...Constitutive structural defense is achieved by constituents of cutin, waxes, and Suberin • Cutin o A macromolecule, a polymer consisting of many long-chain fatty acids (16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids with OH) o Component of cuticle, increase resistance; however, its thickness is not always correlated with resistance • Waxes o Not macromolecules, but complex mixtures of long-chain acyl lipids. o Forms a water-repellent surface and thereby prevent the formation of a film of water on which pathogens might be deposited and germinate (fungi) or multiply (bacteria). • Suberin o Polymer whose structure is poorly understood. o A principle component of outer cell walls of all underground organs and is associated with the cork cells of the periderm, the tissue that forms the outer bark of stems and roots during secondary growth of woody plants. o Suberin also forms at sites of leaf abscission and in areas damaged by disease or wounding. Pre-existing (passive or constitutive) structural defense mechanisms is the first line of defence in plants is present in its surface. Several characters of the plants surface function as barriers to penetration which pathogen must breach to enter the host. The pathogens enter the plant host by penetrating...
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...Plant Cell (Photosynthesis) versus Solar Cell Regina D. Parker October 31, 2010 Three ways a plant cell and solar cell are similar and different to each other is that plant cells and solar cells both convert sunlight into energy. In the case of plants it is chemical energy for solar cell; it is electricity. Plants use organic processes but solar cells use inorganic semiconductors.[i] Plant cells are different from the cells of most other organisms. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and surrounded by a rigid cell wall made from cellulose. They have a large central vacuole that takes up most of the cell and if they carry out photosynthesis, the plant cells will have chloroplasts. Plants have three types of tissues that are made up of different types of cells. Surface which is tissue forms the protective outer layer covering the plant, fundamental are only composed of one type of cell and are grouped based on the level of thickness of the cell wall, and vascular tissues are complex tissues that consist of more than one type of cell. Solar cells usually operate better under concentrated light. This has led to the development of a range of approaches using mirrors or lenses to focus light on to specially designed cells and use heat sinks, or active cooling of the cells, to dissipate the large amount of heat that is generated. Unlike conventional flat plate PV arrays, concentrator systems require direct sunlight and will not...
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...temperatures the bag that had 40% NaCl concentration added more water faster than the 15% concentration. Every experimental bag increased in weight, but they did not increase at the same rate. According to our data graph, the concentration of NaCl that would be isotonic to the contents of the potato cells would be around 0.30%. The only concentration that was hypotonic to the potato cells was the 0% concentration of NaCl, in which water rushed into the cell. The 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and the 3.0% were all hypertonic, because water left the potato cells due to the concentrations of NaCl. The turgor pressure was greatest in the 0% solution due to the outward push the extra water molecules put on the cell wall. The 3.0% solution had the least amount of turgor pressure, because more of the water already in the cells rushed out, leaving the cell wall not as rigid. In the 0.6% NaCl solution, the cells were more withered and misshapen as water rushed out of these cells due the increase in concentration of NaCl in the environment. Hemolysis occurred when pure water was added, due to the water entering the cells causing them to expand. Crenation occurred at the 2.0% when water would leave the cells and cause them to shrivel. My hypothesis was that the 40% concentration at 55 degrees Celsius would have...
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...place. In order to be able to observe the colony morphology of both Archaea, they were grown on an agar surface that allowed them to form colonies of characteristic colour and appearance. In order to observe the physiology of both Archaea on the effect of salt concentration, pH, and temperature, they needed to be placed on agar plates and incubated for two weeks. Being incubated for two weeks, allowed the halophilic archaeal cultures to grow. The objective of this experiment was to determine the morphological and biochemical characteristics along with the growth requirements of the halophilic Archaeans; Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 and Haloferax volcanii DS2. Introduction The domain, Archaea, possesses prokaryotic cells and has a cell wall that contains no peptidoglycan. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence of molecular regions. Archaea usually live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles. One reason for this is that the ether-containing linkages in the Archaea membranes are more stable and are able to withstand higher temperatures and stronger acid concentrations. The other two domains of life are Bacteria and Eukarya. Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya domains, the Archaea domain has membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains that are attached to glycerol by ether...
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...material independently during the summer, it is expected that you have a solid understanding of these basic concepts for the start of this course. Prepare any specific questions that you may have. Again, this is an independent review and you will be expected to know these concepts for future use and assessment. This introductory material will not be covered in detail during class time. Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1. Explain the importance of a biological hierarchy in terms of biological organization. 2. Why must scientists study the interactions of organisms with each other and the environment? 3. Comment on the relationship between structure and function in biology. 4. How specifically is the cell life’s basic unit of structure and function? 5. What is the significance of DNA to organisms? 6. Explain the basic concept of a biological feedback system. How does it work? 7. Explain briefly how life’s vast organisms are classified. Give the basic ideas. Make sure to include domains in your discussion. 8. Explain Darwin’s mechanism of evolutionary adaptation called natural selection. 9. Explain why “editing” is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a population’s heritable variations. 10. Why do “science” and “inquiry” fit so...
