...45 2014 January International Business Studies and the Imperative of Context. Exploring the ‘Black Whole’ in Institutional Theory Michael Jakobsen ©Copyright is held by the author or authors of each Discussion Paper. Copenhagen Discussion Papers cannot be republished, reprinted, or reproduced in any format without the permission of the paper's author or authors. Note: The views expressed in each paper are those of the author or authors of the paper. They do not represent the views of the Asia Research Centre or Copenhagen Business School. Editor of the Copenhagen Discussion Papers: Associate Professor Michael Jacobsen Asia Research Centre Copenhagen Business School Porcelænshaven 24 DK-2000 Frederiksberg Denmark Tel.: (+45) 3815 3396 Email: mj.int@cbs.dk www.cbs.dk/arc International Business Studies and the Imperative of Context. Exploring the ‘Black Whole’ in Institutional Theory Michael Jakobsen Associate Professor Asia Research Centre Copenhagen Business School mj.int@cbs.dk Abstract The aim of this article is to take a critical look at how to perceive informal institutions within institutional theory. Douglas North in his early works on institutional theory divided the national institutional framework into two main categories, formal and informal institution or constraints as he called them. The formal constraints consisted of political rules, judicial decisions and economic contracts, whereas informal constraints consisted of socially sanctioned norms...
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...well as other war potential, will never be maintained." (Article 9) This policy and constitutional structure would make Japanese military mainly defensive in nature. This was to ensure that democracy would take hold and imperialism and military rule would not surface again in Japanese society (Dolan and Worden, 1992). Today this constitutional directive is an active feature in the Japanese society. The majority of Japanese people do not believe in the proliferation of military strength especially that of nuclear capability. Military Force Structure As a result of the new Japanese government policies towards war, the Japanese military would become a defensive structure relying on US protection. After World War II rising tensions with China, Korea, and Russia would push the Japanese to establish Self Defense Forces (SDF) (Dolan and Worden, 1992). The SDF would have limited capability and would have the purpose of defense only measures. While some argue that the Japanese...
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...“Bricks-and-Mortar” vs. “Clicks-and-Mortar”: an Equilibrium Analysis Fernando Bernstein Jing-Sheng Song Xiaona Zheng The Fuqua School of Business The Fuqua School of Business Guanghua School of Management Duke University Duke University Peking University Durham, NC 27708 Durham, NC 27708 Beijing, China 100871 Forthcoming in European Journal of Operational Research The Internet has provided traditional retailers a new means with which to serve customers. Consequently, many “bricks-and-mortar” retailers have transformed to “clicks-and-mortar” by incorporating Internet sales. Examples of companies making such a transition include Best Buy, Wal-Mart, Barnes & Noble, etc. Despite the increasing prevalence of this practice, several fundamental questions remain: (1) Does it pay off to go online? (2) Which is the equilibrium industry structure? (3) What is the implication of this business model for consumers? We study these issues in an oligopoly setting and show that clicks-and-mortar arises as the equilibrium channel structure. However, we find that this equilibrium does not necessarily imply higher profits for the firms: in some cases, rather, it emerges as a strategic necessity. Consumers are generally better off with clicks-and-mortar retailers. If firms align with pure e-tailers to reach the online market, we show that a prisoner’s dilemma-type equilibrium may arise. Keywords: Supply chain management, Game theory, E-commerce, MNL model...
