...can be considered a trauma. Approximately 10% of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one-fifth (2%) were considered major. Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, though in fact it is recognized that most abortion-related deaths are not officially reported as such. Women with a history of one abortion face a 2.3 times higher risk of having cervical cancer, compared to women with no history of abortion. Women with two or more abortions face a 4.92 relative risk. Similar elevated risks of subsequent ovarian and liver cancer have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. These increased cancer rates for post-aborted women may be linked to the unnatural disruption of the hormonal changes which accompany pregnancy and untreated cervical damage or to increased stress and the negative impact of stress on the immune system. Approximately 10% of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2%) are considered life threatening. The nine most common major complications which can occur at the time of an abortion are: infection...
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...Is there self-esteem compromised? Does it cause them to have problem behaviors such as substance abuse, depression, or anxiety disorders? Through stressful life event perspective, stress and coping perspective, sociocultural perspective and co-occurring risk perspectives it is shown that women react in various ways to abortion. Pregnancy and motherhood mean very different things to different people. The belief system, religious preferences, social and economic aspects all play a part in a women’s opinion about abortion. “Approximately half of women in the United States will face an unintended pregnancy during their lifetime, and about half of those who unintentionally become pregnant resolve the pregnancy through abortion” (Finer &Henshaw, 2006 a). Many women are not ready to become a mother, have relationship problems, are not financially stable enough to care for a child or feel too immature themselves to care for a child therefore they choose to terminate the pregnancy. Psychological theories of stress and coping view abortion as a stressful event but the stress associated with the unwanted pregnancy is resolved by terminating it which in turns gives the women a sense of relief. The variability perspective states that even though a woman has an abortion it will not cause negative...
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...Having a baby should be one of the happiest and most important events in a woman’s life. However, it can also be a difficult and quite stressful task. Many physical and emotional changes can occur to a woman during the time of her pregnancy as well as following the birth of her child. These particular changes can leave a new mother feeling sad, anxious, afraid and confused. For many women, these feelings, which are known as baby blues, go away fairly quickly. But when they do not go away or rather they get worse, a woman may be experiencing the effects of postpartum depression (PPD). Abrupt hormone withdrawal is the most obvious change in immediate postpartum, but clues to the mood disturbance may lie in the deregulation of neuroendocrine systems, including how hormones affect neurotransmitters and their actions within the brain. The baby blues are common for numerous reasons. The baby’s crying and the mother’s interrupted sleep and breast-feeding are enough to make any woman feel irritable if not overwhelmed. The onset of postpartum depression, on the other hand, is believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain; specifically shifts in hormone levels. According to postpartum Support International (PSI), the theory to date suggests that a sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone following delivery is the culprit.1 Ovarian steroids play an important regulatory role in a women’s general sense of wellbeing. Studies have found significant positive correlations between...
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...lifestyle habits that may cause insomnia or make it worse: • Going to bed at different times each night • Daytime napping • Poor sleeping environment, such as too much noise or light • Spending too much time in bed while awake • Working evening or night shifts • Not getting enough exercise • Using the television, computer, or smart phone in bed The use of some medications and drugs may also affect sleep: • Alcohol or other drugs intoxication or withdrawal • Heavy smoking • Too much caffeine intake, especially late in the day • Getting used to certain types of sleep medications • Some cold medications and diet pills • Other medicines, herbs, or supplements prescribed by a health care provider or bought on your own Physical, social, and mental health issues can affect sleep patterns, including: • Anxiety disorder • Bipolar disorder • Menopause / menstrual cycle / pregnancy • Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disease • Feeling sad or depressed. Often, insomnia is the symptom that causes people with depression to seek medical help (stressful life situation • Physical pain or discomfort • Stress, whether it is short-term or long-term. For some people, the stress caused by the insomnia makes it even harder to fall asleep. With age, sleep patterns tend to change. Many people find that aging causes them to have a harder time...
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...Stress by Ashley Strawder I. What Is Stress? Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them. Stress can be good or bad. Sometimes, stress is helpful, providing people with the extra energy or alertness they need. Stress could give a runner the edge he or she needs to persevere in a marathon, for example. This good kind of stress is called eustress. Unfortunately, stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Stress could make a salesperson buckle under the pressure while trying to make a sales pitch at an important business meeting, for example. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. This bad kind of stress is called distress, the kind of stress that people usually are referring to when they use the word stress. A convenient way to think about stress is in terms of stressors and stress responses. Stressors are events that threaten or challenge people. They are the sources of stress, such as having to make decisions, getting married, and natural disasters. Stress responses are psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions to stressors. Anxiety, depression, concentration difficulties, and muscle tension are all examples of stress responses. The connection between stressors and stress responses, however, is not as straight forward as it...
