...Outline Unit 5 Course 5334 Annotated Bibliography Aldrich, R. (2004). Homosexuality and the city: an historical overview. Urban Studies, 41(9), 1719-1737. Aldrich gives a historical overview of the history of homosexuality. He goes back to the Roman times and discusses Sodom and Gomorrah and continues to the present day. He makes mention of how homosexuals left various cities to escape the traditional life constraints and went to other cities to begin transforming the city into much construction of the gay and lesbian culture. Bonilla, L & Porter, J (1990). A comparison of latino, black, and non-hispanic white attitudes toward homosexuality. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 437-452. This article discusses Latinos, Blacks, and non Hispanic whites attitudes towards homosexuality. It has been researched that the Latino culture is more inclined than blacks and non whites to believe that homosexuality and the spread of AIDS are invariably related. This one assumption has the capacity to cause the rights of homosexuals to be restricted. Goldsmith, S. J. (2001). Oepipus or orestes? Homosexual men, their mothers, and other women revisited. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49 (4), 1269-1287. The author of this article discusses gender roles and how they have an effect on the sexuality of men and women. He mentions when people sense femininity in a man it causes them to fear that man simply because of the gender roles that have been instilled...
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...What Causes Homosexual Desire? Review of Related Literature This literature review includes some of experiment and studies about four causes of homosexuality. The main point of this essay will be discussing and comparing between present and past, why today people now more convert themselve to be homosexual. The question why only needs causes, if comparing with the past about twenty to thirty years ago, there were less people who are homosexual or bisexual than now. This research essay will provides five sections which are five main causes, it includes psychology, experience(social environment), cultural influences and individuals liking due to differences between homosexuality and heterosuxaulity Psychology and Biology The focus on brain and behavior study shows us many evidence that homosexaulity is definitely related to psychology and biology. Could homosexuality be illness if it is only about psychology because human has different idea in everything and also has difference in mental health. However, there are several studies could not find any conclusion that being homosexual is considered an illness or not. “Although dispassionate scientific research on whether homosexuality should be viewed as an illness was largely absent from the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and medicine during the first half of the twentieth century, some researchers remained unconvinced that all homosexual individuals were mentally...
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... | | |Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture | | |Ryan D. Johnson | | |April 30, 2003 | | |[pic] | | |In recent decades, many hotly debated topics have come under the scrutiny of sociobiologists, trying to determine their causation | | |and origins. One such topic is homosexuality. Originally thought by the American Psychological Association (hereafter referred to | | |as APA) to be a mental disorder, research into its causes, origins, and development have consequently led to its removal by the APA | | |from its list of diagnoses and disorders [1]. Many different theories can be found regarding the root of homosexuality, as far back| | |historically as Ancient Greece. The current debate is whether or not homosexuality is a result of nature: a person's environment | | |and surroundings, or of his...
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...Homosexuality: A Case of Nature versus Nurture By Robert L Smith Instructor: Mr. Simbarashe Chiduma A RESEARCH PAPER Submitted to Baker College in partial fulfillment of requirements For class: Soc 201 Winter 2012 Homosexual is defined as: “of, relating to, or characterized by a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another of the same sex” (Webster’s Dictionary, 4th ed., 2003) The nature approach is based on a chance that humans are born with a specific gene that determines if they will be homosexual. "In other words, some people are born gay." (Johnson, 2003) The nurture approach tells that people are influenced by their surroundings. In this approach, "A nurtured gay person is one that is 'made' gay." (Johnson, 2003) Originally the American Psychological Association (APA) had deemed homosexuality a mental disease. The debate now- a-days revolve around if sexuality is based on nature, a person’s environment, or based on nurture, a person’s upbringing. Alfred Kinsey pioneered one of the earliest experiments in the 1930s. Kinsey’s research resulted in little besides putting the word homosexual into the common language. Karen Hooker completed the first psychological test in 1957. The research was put together to investigate the relationship between homosexuality, psychological development, and illness. The subjects were given three tests, the Rorschach, TAT, and MAPS. She determined that there was no link between social determinism of sexuality...