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...Research proposal | Dormi, futon bed | | The Futura Dormis ‘’A Dormi in a Dorm.’’ Contents The Product 2 Central Research question 3 Sub-Questions 3 Research Objective 3 Sub-Objectives 3 Distribution planning 4 Research design 5 Data Collection 6 Time plan 7 Sources 8 The Product Many industries are currently extremely saturated due to increasing global awareness of products and a converging global market. On the other hand, sleeping is one of the most important things in a person’s life and preferences may vary. The product we will be bringing to the Dutch market is Dormi. Essentially, it is a simple product that gives all the comfort of a luxurious futon that can be rolled up, extended or inflated in order to give each customer the ability to adapt it to their own preference according to space and sleeping habits. The Dormi is not only a perfect substitute for an average bed but is also sold cheaply to match the needs of the target market and making it highly affordable while still offering the ability of customization. The Dormi itself is a stylish new way of bringing unique look into any home or dormitory while offering all the comfort of the conventional oriental futons. The core product we offer is a cheap and comfortable bed. However Dormi is augmented to also ensure that it is highly customizable and easily inflated/deflated, attached and detached. Thanks to various Velcro strips, placed along the sides of Dormi, customers...
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...“sweatshops” where workers, many of them children, slaved away in hazardous conditions for below-subsistence wages. Nike’s wealth, its detractors claimed, was built upon the backs of the world’s poor. For many, Nike had become a symbol of the evils of globalization—a rich Western corporation exploiting the world’s poor to provide expensive shoes and apparel to the pampered consumers of the developed world. Niketown stores became standard targets for antiglobalization protesters. Several nongovernmental organizations, such as San Francisco-based Global Exchange, a human rights organization dedicated to promoting environmental, political, and social justice around the world, targeted Nike for repeated criticism and protests.2 News shows such as CBS-TV’s 48 Hours ran exposés on working conditions in foreign factories that supply Nike. Students on the campuses of several...
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...evolutionary. 4.0 CONCLUSION 5.0 REFENERCES 1.0 INTRUDUTION Sony was founded in 1946. One of Sony’s founders Akio Morita deems that “made in Japan” from contemptuous sentence become a compliment one, Sony contributed a lot. The purpose of my report is to analyse Sony’s resources, competencies and capabilities to explain its success, and evaluate Sony’s strategies including internationalization and diversification from 1987 to 2003. 2.0 PROCEDURE Material was collected from of Sony case study, media websites, economy magazines and books. 3.0 FINDINGS 3.1 Sony’s resources, competencies and capabilities. Sony’s resources have different sections. The first of all, Sony’s leader is excellence who founded this corporation. Masura Ibuka and Akil Morita are outstanding founders of Sony. They make a great contribution to Sony including solve the problems of Sony’s growth in the future and development. In addition, Sony was also hired non-Japanese manager such as Michael Schulhof who from CBS records in 1974. In 2000, Sony was a company employing 170,000 workers who come around the world. They have many factories, and these factories distributed all around the world. From 1985 to 1995 Sony opened about 15 factories in some Asian countries, for...
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...& Analysis 3 2.4. Recommendations of product 7 2.5. Promotion 8 2.6. Recommendations of Promotion 10 3.0 Reference Group in Game Culture: take Korea as an example. 11 4.0 Conclusion 13 5.0 Reference List 14 1.0 Introduction Riot games, a game company established in 2006 in the USA. “Players experience first” is the core value of Riot Games (Riot Games, 2013.) This core value makes them succeed within only 5 years by running its most well-known online game -League of Legends. The team is trying to make games not only games, but a part of every player’s life. Other than that, their great success in international market also brought great funding opportunity to them; for example, Tencent, the biggest network company in China, has now acquired the majority stake of Riot Games. (Riot Games, 2011.) It also helps them penetrate the Chinese market. 1.1. League of Legends League of Legends, the only game which is run by Riot Games, is one kind of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), the feature of this kind of game is team cooperation. It is session-based and including multiplayer. In each session, players need to destroy nexus which protected by numbers of turrets. The team destroys the nexus first wins the game (leagueoflegends, 2014). The main competitors of League of Legends are DOTA2 and World of Warcraft. The latter was the most popular game in this category before; however, the first place is taken by League of Legends now (Seitz, 2014). Riot games...