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...Beaton on behalf of Beyond Blue reported that more than 6 million working days are lost per year as a result of one mental illness alone – depression - and that each worker whose depression is untreated costs their employer $9660. It is estimated that the overall cost of unmanaged or mismanaged mental health in the Australian workplace is $13 billion a year. Lower productivity/performance There are a number of reasons why organisations and businesses need to improve the mental health of their workplaces: There are considerable financial costs associated with mental health problems in the workplace including absenteeism, presenteeism (i.e. reduced productivity while at work), high staff turnover, accidents and workers' compensation claims. (It also costs the overall community through the use of health services, loss of productivity, loss of lives, social exclusion and human rights abuses.) Employers are subject to a number of legislative requirements related to mental health in the workplace, including work health and safety, discrimination, privacy and fair work legislation. Employers have an ethical responsibility to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of their workforce and their families as well as the community at large. The facts Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. In Australia, it is estimated that 45 per cent of people will experience a mental health condition in their lifetime...
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...head for up to 10-20 minutes. There is a relatively history of this psychological disorder, different causes and effects, those who are more likely to suffer from panic, and there are also treatments found for panic disorder. Psychological disorders have had different names throughout time, like mentioned in the book Understanding Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders, the author mentions, “During the American Civil War, Dr. Jacob Mendes DaCosta described finding in soldiers what he believed to be a cardiovascular disorder involving chest pains and palpitations of the heart, but, as it turned out, actual heart disease was not usually present” (Root 1). This syndrome became known as neurocirculatory asthenia, also known as effort syndrome, cardiac neurosis, soldier’s heart, and DaCosta’s syndrome. It was linked with the emotional and physical distress of war. During the twentieth century’s two world wars, sufferers of panic disorder slowly but surely came to be treated less often by those in the field of internal medicine and more often by psychiatrists. Observers of psychological disorders had early on distinguished between what we now know as panic disorder and agoraphobia, but, in spite of such historical observations, for many years agoraphobia was known as just another phobia without any special relation to panic disorder. (Root 2-3) Panics are events of severe fear during which a person has a feeling of upcoming downfall. This fear is...
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...of having sexual intercourse” (Why Abortion Should Be Illegal). Most women who get pregnant and choose to abort their child are young. No matter what anyone does, people are bound to have sex. In addition to that, protection during sex does not always work. There have been many instances where a woman still ends up pregnant even after protection. In the case of birth control, that is not something that every woman has access to. Those who are pro-life also believe that in the case that a woman is raped, there are other ways to go about aborting their child. For example, an article states, “In the instance of rape and incest, proper medical care can ensure that a woman will not get pregnant.” ( Lowen, Linda. 10 Common Arguments For and Against Abortion). While this is true, either way you put it, the baby is being terminated. There is no right way to terminate a baby that makes it completely okay. The fact of the matter will always be that the baby is being aborted. Some pro-life supporters often mention the fact that abortion may lead to other complications later on in life. An article showing the point of view of those for and against abortion clearly states, “An abortion can result in medical complications later in life; the risk of ectopic pregnancies doubles, and the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases.” (Lowen, Linda. 10 Common Arguments For and Against Abortion). Although this is accurate, this is not something that is very common. Most...
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...Throughout the world domestic violence is recognized as a solemn human rights violation, which has a major effect on the lives of millions of women, men and children. Frequently domestic violence is hidden away behind closed doors, leaving the victims suffering in silence. Victims of domestic violence may be of any age, ethnicity, income level, or level of education. (Dryden-Edwards R, MD, page 3) Domestic violence has also been established to have no discrepancy of sex. This meaning that both male and female are found victimized by association of domestic violence. Among the ages between 16 and 59, 23 per cent of women and 15 per cent of men have been physically abused by former or current partners. (Gibbons, L page 1) In the article “Dealing with the effects of domestic violence”, the authors defined domestic violence as “any act of gender based violence, that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering,” to either men or women. (Bowlus A, McKenna, K and Gibbons L, page 4) Domestic violence can involve hitting, kicking, slapping, burning or scorching, the use of weapons or destruction of property; it often results in injury and can lead to death. Research has found that amongst the victims of murder, 76 per cent of women and 50 per cent of men were killed by people they knew (Bowlus A, McKenna, K and Gibbons L, page 1) Domestic violence includes threats of such acts of, oppression or subjective withdrawal of liberty, whether occurring...
