...CATALYTIC CONVERTER THEORY, OPERATION AND TESTING 2 The gasoline used in the modern automobile is a complex blend of both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons. In simpler terms it is a mixture of different types of bunches of hydrogen and carbon. We will use the fictitious molecule C8H17 to approximate the blend of different hydrocarbon compounds found in gasoline. In more simple terms one gasoline molecule* contains 8 atoms of carbon for every 17 atoms of hydrogen and nothing else*. ONE GASOLINE MOLECULE* GASOLINE IS --> C8H17 8 CARBON ATOMS + 17 HYDROGEN ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER *There is no such thing as a single gasoline molecule. Gasoline is a very complex blend of several different molecules. C8H17 is used to represent the average “gasoline molecule”. COMPOSITION OF AIR 1 PART OXYGEN (O2) AND 4 PARTS NITROGEN (N2) When gasoline is mixed with air and ignited in the combustion chamber it burns, and in doing so reorganizes the hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms. As these atoms are reorganized they can form CO, CO2, H2O, NO (and other NOx), and of course if some of the gasoline is left unburned, C8H17 or other forms of generic HC. Optimum combustion occurs at an A/F ratio of about 14.64:1. If all of the fuel vaporizes and takes part in combustion and no NOx is formed we would have perfect combustion. Perfect combustion would result in the formation of nothing CO2, H2O. Perfect combustion: Air + Fuel CO2 + H2O (and nothing else) Unfortunately as more and more CO2 is formed...
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...Great Lakes: Great Decisions Leah Lasco BUS 499-BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CAPSTONE Professor Bari Courts October 14, 2011 Perform an analysis of the social/demographic, technological, economic, environmental/geographic, and political/legal/government segments to understand the general environment facing Great Lakes. Describe how Great Lakes will be affected by each of these external factors. Social/demographic: Great Lakes started as a successful, low-key corporation. With the acquisition of Octel, they stumbled on a gold mine. They had the ability to create more bromine but also but them as owner of a lead additive called tetraethyl lead (TEL). Socially, this has made them an enemy. TEL has caused the death and disablement of many. Society is not looking at Great Lakes as a hero. They are looking at them as a problem that needs to be dealt with. The terminated use of TEL would make them more favorable here in the U.S. as well as in other developed and developing countries. As they venture into more un-chartered territory to expand the use of lead gasoline, more lives will be put at risk. Mortality and disability rates will increase. Technological: Great Lakes does not have any technological issues. They have the capability to remove the lead additives and to stop producing them as well. Their products were sold not only in the US and other developed countries but developing countries as well. Some developing countries did not have the capacity...
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...• Preventative maintenance -can do 3 things; reduce failures, save on operating cost, and keep equipment safe. • Reduce failures- When work is heaviest equipment need preventative maintenance the most, the customer can’t afford for the equipment to be down during peak use, won’t prevent failures but limits them. • Save on operating cost- The fewest dollars spent on maintenance will pay for themselves many times over. An engine tune up can save 15% in fuel consumption and increase power by 10%. 100 hp tractor would use 4.5 gallons less in fuel and add a bonus of 10 hp. A maintained engine burns less fuel and can do more work per hour. • The #1 expense is down time. • Keeping equipment safe to operate- a customer with poorly maintained machine will tend to take chances to save time lost by poor performance, may also try to fix it without stopping or turning off the machine which promotes accidents. • Keeping records- Good way to make sure maintenance is performed on schedule, keep records for customer or job ticket, increase service sales in your shop. • Sales Technicians-are also sales men, they sale time or labor hours, service is our product= poor service= poor sales=no job. • Service intervals- Usually 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 hours of operation- Check the owner’s manual for specific intervals. Service intervals are cumulative which means 50 hr service should be done at 50hrs, 100 hrs, 150 hrs and 200hrs. • Tips for good machine...