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...G. ROOT BARRIER. This layer prevents plant roots from reaching and penetrating the waterproofing membrane or insulation if there are any. Plants with aggressive root barriers usually penetrate the membrane in search of moisture. H. PROTECTION BOARD. The protection board is used to prevent any damage to the membrane until all essential components are installed. According to Tolderlund (2010), membranes are usually made of durable materials that are water resistant and have a thickness of between 1/8 - ¼ inches. I. WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE. This is the most important member in the green roof as it prevents water from entering the building. According to G. Wark, (2003), “a green roof can be installed with any kind of waterproofing system, but single-ply membranes have become very popular in recent years and are specified by nearly all green roof companies for their cost effectiveness and simplicity. As such, the waterproofing layer is typically assumed to be a membrane”. ___ _ TYPES OF GREEN ROOFS There are two main types of green roofs; Intensive and Extensive. I. INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF According to Dinsdale et al (2006), Intensive roofs are usually more than 15 cm deep. This allow for the planting of larger plants like shrubs and even trees. This thickness of growing media, can be very heavy therefore, the structural integrity of the building which will carry this green roof will need to be considered first before this installation takes place or such consideration are made during...
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...lipid | unsaturated fatty acid | 8. carbohydrate | Glucose | | | Part B. Identify the specific molecule (use the above terms) from each description. Some terms may be used more than once. 16. lipids provides long-term energy storage for animals 17. carbohydrate provides immediate energy 18. lipids sex hormones 19. carbohydrate provides short-term energy storage for plants 20. protein animal and plant structures 21. lipids forms the cell membrane of all cells 22. protein speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy 23. carbohydrate one sugar 24. protein (amino acids) monomer of proteins 25. carbohydrate provides long-term energy storage for plants 26. lipids steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes 27. *glycerol (see above) 3-carbon “backbone” of a fat 28. carbohydrate provides short-term energy storage for animals 29. carbohydrate many sugars 30. carbohydrate forms the cell wall of plant cells Part C. Which specific molecule (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, cellulose) is each food mostly made of? 31. starch | almond | 39. cellulose | celery | 32. cellulose | spinach | 40. starch | soy...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE MAY 2014 FHSB 1214 BIOLOGY I TUTORIAL 1 BASIC MOLECULES OF CELLS I Instructor’s Guide: 1. Standard answers are not encouraged. Discuss with the students and lead them to the correct answer. 2. Allow and push the students to express and explain the answers, at the same time, correct their mistakes or concepts. 3. If the tutorial questions are not yet covered in the lecture, it should be carried forward to the next tutorial. __________________________________________________________________________________ (Source: Final examination, Sept 2013) Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the molecular structure of lactose (a disaccharide). [pic] Figure 1.1 i) Lactose can be broken down into its monomers by addition of water. Based on Figure 1.1, draw the molecular structure of the monomers. (2 marks) (ii) Name TWO (2) monomers referring above in part (i). (2 marks) (b) Figure 1.2 shows three different types of polysaccharides, B, C and D. Based on Figure 1.2, answer the following questions. [pic] Figure 1.2 i) Identify polysaccharides B and C. (2 marks) ii) Name the shape of polysaccharide D. (1 mark) iii) Compare and contrast polysaccharide C and D in terms of their monomer, shapes and functions. (3 marks) (Source: Final examination...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...7. Growth: the increase in size of an organism that results from the synthesis and organization of materials into new substances and structures. 8. Reproduction: the ability of living things to produce more of their own kind. It is essential to species, but not individual organism. Organelles | Functions | Cell wall | Protects and supports plant cell and maintains shape. | Cell membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of cell | Nuclear membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of the nucleus | Cytoplasm | Provides an organized watery environment in which life functions take place by means of organelles contained in it. | Endoplasmic reticulum | Provides channels through which transport of materials occurs in cytoplasm. | Golgi bodies | Packages secretions for discharge from the cell | Ribosome | Sites for protein synthesis | Vacuoles | Storage sacs fro water, dissolved materials, and wastes; maintain internal pressure of cell | Chloroplast | Continual chlorophyll in green plant cells; act as sites for food manufacture | Nucleolus | Contains centrioles that function during reproduction of animal cells |...