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...Public School #24 in Harlem. 1923 Sees first play--a melodrama at the Schubert Theater. 1928 Bar-mitzvah at the Avenue M temple. Father's business struggling and family move to Brooklyn. Attends James Madison HIgh School. 1930 Reassigned to the newly built Abraham Lincoln High School. Plays on football team. 1931 Delivery boy for local bakery before school, and works for father's business over summer vacation. 1933 Graduates from Abraham Lincoln High School. Registers for night school at City College, but quits after two weeks. 1933-34 Clerked in an auto-parts warehouse, where he was the only Jew employed and had his first real, personal experiences of American anti-semitism. 1934 Enters University of Michigan in the Fall to study journalism. Reporter and night editor on student paper, The Michigan Daily. 1936 Writes No Villain in six days and receives Hopwood Award in Drama. Transfers to an English major. 1937 Takes playwrighting class with Professor Kenneth T. Rowe. Rewrite of No Villain, titled, They Too Arise, receives a major award from the Bureau of New Plays and is produced in Ann Arbor and Detroit. Honors at Dawn receives Hopwood Award in Drama. Drives Ralph Neaphus East to join the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in Spain during their Civil War, and decides not to go with him. 1938 The Great Disobedience receives second place in the Hopwood contest. They Too Arise is revised and titled The Grass...
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...individualism and collectivism cultures. All cultures are more or less culturally involved this is why I like to think of cultural involvement as being on a spectrum/continuum. Individualistic cultures follow the principle of being independent and self-reliant. Some example of individualistic culture or individually oriented culture is here in the United States and also places like Australia and Canada. Our society is very egocentric and focused on the individual. Collectivistic cultures follow the principle of working together as a group to get things done. Many Asian cultures follow the collectivistic culture or group oriented culture, such as China, Korea, and Japan. Many of these cultures work as a team to get things accomplished and if one person does terrible they all do terrible collectively. One great example from the book was a study referring to the behavioral differences of African American and Caucasian students....
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...Challenges facing the Music Industry As Albert Moran puts it, “film is an economic commodity as well as a cultural good” (Albert Moran, 1996) and therefore, the struggle to dominate the market for films and music has continued for such a long time. These cultural products because of the industrial processes they follow of production, distribution and consumption fall into the category of an industry and are immensely affected by the forces of the market. Distribution is the key factor in determining who would rule the industry as it forms the link between the production of the media goods and their exposure to the target audience. Over the years the cultural industry has evolved imbibing newer technologies and making space for newer companies to make their mark. This process of evolution has been intercepted with changes in its economic and sociological structure owing to the external economic, social and political factors and also technological advancements. Ownership of the media forces to a great extent amounts to a huge control over the global economy and also means greater political and cultural power. Hesmondhalgh, in his book, The Cultural Industries, points out that there has been an "interweaving of change and continuity" in the cultural industry since the 1970s (Hesmondhalgh, 2007). However, this hasn’t ever been a smooth process for the older and established companies who had to face challenges from the new market players. The music industry had to grow from the...
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...Conformity Assessment Elements for all IVDD The major elements of a conformity assessment system are: * A quality management system (QMS) * A postmarket surveillance system (PMS) * Summary technical documentation * A Declaration of Conformity * Registration of manufacturers and their IVD medical devices with the regulatory authority. **Conformity: A declaration by the IVDD manufacturer that the device is safe and performs as intended. Ref: Regulatory Affairs Professional Society; Fundamentals of International Regulatory Affairs, Second edition Conclusion: Every country has variations in the way IVDD is being regulated. With different classifications, regulatory body etc. I would recommend you to decide on a few specific countries which would be the potential market for your device (within Latin America) and then you will be able to narrow your research on its regulatory pathway. There are some common elements that comprise the approval process and required submission documentation for medical device approval in many Latin American countries. These include: * A Technical File or Report similar to a CE Technical File (technical description, device safety test results, biocompatibility data, labeling, etc). The required amount and type of information varies depending on the country. * A Certificate of Free Sale (CFS) issued by the public health authority in the country of origin, whichdemonstrates that the device is cleared for sale in the US...