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...INTRODUCTION There are millions of cars on the road that are potential sources of air pollution. In a major effort to reduce vehicle emissions, carmakers have developed an interesting device called a catalytic converter, which treats the exhaust before it leaves the car and removes a lot of the pollution. In order to reduce emissions, modern cars have been designed to carefully control the amount of fuel they burn. The goal is to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the "stoichiometric" point, which is the calculated ideal ratio of air to fuel. Theoretically, at this ratio, all of the fuel will be burned using all of the oxygen in the air. [For petrol, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14.7 to 1, meaning that for each pound of fuel, 14.7 pounds of air will be burned. The fuel mixture actually varies from the ideal ratio quite a bit during driving. Sometimes the mixture can be "lean" (an air-to-fuel ratio higher than 14.7); and other times the mixture can be "rich" (an air-to-fuel ratio lower than 14.7).] Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. "Three-way" refers to the three regulated emissions it helps to reduce - carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide molecules. The converter uses two different types of catalysts, a reduction catalyst and an oxidization catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst, usually platinum, rhodium and/or palladium. The idea is to create a structure...
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...| REDUCTION OF IMPACTS OF EXHAUST ESMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINEbyHASSAN SHEIKHOLESLAMYSession 2013/2014 | | The project report is prepared for Faculty of Engineering and Technology Multimedia University in partial fulfilment for Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY April 2014 The copyright of this report belongs to the author under the terms of the Copyright Act 1987 as qualified by Regulation 4(1) of the Multimedia University Intellectual Property Regulations. Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this report. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work has been done by myself and no portion of the work contained in this report has been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning. I also declare that pursuant to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1987, I have not engaged in any unauthorised act of copying or reproducing or attempt to copy / reproduce or cause to copy / reproduce or permit the copying / reproducing or the sharing and / or downloading of any copyrighted material or an attempt to do so whether by use of the University’s facilities or outside networks / facilities whether in hard copy or soft copy format, of any material protected under the provisions of sections 3 and 7 of the Act whether for payment or otherwise save as...
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...Victoria Nelam English400 Professor Barilari 30 November 2012 Air pollution Air pollution is the contamination of the air by noxious gases and small particles of solid and liquid matter in amounts that can cause harm to our life . It has been a part of life for many years causing great harm to our planet. We should always educate ourselves about the planet we live in so we can find a way to solve problems. There are many ways we can help prevent air pollution. Many people do not realize how bad air pollution has become a big threat to our health and environment. Air pollution is becoming a major health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Sierra – Vargas states in her article, “Air pollution impact and prevention” that the world health organization estimates that every year, 2.4 million people die because of the effects of air pollution. Some of the pollutants that people may accouter during air pollution are Carbon Monoxide (co) ,Nitrogen Dioxide (No2), and lead (PB).To begin with, Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas which comes from Motor vehicle exhaust or wood burning stoves which can lead to headaches, reduced mental alertness, heart attacks, cardiovascular diseases, impaired fetal development and death. Second, Nitrogen dioxide and that is a reddish brown, highly reactive gas that comes from motor vehicles, electric utilities and residential sources...
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...The Evolution of Catalytic Converters Like some inventions, catalytic converters have evolved from a lowly “cat” invented by Eugene Houdry for the purpose of cleaning the emissions from smoke stack exhaust in oil refineries in the 1950’s. Along this line, Houdry developed new catalytic converters to control the smoke emitted from heavy equipment such as forklifts that used unleaded gasoline. It started the birth of catalytic converters for cars that used gasoline to keep them moving. The invention of these converters paved the way for the French engineer to be awarded the patent by the United States government to produce them for manufacturers and refineries. Although the inception of converters started 5 years later after World War II, but its popularity was not really that known. Perhaps the reason why it did not become famous because of the lack of environmental consciousness from the community and even from legislators until such time came when the air pollution became intolerable and resulted to the destruction of the ozone layer. Because of the holes created by the harmful chemicals from smoke to the ozone layer, it has triggered the flooding of some areas in the world as the snow from the North Pole started to melt down. When the United States and European governments enacted a law that obligated those concerned industries, the use of catalytic converters became mandatory. The development of catalytic converters became widespread when the duo of John J. Mooney and Carl...