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...Life 120 Lab #1 “Cell Structure and Function And Movement of Materials across Cell Membranes” 1-20-15 Plant Cell Structure Abstract: In cells, water will move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This was addressed by observing the changes in cells as they were surrounded by NaCl solution and later by a water solution. The results support our hypothesis and show that the composition of the surroundings has a visible (under a microscope) effect on the shape and structure of each individual cell. As the NaCl concentration increased, water rushed out of the cells and caused them to pull away from the wall while as the water concentration increased water rushed into the cells and caused them to swell. Introduction: The “big problem” that is being addressed is the change in a cell’s structure when surrounded by different concentrations of solutions. It is known that substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, but to validate this knowledge, we must observe the change in a cell from its “normal” state with the addition of solutions. Questions that must be answered are what affect a different NaCl solution has on plant cells as compared to water? The hypothesis being tested in this report is that when a plant cell is introduced to a NaCl solution, the water in the cells will move out to an area of low concentration, thereby altering the shape of the cell. This directly relates to the key question. Materials...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE MAY 2015 FHSC1214 FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL BIOLOGY TUTORIAL 1 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES I Student’s Guide for Tutorial: At university level, the tutor facilitates student learning without spoon-feeding. Therefore, you are expected to: * Read your textbook, attempt the questions before the tutorial * You may enter the class and sign your attendance after showing your tutor that all tutorial questions have been completed; even if you don’t know how to do, write something - you’re not advised to leave answers blank in the finals. * Write answers on board if you wish to receive tutor feedback (no answer, no feedback) * Be independent: consult textbooks or dictionaries on your own first before asking the tutor * All questions are compulsory. 1 mark may reflect 1 answer point. (No half mark is awarded in the finals marks) [Source: Final Examination for Jan 2015] Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the structure of a polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. Figure 1.1 Based on Figure 1.1, answer the following questions. (i) Name the polysaccharide shown in Figure 1.1 and identify bond A and bond B respectively. (3 marks) (ii) State TWO(2) principle organs in human where the polysaccharide shown in Figure 1.1 is stored. (2 marks) (iii) Describe how the structure...
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...Change in Potato Cells Due to the Effects of Osmosis (AYE YO POTATO! HOW MUCH OSMOLARITY YOU GOT?) Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the osmolarity of a potato. Osmolarity is defined as the solute concentration expressed as molarity. Lerner and Lerner (2008) define osmosis as the movement of water across a membrane that is selectively permeable. Osmosis is important in plant cells because it plays a role in regulating guard cells, which are cells that are on the surface of a plant’s leaves and control the opening of the stoma. When the stoma is open, it increases the water movement out of the plant by a process called transpiration. When there is a shortage of water, the guard cells well get smaller and close the stomata, and the transpiration process will move slower. The osmolarity would be tested with solute concentrations ranging from 0.0 M to 0.6 M. The concentrations increased 0.1 M each time and the solute used was sucrose. The goal of this experiment was to determine which concentration had the least effect on the potato after being incubated. This information helped us estimate the osmolarity of the potato tuber tissue. Our group hypothesis is that the osmolarity of the potato will have the concentration with the 0.1 M solution. This hypothesis is based off the predicted outcome that smaller molarity concentrations will have the least effect on the potato. The more solute added to a solution decreases the concentration of water in most cases (Kosinski)...
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...- Plants as a Source of Biochemicals * medicinal uses - Plants as a Source of Fuel biofuels a fuel that is produced from renewable biological sources - Plants and Erosion Control - Plants, Recreational and Ecotourism 13.2 - The Vascular Plant Body - Plant Classification : Vascular vs. Non Vascular - Vascular Plant Systems : Shoot System (above ground): the stems and leaves of a plant; stems: bear structural support and, in some cases perform photosynthesis leaves: specialized for photosynthesis Root System (below ground): the roots of a plant roots: anchors the plant and absorbs the water and mineral nutrients the plant needs - Anatomy of Plant Cell: *chloroplast*vacuole*cell wall - Plant Cells 1. Parenchyma (mature=alive): - spherical shape - cell walls flatten when packed...
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...Cell Structure and Function AbstractThis report is about cell structure and function. The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are madeof cells. By doing this lab, I hoped to learn how a cell looked and how it functioned. I also wanted toknow the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Introduction The concept of this lab is producing a replica of an animal cell, and a plant cell. Producing the models of the cells helps to provide a better understanding of each cell and its contents also, to explore thedifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory states that all cells reproduce new cells,while passing their genetic information. In addition, cells make up all living things, metabolize energyand that the chemical make-up of cells is similar. The objectives for this lab are to gather the materials,which include gelatin packs, plastic bags, water, Tupperware, bowls, and some small various householditems. The other objectives are preparing the gelatin as directed, gathering the household items that willserve as cell organelles, pouring the gelatin in the bag and placing the items in the plastic bags. Thenplace the cell replicas in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Results After twenty-four hours, I removed the cell replicas from the refrigerator and observed them. They didnot look exactly like I planed but they were understandable. Discussion Replicating the cell structures provides better understand the structure and...
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