...Property Crimes Case Study # 49 Applied Managerial Statistics: GM533 Virginia Davis, Lauren Holder, Stanley Philip and Andrea Watson Executive Summary The Property Crimes study examined data provided by various U.S. government agencies on crime rates in the fifty U.S. states. Other data studied were eight possible contributing factors such as per capita income, high school dropout rate, average precipitation, population density, and urbanization. Analysis revealed, of the eight possible contributing factors, three of those variables (urbanization rate, high school dropout rate and population density) affected property crime rates. Of the given data, the model accounted for approximately 66% of the contributing factors associated with property crimes. Statistically, the data is generally considered to be strong, however, to account for the remaining 34% of factors contributing to property crime rates in the U.S., further data and evaluation of other possible factors would be necessary. Introduction Property crime, as defined by the U.S. Department of Justice (2011), is the taking of money or property without force or threat to victims and is inclusive of the following offenses: burglary; automotive theft, larceny and arson. An exception to the rule is arson, although it does not involve the taking of property, it does use force against victims. Additionally, crime is defined as an act of violence that is carried out by one or more individuals and can be toward another...
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...Head: Case 49 Property Crimes Andrea K. Wallace GM533 Professor Beintema Keller Graduate School of Management October 16, 2011 Executive Summary After examining the eight variables that attribute to property crimes, the three variables that effect crime are density, dropout and urban. When density increases by 1%, this would cause a decrease in crime rate. When the dropout rate increases by 1%, this would cause an increase in property crimes. When urban area crimes increase by 1%, the property crime rate increases. The more crowded the urban areas are, the more property crimes will be committed. Introduction Crime is an act of violence that is carried out by an individual or multiple individuals. A crime can be toward another person or property of a person or company. Property Crimes often occurs when someone tries to steal something that is not the property of their own and in other scenarios, the destruction of someone else’s property also. There are many different types of property crimes. Burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, larceny & arson are few that can fall under that category. This research is going to examine the cause of property crime based on the income, dropout, precipitation, public aid recipients, density, kids, unemployment, urban area, and state. The information that was provided was given by variety of United States government sources. ANALYSIS AND METHOD: Minitab was used to analyze the given data and test the various facts. Crime is chosen...
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...CASE 49: PROPERTY CRIMES I. Executive summary The focus of this study is the examination of the data provided by U.S government agencies. Our analysis revealed that of the eight possible contributing factors, only three variables (namely, urbanization rate, high school dropout rate, and population density) affected property crime rates. Our data analysis model accounted for approximately 66% of the factors contributing to property crimes. The model is generally considered to be statistically strong, however, if we need to account for the remaining 34% of factors contributing to property crime rates in the U.S., further data and evaluation of other possible factors would be necessary. II. Introduction According to the US Department of Justice (2006), property crime includes several criminal offenses such as burglary; car and motorcycle theft, larceny theft and arson. Property crimes involve “taking of money or property, but there is no force or threat of force against the victims.” One exception to the basic rule, however, is arson which does not involve the taking of property and does involve force against the victims. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate available data and attempt to determine the variables that contribute the most and address several conceptions and misconceptions about the leading causes of property crimes in the U.S. The questions that this study will answer include: 1. Are crime rates higher in urban than rural areas? 2...
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...Analyzing Property Crimes in the United States GM 533 Applied Managerial Statistics April 15, 2010 To: Mr. Livingston Date: April 15, 2010 Subject: Analysis of Property Crimes Per your request, we have analyzed the content of Case #49: Property Crimes. There are many preconceived ideas about Property Crimes. Property Crimes do not involve force, but the taking of property or money and is considered to some to be a “high-volume” crime. Property crime would include the taking of jewelry, money, electronics, motor vehicles, cash, and other high priced items. We were given the task of analyzing the data and answering the following questions: 1. Are crime rates higher in urban than rural areas? 2. Does unemployment or education level contribute to property crime rates? 3. Does public assistance contribute to property crime rates? The results are as follows: Data: We are allowed access to a data set containing the following information: 1. Crimes: Property crime rate per hundred thousand inhabitants. The crimes include burglary, larceny, theft, and motor vehicle theft. The calculations for the crimes are noted as the number of property crimes divided by the total population (100,000). 2. P-income: P-income is the per capita income for each state (All 50 states are included in this data set). 3. Dropout: This shows the high school dropout rate. 4. Precipitation: This shows the average precipitation in inches in the major city in each state. 5. Public Aid: This...
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...Property Crime Determinants Executive Summary There are three primary determinants that effect property crime, which are the high school dropout rate, the population density, and the percentage of people who reside in an urban area. It was found that other factors such as unemployment, public aid , and income do not significantly contribute towards the level of property crime and are actually some of the misconceptions involving crime in the United States. Introduction Perception is the way that a situation may be viewed by an individual or group through "an awareness or understanding of" that situation (Merriam-Webster online, 2010). This understanding may not always be correct. A person's understanding may be clouded by various things that actually cause a misunderstanding of the situation: such as personal factors that create a bias, incorrect or skewed data, information provided by the media, and so on. Property crime is one of these situations where perception may not always be reality. The purpose of this research is to study data that has to do with several factors that may or may not effect property crime rates in the United States. I seek to answer several questions regarding property crime rates in the United States: what are the primary determinants of property crime in the United States, what would I like to know about property crime rates that cannot be answered by the provided data, and how does population density effect property crime rates and is this...