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...Homosexuality: Is it a Choice? Alisa Johnson March 10, 2016 Liberty University EDUC 600 Abstract For decades there has been an ongoing debate over whether being homosexual is genetic or a choice. After many researchers conducted a multitude of trials and test there is still no definitive answer to the question. Even after all the data that has been collected affirming that it is in fact genetic, there have been leaks found in those test that suggest there is some bias on the researchers part. A lot of the researchers who have conducted successful test are in fact homosexuals themselves. There have also been discoveries that complete information was disclosed at time of trials being conducted. So, instead of picking random people and conducting the trials, people where purposely chosen who were homosexual prior to the beginning of testing. Homosexuality: Is it a Choice? Sexual orientation has to do with the sex of our preferred sex partner. It is the trait that predisposes us to experience sexual attraction to people of the same sex ourselves (homosexual, gay, or lesbian) to persons of the other sex (heterosexual or straight), or to both sexes (bisexual) (Simon, 2011). There have been a multitude of studies and research done on homosexuality and whether it is in fact an act based on biological, social or psychological stimulus (Knight, 2000). Since the early 1990s, there have been activist arguing that scientific research has proven homosexuality has a direct link...
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...ethical and religious views concerning homosexuality. Homosexuality has been the topic of ethical debates for many years, concerning the rights of homosexuals, and whether or not they should be treated equally. In the modern day homosexuality is comparatively far more tolerated than in the past, when it had been at least somewhat illegal until progressive thinking led to the 1957 Sexual Offences Act, which set the wheels in motion towards ending the inequality between homosexuals and heterosexuals. One of the focal points of the issue is whether homosexual marriage should be permitted in the same way as heterosexual marriage – it can be argued that the introduction of Civil Partnerships in 2004/5 was, although progressive and still offering equal rights to those of married couples, still disrespectful to not allow homosexuals to be specifically ‘married.’ This kind of view suggests that ethical attitudes towards homosexuality are progressive and accepting, reaching a conclusion that would satisfy homosexuals in their quest for equal rights. Discrimination against homosexuality, however, is still fairly prominent, and the lack of ease in passing laws relating to homosexuality suggests that there is still a lot of unease surrounding the topic. It cannot yet be said that to see a homosexual couple canoodling in public is considered to have as subtle an effect as a heterosexual couple doing the same. John Harris, however, states that homosexuality is an issue of etiquette rather than...
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...Introduction Homosexuality is defined or characterized as attraction towards the same gender either male or female. It came from the Greek language, where “homo” means the same or similar, hence referring to the attraction between two beings of the same sex. Homosexuality is also referred as a clinical term. Most male homosexuals generally prefer to be called "gay men" and most homosexual women generally prefer to be called "lesbians." Homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation, alongside bisexual and heterosexual. The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences and the health and mental health professions is that homosexuality is an example of normal and positive variation in human sexual orientation. Currently the most common adjectives in use are lesbian for women and gay for men, though gay can refer to either men or women. The American Psychology Association defines sexual orientation in the following way: “Sexual orientation is an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction toward others”. There are three broad categories within the family of sexual orientations which are defined as: heterosexuality, homosexuality (gay orientation) and bisexuality. The origins of homosexuality has been surfacing now and then in our time and we will look at how the future will hold for them(homosexuals). Literature Review Nowadays, homosexuality is an uncomfortable and even forbidding topic for many, but in the ancient...