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...Assignment 1 Assignment #1: Case 11: “Great Lakes: Great Decisions” By Norvinnia J. McLaurine For Professor Sonia Heywood BUS499: Business Administration Capstone October 17, 2010 1. Perform an analysis of the Social/Demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental/Geographic, and Political/Legal/Governmental segments to understand the general environment facing Great Lakes. Describe how Great Lakes will be affected by each of these external factors. Social/Demographic: * Brain damage in Children * Adults lead exposure leads to hypertension, hi blood pressure, and cardio vascular disease * Increased respiratory problems in the elderly * High Demand for Lead gasoline in developing countries * Shift from lead additives to unleaded additives Affect: From the Social stand point Great Lakes must realize that it plays an important role in how the government does business. If they continue giving in to their greed then in the long run there condoning the use of lead additives and gasoline. However this seems to be made easy for them due to the fact that governments of these regions are easily influence. It seems that most of them are content with sticking to the status quo. After looking at the numbers and percentage of people affected by lead I would think that Great Lakes would look a little deeper into its business practices. As a multinational corporation I would think that Great Lakes has a duty to the people in which buy their products. The...
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...SECTION 15881 – ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS GENERAL 1. SUMMARY A. This Section includes exhaust fans, vibration isolators and ductwork for engine exhaust systems. Some common applications include hot test stands and dynos. B. Related Sections include the following: 1. Section 15070 Vibration isolators. 2. Section 15815 PT Metal Ductwork 3. Section 15050 Basic Mechanical Materials and Methods 4. Section 05500 Metal Fabrications 5. Section 15980 Total Maintenance Spare Parts 1.2 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS A. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1. NFPA 37 – Installation and use of Stationary Combustion Engine and Gas Turbines. 2. NFPA 211-Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents and Solid Fuel Burning Appliances. B. Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 1. UL 103 – Chimneys, Factory – Built, Residential Type and Building Heating Appliance. C. Chrysler CAD Specification http://ame.ctc.chrysler.com/powertrain/index.htm D. Chrysler Plant Engineering Specification http://extranet.diamlerchrysler.com/manufacturing/amedd E. Chrysler Control Specification http://ame.ctc.chrysler.com/control/index.htm 1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Welding Standards: Qualify procedures and personnel according to AWS D1.1, "Structural Welding Code--Steel," for hangers and supports, and AWS D9.1, "Sheet Metal Welding Code," for duct...
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...A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated.[4]When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[5] Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[6] the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime...
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...ASSIGNMENT 1 GREAT LAKES: GREAT DECISION 1. Perform an analysis of the Social/Demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental/Geographic, and Political/Legal/Governmental segments to understand the general environment facing Great Lakes. Describe how Great Lakes will be affected by each of these external factors. A. Social/Demographic: The future direction of Great Lakes will have an effect on different regions of the world, as their product continues to fill a need for leaded gas. This has the potential to impact both business and the livelihood of thousands of individual’s. There are also the potential health related problems as “the globalization of leaded gasoline has made Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) responsible for nearly 90 percent of airborne lead pollution in Third World cities today” (CorpWatch, 1997). Great Lakes will need to determine and understand what their decisions mean to the developing regions they service. B. Technological: Technology is not the issue for Great Lakes, instead the problems lies with the developing countries they serve. Until those countries are able to switch over the existing inventory of vehicles to unleaded gas, they will rely on the products supplied by Great Lakes. Additionally, there will be a need for additional refineries to supply unleaded gas, as the need for that gas spikes. To help offset the loss in profits from the switch from leaded to unleaded gas, Great Lakes has an opportunity to invest in the transition process...