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...MACROECONOMIC EVILS ON PROPERTY AND VIOLENT CRIMES IN MALAYSIA Chor Foon Tang♣ University of Malaya ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of macroeconomic evils – unemployment and inflation on different categories of crime rates – property and violent crimes in Malaysia via the multivariate Johansen-Juselius and Granger causality techniques. This study used annual data from 1970 to 2006. Johansen-Juselius cointegration tests revealed that property and violent crimes are cointegrated with unemployment and inflation. Furthermore, the empirical evidence exhibit that unemployment and inflation are the driving factors for crimes in Malaysia. Therefore, supply-side economy may be an ideal choice of policy to reduce crime rates in Malaysia. Keywords: Crime, Inflation, Unemployment, Malaysia 1. INTRODUCTION Recent deliberation on whether “Malaysia is a safe haven for travel and investment?” was frequently asked by the international tourists and foreign investors owing to the increasing trend of crime rates in Malaysia. From the visual inspection in Figure 1, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia has increased quite significantly between 1970 and 2006. Over a decade from 1970 to 1980, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia increased more than two folds. The property crime rate increased drastically from 25 thousand cases in 1970 to 66 thousand cases in 1980. In the similar vein, violent crime rates increased from...
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...Ramy Mostafa El Housiny POLS 310 Professor Ahmed Abd Raboh Term Paper Criticize the modernization theory using all available materials on modernization and its critique, providing your own opinion on how modernization leads to development. The way people, societies, and countries develop and interact with each other have a strong influence on deviance. Although societies may differ in appearance and way of life, they all have crime, religion, family structure, politics, and economy. The vast differences in societies are constantly studied and theorized. Grand theories, for example, are meta-theories that examine an aspect of society on a global or national scale. One particular theory of interest is the modernization theory. The modernization theory suggests that the main causes of crime are the repercussions of the rapid development and modernization of nations (Howard 148). The theory of modernization is composed of three distinct Parts: (1) Identification of types of societies, and explanation of how those designated as modernized or relatively modernized differ from others; (2) specification of how societies become modernized, comparing factors that are more or less conducive to transformation; and (3) generalizations about how the parts of a modernized society fit together, involving comparisons of stages of modernization and types of modernized societies with clarity about prospects for further modernization. (Defining Modernization) Part one explains that there...
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...understanding gender differences in crime Official statistics in the UK state that women on average commit fewer crimes then men. It indicates that only 1 in 5 convicted offenders in England and Wales are females. However, contrary to this it was found that females were had a higher conviction rate of property offences. It is argued that its the chivalry thesis is a cause for these differences. The basis of the of the chivalry thesis is that most criminal agencies such as police officers and other forms of the judicary are men, and men are socialised to act in a “chivalrous” way towards women. Pollak argues that men are protective towards women and that the criminal justice system is more lenient towards them.Because of this their crimes are less likely to end up in the official crime statistics, which would mean that the crime statistics give an unrepresentative image of offences. Flood-Page et al ’s research supports this theory, as they found that out of females who were self-reported criminals only one in eleven had been cautioned or prosecuted. Whereas for men in was over one in seven. Furthermore women were also more likely to be cautioned rather than prosecuted. According to the Ministry of Justice in 2007 49% of females recorded as offending were cautioned. However for males the figure was significantly less at 30%. However there is evidence that disputes the chivalry thesis. An example of this is Farrinton and Morris study. When studying 408 offences of theft...
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...During the 1980s there was rash of property crimes in the United States. Business executives and community leaders was taken at back. They chose to look for and find these determinants of property crimes and figure out how to remedy those issues. The task at hand was to provide evidence for or against common perceptions about property crime. Prove if crime rates are higher in urban areas or rural areas. Whether unemployment or education levels contributed to property crime rates, as well as public assistance? Lastly establish what other possible factors relate to property crimes? PCRIMES data was used to prepare a report on the characteristics of and determinants of property crimes in the United States. PCRIMES Property crime rate per hundred thousand inhabitants (property crimes include burglary, larceny, theft and motor vehicle theft); calculated as number of property crimes committed divided by total population/100,000 PINCOME Per capita income for each state DROPOUT High School Dropout rate (%, 1987) PRECIP Average precipitation in inches in the major city in each state over 1951- 1980 PUBAID Percentage of public aid recipients (1987) DENSITY Population/total square miles KIDS Public aid or families with children, dollars per family UNEMPLOY Percentage of unemployed workers URBAN Percentage of the residents living in urban areas STATE 50 States of America The task required that it show the association between crime and the different variables; such...