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...The word ‘homophobia’, can be defined as irrational fear against homosexuality. More importantly it can be perceived as a discriminatory state of mind that heterosexuals have towards homosexuals, which makes them homophobic. Recent laws have been passed for same sex marriages in the United States of America. Due to its relationship with the Bahamas, these laws are likely to affect the Bahamas tremendously. According to an interview with the Tribune newspaper, feminist theory, gender and sexuality expert, Dr. Peter Bailey, claims that “globalization will inevitably cause cultural attitudes toward same-sex rights to change.” (Cited in Rolle, 2015) Homosexuality is becoming more prevalent in the Bahamas and as Dr. Bailey stated changes indeed about to take place, therefore it is imperative that persons be enlightened on motives that bring about anti-homosexual behavior amongst Bahamians. The Bahamas is a small country whose leading religion is Christianity. According to The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas “the People of this Family of Islands recognize that the preservation of their Freedom will be guaranteed by a national commitment to Self-discipline, Industry, Loyalty, Unity and an abiding respect for Christian values and the Rule of Law”. (Bahamas Government) This shows that due to religious principles, and other aspects of culture the reasons that cause Bahamians to develop homophobic outlooks are, their beliefs that homosexuals bring a higher rate of diseases...
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...I would like you to write on homosexuality, with a special reference to the ancient world and to other cultures. To what extent does the social understanding of sexuality in the ancient world and in other cultures illustrate the notion that heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality are cultural constructions? Devote most of your paper to offering a clear explanation of the concepts, and only a final section (no more than 20% of your paper) to your critical assessment. Homosexuality behavior varies from culture to culture, but it is heavily practiced in the Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and native America. The three basic forms of sexual practices that are known around the world are transgenerational, transgenderal, and egalitarian. Transgenerational is the sexual practice in which the people involved in sexual intercourse have a different or often large age gap, in transgenderal the individuals are of the opposite gender, and in egalitarian the partners are socially viewed the as the same gender (Grenberg pg.2). In cultures like the Coerunas Indians of Brazil, the homosexuality that was practiced heavily was trangenerational. Older men healers in these societies would consider it a ritual and a common way of life, to take a young boy healer into the forest for a long period of time to engage in sexual activity for the purpose of transferring his special powers into the boy. In a number of New Guinea cultures like the In the other cultures,what cultures? an older...
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...Homosexuality is becoming an increasingly relevant issue in America and the world today. According to the 2010 United States Census, there are 131,729 married same-sex couples in America alone. Undoubtedly, the 2015 statics show a dramatic increase in the number of married gay couples living in the present-day U.S., considering the fact that 37 states have legalized gay marriage as of 2015. There are two competing worldviews regarding this prevalent topic: those that support homosexuality and those who do not. People that support homosexuality are generally in favor of gay rights and marriage equality. The value judgment of those that are pro-homosexuality is that homosexuality is right. They do not feel that homosexuality causes any harm. Their moral stance, which causes them to make this judgment, is that gay relationships and marriage can be beneficial and nothing should stand in the way of the happiness, relationship, or marriage between two people who love one another, regardless of sex. People that are against homosexuality are generally against gay rights and marriage equality. The value judgment of anti-homosexuals is that homosexuality is wrong. They feel that homosexuality is harmful in some aspect. Their moral stance is that marriage and relationships are supposed to be/designed to be strictly between a man and a woman. Those with a biblical worldview have an anti-homosexual viewpoint, which means that we should be against marriage equality and homosexual relationships...
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...Is Homosexuality Right Or Wrong? by Nazha Gali My topic is homosexuality and the natural law theory. The natural law theory, which was founded by Aquinas, rests on a certain view that the world has a rational order with values and purposes built into its very nature. And since homosexuality is against the orders of nature, the natural law theory totally condemns it. I disagree with this point of view because I choose not to judge homosexuals but instead I accept them as members of our society. Middle Eastern societies do not accept homosexuals because their beliefs are against it, but sometimes different behaviors can add to the diversity in a society. We should not let homosexuals feel like they are being looked down upon or treated differently than any other human being. Rather, we should try to understand the basis of their behavior and take consideration into the causes that led these people to practice homosexuality. Some causes are social while others are biological. There may have been many social causes or experiences that might have lead to homosexual behavior. The main biological cause for homosexuality has been identified to be related to the abnormally high levels of the female hormones progesterone and estrogen. Also there have been studies indicating that some parts of the brain that control attitude and behavior are slightly smaller in homosexual males compared to normal male brains. Homosexuality is a very debatable issue and some people view it as morally wrong...
