...Lab Report Cells as a Source of Energy Answer the following questions about the results of this activity. Record your answers in the boxes. Send your completed lab report to your instructor. Don’t forget to save your lab report to your computer! Activity 1 Record your data from Activity 1 in the boxes below. Enter the samples you added for each trial (methylene blue, glucose, etc…) in the “Variable Added to the Cell Culture” column and the corresponding electrical output results in the “Millivolts Produced” column. | | | | |Trial |Variable Added to the Cell Culture Chamber |Millivolts Produced | |1 |None | | | | |0 | |2 |Flavin Mononucleotide Without light |5 | |3 |Flavin Mononucleotide With light |50 | |4 |Sodium Bicarbonate With light |65 ...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the process by which electrons are transferred between glucose to coenzymes and then to oxygen and turns it into energy called ATP used by cells. The three stages are: 1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport. What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of glycolysis is to split a molecule of glucose into two molecules to form a compound called pyruvic acid from enzymes located in the cytoplasm. The process of glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. If it occurs with oxygen it is called cellular respiration and if occurs without oxygen then it is called fermentation. The reactant is glucose thus producing 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle) is to completely break-down glucose all the way to CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration. The enzymes for the citric acid cycle are dissolved in the fluid within the matrix of the mitochondria and two ATP’s are produced for each molecule of glucose. The end result of the citric acid cycle is 4 CO, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2 . What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Organic compounds such as glucose store energy in their arrangements of atoms. These molecules are broken down and their energy extracted in cellular respiration. The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol, while the second and third stages occur in mitochondria. In cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from glucose to coenzymes such as NAD+ and finally to oxygen; the energy released by this relocation of electrons is used to make ATP (University of Phoenix, 2008). • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? During glycolysis, glucose (C6) is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3). Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) and does not require oxygen ("Cellular Respiration", n.d.). • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Coenzyme A is removed when the two-carbon compound is attached to a four-carbon compound producing a six-carbon compound (citrate). Each citrate molecule undergoes a series of reactions that removes 2 carbon atoms which are released as CO2. In addition, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 are produced. In addition, the four-carbon compound that began the cycle is regenerated ("Cellular Respiration"...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the process by which electrons are transferred between glucose to coenzymes and then to oxygen. The three stagesare: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis is the sugar splitting process where the molecule is split in half outside of the mitochondria. The molecule NAD+ picks up electrons and hydrogen atoms from the carbon molecule and become NADH. ATP is produced from the process, as well as pyruvic acid. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. With oxygen it is the first stage of the cellular respiration, but if the process is done without oxygen it is called fermentation. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The Citric Acid Cycle starts after the glycolysis cycle produces the acetyl CoA compound. The Coenzyme A is removed and the remaining carbon skeleton is attached to another 4-carbon molecule. The new 6-carbon chain releases carbon dioxide. Two ATP’s are produced during this process for each molecule of glucose. The end result of the citric acid cycle is 4 CO molecules, 6 NADH molecules, 2 ATP molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. The process is part...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? This process takes the food we eat and turns it into energy that can be used by the cells called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). The three stages : 1) Glycolysis 2) Citric acid cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Is the first step used to breakdown the glucose. The reactants are two molecules from glucose pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2H.. The product is a glucose molecule with 2 phosphate groups that make glucose less stable. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The citric acid cycle is to gather high energy electrons from carbon fuels. The citric acid produces: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP , and 4CO2 This action takes place in the mitochondria • What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the electron transport is basically to take carry electron from glucose to oxygen, and then forming water (H20) with the addition of hydrogen. It does this by...
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...Scientific inquiry in biology starts by observing the living species around you. What separates science from the other methods of seeking truth is that it is testable (e.g., one can devise experiments to test the validity of an idea); it is falsifiable (e.g., an experiment can reveal if an idea is false); and it involves natural causality (e.g., the method involves and depends upon the natural laws of the universe which cause things to happen in a predictable and repeatable manner). Observation: Scientific inquiry begins when something interesting gets your attention. Question: Following an observation, a question arises in your mind. It may be something like "I wonder what?" or, "I wonder how? or, "I wonder why?" Assignment Details In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation. First, choose 1 of the following observations or questions: •Option A ◦Observation: During the winter, you spread salt daily on your driveway to melt the snow. In the springtime, when the lawn begins to grow, you notice that there is no grass growing for about 3 inches from the driveway. Furthermore, the grass seems to be growing more slowly up to about 1 foot from the driveway. ◦Question: Might grass growth be inhibited by salt? •Option B ◦Observation: You and your neighbor have small kitchen gardens where you both grow tomatoes. His blotchy green and...