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...Organized crime was characterized, in 1994, as: "group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups."1 ------------------------------------------------- Criminals are on the go up all over the world, and their illegal activities go further than local or national restrictions. This article explores the economic penetrations of criminal enterprises to run their strongly ordered activities. ------------------------------------------------- Generally, illicit activities of a conspiratorial group of criminals are known as Organized Crime (OC). Criminal actions are surreptitiously synchronized through a nexus or syndicate for making money. Structured in a pyramidal hierarchy, criminals employ violence and bribery in carrying out operations. Threats of grievous consequences are made to the targets for internal and external control in their connections. ------------------------------------------------- Among the numerous types of political crimes, secret killing, violent politics, campus violence and militant actions are salient in Bangladesh. Organized crime in arms...
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...Background study drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. INTRODUCTION Illegal drug use is “almost automatically”([1]) associated with criminal behaviour. The statistical relationship between illegal drug use and crime is convincing...
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...of Justice, 49% of females recorded as offending received a caution in 2007, whereas for males the figure was only 30%, this suggests that women are less likely to be sent to prison or even prosecuted in the first place. Similarly, Roger Hood’s study of over 3000 defendants found that women were about one-third less likely than males to be sent to jail. Also typically female crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported. For example, property crime is less likely to be reported than the violent or sexual crimes more often committed by men and when women’s crimes are detected or reported they are less likely to be prosecuted or are let off lightly. This suggestion therefore supports the items belief that women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system. The chivalry thesis argues that most criminal justice agents – such as police officers, magistrates and judges – are men, and men are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women. Otto Pollak (1950) argues that men have a protective attitude towards women therefore men hate to accuse women, send them to their punishment, arrest them, prosecute them or find them guilty. Men feel sympathy towards women and do not wish to cause them hurt or upset something arrest, prosecution or prison would cause them. A police officer may also believe that convicting a woman of petty theft is not worth it. The criminal justice system is therefore more lenient with women and so their crimes are less likely...
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...360 CRIME AND ALCOHOL MCGLOTHLIN, W., COHEN, S., & MCGLOTHLIN, M. S. (1967). Long-lasting effects of LSD on normals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 521–532. NASH, H. (1962). Alcohol and caffeine: A study of their psychological effects, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ROE, A. (1946). Alcohol and creative work. Quarterly Journal of the Study of Alcohol, 415–467. TART, C. T. (1971). On being stoned. Palo Alto. CA: Science and Behavior Books. is complex (involving multiple factors in addition to alcohol), and that alcohol is often blamed without justification for criminal offenses. HOW OFTEN DOES DRINKING PRECEDE THE COMMISSION OF CRIMES? The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, reviewed the role alcohol played in crime by looking at convicted offender data from 1996 (Greenfield, 1998). On an average day in 1996, an estimated 5.3 million convicted offenders were under the supervision of criminal justice authorities. Nearly 40% of these offenders, about two million, had been using alcohol at the time of the offense for which they were convicted. Whether the offender was on probation or was incarcerated in a local jail or a state prison, offenders were about equally likely to have been drinking at the time of the crime. What they consumed was similar, with beer being the most commonly used alcoholic beverage: 30 percent of probationers, 32 percent of jail inmates, and 23 percent of state prisoners said that they had been drinking...
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...Vocabulary words Chapter 1 Replication 6: is the repetition of experiments or studies utilizing the same methodology. Verification 6: is confirmation of the accuracy of findings or attainment of greater certitude in conclusions through additional observations. Methodological narcissism 7: in which substance is overlooked in the name of method. Preferred rigor in research design is seldom realized in criminal justice field studies. This does not justify throwing out “the baby with the bath water.” Theory 7: in criminal justice represents an attempt to develop plausible explanations of reality, which in this case are crime and the criminal justice system. Paradigm 8: is “some implicit body of intertwined theoretical and methodological belief that permits selection, evaluation, and criticism” Methodology 9: (methods), on the other hand, involves the collection of accurate facts and/or data regarding the nature of crime and criminal justice policy. In short, while theory addresses the issue “why,” methodology concerns itself with “what is.” “Broken Windows” 9 Pure research 10: is concerned with the acquisition of new knowledge for the sake of science or the development of the field. Applied research 10: is practical research concerned with solving immediate policy problems. Crime analysis 13: allows the analyst to determine who’s doing what to whom by its focus on crimes against persons and property (homicide, rape, robbery, burglary, theft, etc.). Quantitative research 14:...
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...system and to be judged for any crime that you are suspected in committing. One of these rules which are considered a writ of habeas corpus is basically a law that guarantees that a person or persons that are charged with a crime in the United States shall be brought in front of a court or judge to have the case heard. And also to protect them against illegal imprisonment for the crime that is suspected to be committed. In 1215 when the Magna Carta was written by Nobles because of the abuse they were taking from the kings of their areas. It was written to set up rules to be governed by and allow the land owners to have rights under said Kings. One of these rules was. “No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or disseized or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land” (1215). This is considered the earliest mention of the idea for what habeas corpus is built upon. In the United States in the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights amendment V states, “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself...
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