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...In the past, the general view and study of homosexuality was based upon the treatments, and what was needed to be done to treat this issue. But, throughout the last decade, Sociologist and Psychologist views changed from believing that homosexuality was something that just generally needed to be treated into something that they believe could be prevented if they were able to find evidence that could help them to distinguish the reasons why this occurred initially in children. Some Sociologists and Psychologists believe that this was due to biological factors, while other Sociologists and Psychologists believed that Sociology factors were the main influences that brought about the changes. Though the general belief in how and why this occurs is different, the great majority of Sociologists and Psychologists all believe that they are not born with the preconceived notion that they are homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual themselves; their sexual identity evolves slowly, over a period of time. In the earlier decades, the main concern about the biological basis of sexual orientation was initially brought up when British sexual liberators named Havelock Ellis and Edward Carpenter argued that laws against same-sex sexual activities should be dropped because people engaging in such activities were biologically different from those with opposite-sex partners: they called such people “inverts”. The use of the word “homosexual” as a noun designates a certain kind of person-rather that...
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...MWENGE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FACULT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY COURSE TITTLE: SOCIALIZATION PROCESS COURSE CODE: SOC-108 TERM PAPER HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA STUDENT’S NAME MDODI F MDODI REG: T/DEG/MWUCE/2012/ 0578 Section one HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA 1.0 Introduction Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual activity between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. "It also refers to an individual's sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them.’’(Giddes2009) The homosexuality rights leads to the formation of International Lesbian and Gay’s Association in 1978 in USA (ILGA). (Giddes1989) Transsexual is a process by which a person who strongly identifies with the opposite sex and may seek to as a member of this sex especially by undergoing surgery and hormone therapy to obtain a necessary physical appearance (as by changing the external sex organs). The most common terms for homosexual people...
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...For the Bible Tells Me So: A Reflection on Homosexuality in Our Society On the morning of July 2, 1990, Julio Rivera was walking to school in Queens, New York when 3 men lured him into an alley where they beat and stabbed him, killing Mr. Rivera. Mr. Rivera was attacked that morning because he was gay. We watched a film in our Critical Thinking class that was eye opening to understanding and coming to accept homosexuals so that we don’t have any more cases like Mr. Rivera. Homosexuality is not morally wrong and is not a sin, our society needs to change its way of thinking to be aware of our misconception of this so we can allow tolerance and acceptance to take precedence over violence and hate. The video takes the stance of homosexuality not being a choice. Scientific evidence suggests that “gayness” is very much genetic. An example is given of a family that has many boys, the male fetus is foreign to the mother’s body and antibodies develop to combat the fetus. As more boys are conceived, the mother’s body because more efficient at producing antibodies which then feminize the boy, increasing his chances of being gay. The mother’s hormone levels also can play a key factor in her child’s sexuality. The Church seems to prosecute homosexuals for their “lifestyle choice” and advise parents of homosexual children to not accept this and encourage their child to change who they are. However, the evidence that shows homosexuality may not be a choice disputes the Church’s teaching...
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...In order to graduate I had to do a research paper. The topic was "Survival in the Real World" and then we picked a topic from there. I, of course, did mine on homosexuality. One of the greatest poets of the twentieth century, Dr Seuss, once said, "Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind" ("Quotations" 13). That is, essentially, the greatest advice a person can receive and is at the heart of gay rights. As a young homosexual grows into adulthood and enters the "real world" he or she will, without a doubt, encounter someone who "minds." Whether it be socially, legally, religiously, or even internally challenges will emerge. These challenges must be recognized, understood, confronted, and, hopefully, overcome. Some of these challenges cannot be confronted without taking legal action or changing the way another person thinks, therefore rendering the challenge, for most people, difficult or otherwise impossible to overcome. In these cases the individual's only method of overcoming the issue is through various resource organizations or support from friends and/or family. In other cases, the challenge is an emotional one and can only be overcome through an internal process of acceptance and understanding. Those cases are the most common for homosexuals and include important processes such as "coming out." Assumptions and homophobia are one of the biggest problems for homosexuals if they are to get the majority of...
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