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...including physical health and social health.1 One type of mental illness is peripartum depression, depression that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth.2 This debilitating form of depression is different from the term “baby blues.” The baby blues refer to short-term depressive symptoms that are not debilitating and, thus, do not interfere significantly with a woman’s quality of life.2 Although the exact prevalence of peripartum depression per state is uncertain (due to a lack of a standardized assessment scale), it is still on the rise—anywhere from 5% to 25%.3 The baby blues typically do not need immediate attention by healthcare providers nor do they need immediate treatment with medication, as they resolve within a couple days following childbirth. The symptoms include:...
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...thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive - they interfere with normal day-to-day life. Understanding Psychological Disorders Medical Model Brutal treatments may worsen, rather than improve, mental health. Philippe Pinel opposed such brutal treatments. He insisted that sickness of the mind is caused by severe stress and inhumane conditions. Curing them requires “moral treatment’” including boosting patients’ moral by unchaining them and talking with them. Medical model - the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in more cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital Biopsychosocial Approach The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes that mind and body are inseparable. Negative emotions contribute to physical illness, and physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions. Epigenetics - the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change Classifying Disorders & Labeling People Classification aims to: * Predict the disorder’s future course * Suggest appropriate treatment * Prompt research into causes DSM-5 - the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Such negative reactions about people that have disorders may fade as people better understand that many psychological disorders involve...
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...look at the preventive maintenance in pre-adolescent girls, before they reach puberty. This is a longitudinal study designed to research how preventive maintenance can help lower anxiety and depression in adolescence. This is an ongoing investigation with other research that has implemented other types of intervention models for depression. However, the focus of this study is to help young girls in discovering their true identity when reaching a period in their life where stress from school, social pressure and media have an effect on their way of thinking. Introduction There is a significant difference in depression in adolescent girls compared to that in boys. A lot of research has been developed to find reasons which may explain the increased rate of depression, but very little research has been done on the preventive side to help adolescents in dealing with stress and anxiety. The reason for this research is to help facilitate a better way of coping and managing a young person’s stress and anxiety; by helping minister better alternatives to solutions that they may not be fully aware of. The groups which will be examined are pre-adolescents girls, ages 8 to 11, more specifically the 4th and 6th grade level. Proposal Earlier studies concluded that young girls experience more anxiety/depression then boys around the ages of 13 to 15 years old. (Stephanie J. Cox, 2010). One research concludes that adolescent girls will ruminate more about negative emotions than boys. In...
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...Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs in new mothers two weeks to a year after giving birth. The causes of this has been linked to during pregnancy and after child birth a woman experiences a dramatic hormonal drop. The change in hormone levels is the leading cause of depression which is one of the major signs present in postpartum depression. Statistics show that one out of seven women will experience symptoms of postpartum depression. Only 600,000 people are diagnosed, leaving 800,000 to still be left untreated. Symptoms consists of depression, mood swings, anxiety, sadness, irritability, constant crying, loss of concentration, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping. PPD affects new mothers by hindering them from being...
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...Postpartum depression is a severe form of depression disorder that is related to childbirth and pregnancy. It is also one of the common mental health concern among women and very different from the usual postpartum “blues”. Typically, the depression often starts during the first three weeks after birth and last up to a year. It could cause some severe mood swings and exhaustion for the mothers. The symptoms for PPD is similarly the same as clinical depression and may include specific fear and thoughts about harming the baby. Some of the emotional symptoms that mothers usually experience are unstable emotions, which includes unpredictable crying and sadness, loss of pleasure and excitement, sudden mood swings, feeling guilty and worthlessness,...
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...Child abuse Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment or neglect of a child or children. Child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm". Types Child abuse can take several forms: The four main types are physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect. There are many effects of child neglect, such as children not being able to interact with other children around them. The continuous refusal of a child's basic needs is considered chronic neglect. Physical abuse Physical abuse involves physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. Most nations with child-abuse laws consider the deliberate infliction of...
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