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...Dangerous Stereotypes for Women To understand stereotype, you should define what it is. As Cambridge Dictionaries says, stereotype is a fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like. No one chooses to be stereotyped or categorized under a specific title, and no one wants to be the victim of an unfair judgment. Despite those opinions, people make judgments on people they barely know. Stereotypes usually lead to incorrect predictions about a person or group. The use of stereotypes to judge another human being can cause serious harm to others. According to traditional stereotypes, men are strong and dominant. Whereas females are weak and submissive. Gender stereotypes disadvantage and discriminate against women in many places. Thus, this paper focuses on three negative stereotypes about women in the workplace, at school, and in society that could cause serious harm to them. Negative gender stereotype, especially being dependent or no self-confidence, impact women in the workplaces. According to the article ‘Media Portrayal of Women and Social Change’, “women are often stereotypically portrayed as playing lesser beings, dependent roles or sexual objects.” This means it is more appropriate for women to stay at home doing housework and caring for children than getting a job. When women are offered employment jobs, they are not given good jobs because men believe that they could not handle traditionally masculine work. Men think that women are not...
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...------------------------------------------------- Parties involved in the conflict ------------------------------------------------- This international conflict involves the entire world as each country was interested in a peaceful resolution. Countries sharing a border with Russia are extremely anxious and fearful their security may be threatened as a result of this conflict. Therefore, the primary parties in this conflict is represented by the United Nations (UN) representing international law and security; Ukraine, the injured party; Russia, the supposedly aggressor; and Crimea. Additionally, the countries representing the UN Security Council become primary members of the conflict by nature of their position as permanent members of the organization. Therefore, France, China, Russia, the United States, and The United Kingdom are all primary parties of the conflict. Moreover, in late March CNN reported, President Barak Obama’s...
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...master plotter of the 9/11 attacks, which killed nearly 3,000 people. The death of Osama bin Laden has raised many questions; what impact does his death have on U.S. counter-terrorism activities, Al-Qaeda and Islamic extremism, and U.S./NATO efforts in Afghanistan? More importantly, is the world any safer now than it was before? U.S. efforts to combat terrorism Without doubt, the death of the Al-Qaida leader is a great achievement in the global fight against terrorism. The spontaneous celebrations that broke out across the U.S. show how eagerly Americans were waiting to see this day. “History's most expansive, expensive and exasperating manhunt has finally ended, but the most expensive war against terrorism still has a long way to go.” (China Post, 2011) While we take comfort in his removal, we must not become complacent in our efforts to win the war on terror. Bin Laden’s death stands as a favorable victory to the world, but it is a symbolic victory more than a strategic changing victory. The New Zealand Herald (2011) writes that the killing of Osama bin Laden is unlikely to end the threat of the terrorism he inspired, but symbolically it is a victory. As American’s we must see it as a victory in our ongoing counter-terrorism campaign. In a 1998...
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...Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav. 11: 406–414 (2012) Published online 23 May 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/cb.1385 Does an iPod make you happy? An exploration of the effects of iPod ownership on life satisfaction ANTJE COCKRILL* School of Business and Economics, Haldane Building, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK ABSTRACT The Apple iPod is currently the undisputed leading product in the global MP3 player market. This competitive advantage is due to the design, high functionality, and perhaps most importantly, the ‘cool factor’ which Apple has managed to obtain with its products. This study explores if owning an iPod (as opposed to another brand of MP3 player) makes a difference in the perception of general life satisfaction. Using Diener et al.’s generic satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) to measure the dependent variable life satisfaction, a model with the key concepts usage, benefits, peer influence, design, iPod phenomenon, and iPod bubble has been developed and tested in a variety of ways, including regression analysis. The sample consisted of a multinational sample of 240+ young adults, aged 18–35 years. The demographic profiles of iPod and non-iPod owners were very similar, but for iPod owners, 23 per cent of the variance in overall life satisfaction is explained by the key concepts used in this research. Key influencing variables for iPod owners are peer influence and design. For non-iPod owners...
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