporatism is actually not too different from socialism or communism. They are all “collectivist” economic systems. Under corporatism, wealth and power are even more highly concentrated than they are under socialism or communism, and the truth is that none of them are “egalitarian” economic systems. Under all collectivist systems, a small elite almost always enjoys most of the benefits while most of the rest of the population suffers.The Occupy Wall Street protesters realize that our economic system is...
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...The Marshall Plan and its Legacy The Marshall Plan, which pumped $13.3 billion into the European economy between 1948 and 1952, was probably the most effective piece of lasting cultural propaganda of the twentieth century, despite stiff opposition from the Nazis and the Rise and Fall of Soviet Communism, and the possible eventual winner of the Chinese version of Communism. Learning from the mistakes of the First World War, when the allies of America, principally France sabotaged Woodrow Wilson’s dream of a League of Nations, President Truman ensured that not only did Europe re-emerge as a strong economic force, but that American culture has been the dominant force in the world ever since . The Plan was named after the Secretary of State of the time, General George Catlett Marshall, who was army chief of staff in World War II, Secretary of State 1947–49, and Secretary of Defence from September 1950–September 1951. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1953 for launching the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery in June 1947. However, James Reston, among others has suggested that maybe the Acheson Plan would have been more appropriate name. Acheson was working in the State Department with Marshall and the internal memos certainly give a clearer indication of the aims of the plan than the rather toothless speech that Marshall made at Harvard in June 1947 to launch the program. An anonymous scribe in the Department outlined the aims of the programme succinctly...
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...September 11th attacks, there was a feeling of paranoia felt throughout America similar to the paranoia felt during the Cold War. Americans did not feel safe, and an attack could come at any time. The fight on the home front looked different during the Cold War and the War on Terrorism. During the Cold War there was more of a correlation between fighting Communism, and buying consumer goods. During the war on terrorism Americans were asked to give up some of their rights in order to maintain their safety. There is an abundance of similarities between the Cold War and the War and Terror. In Echoes of the Cold War, Elaine Tyler May says, “The war against terrorism, like the struggle against Communism, defines the enemy as a worldwide conspiracy…with operatives infiltrating the United States.” In both wars, America was not just fighting a group of people; America was also fighting an idea. In the Cold war, America was fighting of Communism. The USA believed they were truly free, and that in order for other countries to be truly free they had to embrace capitalism and consumerism. America tried to spread capitalism to Vietnam and Korea by fighting in those countries, similarly to how America tried to bring Democracy to Iraq and Afghanistan. In the War on Terrorism, the idea that America was fighting was the idea of Terrorism. America was fighting a group of people who hated us because we were free. Their reasoning for disliking the American way was similar to the Communists’...
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