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...Using PEST analysis to support decision making ENVIRONMENT Introduction Johnson Matthey is a leading global speciality chemicals company. Science and technology are embedded in everything that it does. It has operations in over 30 countries and employs around 11,000 people. It was founded in 1817 to refine and develop products using precious metals – something it still does today. As well as creating precious metal containing products, it also recycles precious metals and manufactures many other high technology products and chemicals. So, how does Johnson Matthey affect you? If you have ever travelled in a car it is likely to have been fitted with a catalytic converter to reduce vehicle emissions. Johnson Matthey produces catalytic converters for around a third of all cars manufactured in the world. This product has huge environmental and health benefits for everyone through reducing pollution. Johnson Matthey operates in an industry driven by advancements in technology. To remain competitive the company needs a highly skilled workforce to establish new and more efficient ways of meeting the challenges faced by the industry. To be at the forefront of technological innovations the company requires people with skills in STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) as well as skills in other areas. Johnson Matthey offers many highly rewarding career opportunities for people that share the company’s commitment to sustainability and the creation of a positive impact...
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...because it affects turnover. This makes the business’ proximity to its customers important. For example, a vegetable shop has to be located near its customers as vegetables can deteriorate if they do not reach the consumer immediately. The relationship between the population composition, productivity and economic opportunities has to be analysed including current and potential competition. Raw materials It is important for raw materials to be readily available. However, raw materials do not have to be at the place of establishment as they can be transported, provided the means of transport is cheap, efficient and reliable. Raw materials are divided into two categories namely: natural raw materials (for example, platinum used in making car catalytic converters) and raw materials that occur naturally but are cultivated (for example, wood). Labour availability For a business to function effectively, one of the contributing factors is the quality of labour. There should be enough skilled and unskilled labour in the area in which the business is to be established. The labour costs of the area and laws should also be considered. For example, a car assembly business cannot be located in an area where the skilled labour that can operate the machinery is unavailable. Capital It is important for capital (money used in starting the business) to be acquired at favourable interest rates if it is to be borrowed. For example, interest rates may differ in urban and rural areas. Therefore, interest...
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...12 Assignment 1 Great Lakes Professor Mary May Bus 499 When analyzing the article “Great Lakes, Great Decisions” the six factors that are used are technological, demographical, socio-cultural, economic, political, and global. The technologically that is available is starting to leave the company behind. The article stated that some countries had not yet switched from leaded to unleaded gasoline for their cars and machinery. When the new technology is used this could leave behind some of the current customers and cause the company to lose money in the short term. The company will have to consider this when they are deciding what technology they will use and which they will skip. The largest factor’s that has impacted the Great Lakes project is the demographics and socio-cultural issues. Octel’s customers are located around the planet and from all different kind of backgrounds and economic groups. The countries that these people call home could be third world or they could be highly developed. The income distribution is wide. They do not have a stable middle class. The socio-cultural concerns are the driving force for the other five factors. When governments begin taking on the mentality and values of its people they will begin leaning toward “greener” processes which could cause the company to lose more customers. Without changing the processes and the products being offered the company could be left behind. The company will lose its market and will not...
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...The heat was unbearable as I pulled up to the starting line. The smell of exhaust gases and burned rubber filled the air. The starting light received my fullest attention, zoning everything out of my conscience. 3...2...1...green light! I stomped my foot on the accelerator as I side stepped my clutch. Shifting into second gear, I flipped the switch to my nitrous oxide system. Instantaneously I was thrown back into my seat. All of a sudden a loud pop disturbed the smooth roar of my engine. Halfway down the track my engine shut off and forced me to coast the car to the finish line. My teammates were already waiting at the end of the drag strip. Unable to restart my car, we pushed it back to our pit area. My hopes were crushed as I went over the fact that my day of racing was already over. Drag racing is a big part of my life. All of my spare time is spent working on my 1996 Honda Accord. With a big import drag racing approaching quickly, I spent most of my waking hours for a week tuning my car. Sweat and hours of hard work finally prepared my car for racing. The interior was stripped down to the sheet metal and contained only the driver's seat to reduce weight. The whole exhaust system was removed to gain that little edge of power, which is essential for racing. My car was finally race ready, waiting to tear up the track. The following day, our race team met up at...
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