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...Biology – Science 206 Energy, Metabolism, and Cells – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration John Carter August 11, 2013 1. Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat. Photosynthesis can be defined as the process that living organisms such as plants use to translate the sun’s energy into chemical energy. Once the plant has translated the sun’s energy into chemical energy it then releases that energy and makes it readily available to other living things (Vermaas, 2007). Aerobic respiration can be defined as nutrients being converted into useful energy. Respiration allows cells to use the energy stored during the photosynthesis process. It’s the chemical reaction that breaks down the glucose and changes it into a larger amount of Adenosine Triphosphate which is also called ATP (Board, 2012). Plants use sunlight to make ATP for its energy source by creating a series of chemical reactions by producing oxygen as a waste product. Next, animals and human beings eat these plants. The nutrients digested by animals and human beings reverse the process by using the ATP as a source of energy. Our cells use the nutrients from the plants and convert the nutrients in a process that uses oxygen (Board, 2012). Once our bodies have used all the nutrients will be need from those plants our bodies as well as animals release carbon dioxide as waste. Photosynthesis and respiration are both means of converting...
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...of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...Cells Biology- the study of life and living organisms Living- uses energy, maintains itself, capability to reproduce, and development/growth; also part of a population that evolve (each generation differs from the ones before and after) Cells- basic unit of life Prokaryotic- lacking nucleus Bacteria “archaea” Eukaryotic- nucleus Plants Animals Fungi Eukaryotic Nucleus- surrounded by a double membrane; contains DNA Linear chromosomes Cytoplasm contains everything outside of the nucleus Cytoskeleton crisscrosses the cell- holds shape and allows for cell movement Cytoplasm contains organelles- each plays a role in the functioning of the cell Organelles are surrounded by membranes Ribosomes- assemble proteins, only organelle not surrounded by membrane; some are suspended in cytoplasm and some are attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles proteins for the cell membrane or outside of the cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles membranes Golgi Apparatus- “post office of the cell” Lysosomes- “garbage disposal of the cell” eats organic waste/ damaged organelles; some used to destroy bacteria Vacuoles- sacs surrounded by membrane used to store/expel nutrients or other materials such as pigments and hormones. Mitochondria- organelles that break down molecules to obtain energy for the cell Chloroplasts- plant cell structure that captures energy from sunlight to build molecules Cell membrane- defines...
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...Cell membrane - forms the outer covering of the cell, and is semi-permeable. Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell. Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell. Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division. Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products. Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes. Microtubules - are hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell. Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy. Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis. Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes. Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane, allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the cell Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell. Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall. Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles. Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the...
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...Thomas Spann Biology Lab Plant Cell Definitions and Functions Nucleus: The cell nucleus is supposed to be the most important organelle. It carries the genetic information present in this organelle which inherits the physical traits from one generation to another. It has a dark stained nucleolus mainly responsible for protein formation. Apart from this, the nucleus coordinates all the cell functions and regulates the metabolism of plants. The passage of food and water and the influx of nutrients in and out of the cells are some of the characteristic functions of a plant cell. Nuclear Membrane: As the name indicates, this membranous sheath surrounding the nucleus protects it from physical damage. You can go through the nuclear membrane function for better understanding. Cytoplasm: As seen from the diagram, the cytoplasm of a cell is the ground substance or the matrix which is jelly like material in which all the cell organelles are embedded and suspended. The main cytoplasm function in a cell is to keep all the cell constituents intact. Cell Membrane: Similar to a nuclear membrane, the main cell membrane function is to give the cell an appropriate shape and size. This thin membrane is made up of cellulosic fibers and proteins and its main function is transport of materials through cells. Cell Wall: The cell wall is a distinguishing part which is not present in animals and mainly responsible for imparting rigidity to the cells. The cell wall material differs with plant...
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...eukaryotic cell. ANSWER: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms: are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane while membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The main different between the both cell organism is nucleus: Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler organisms without no nucleus but most are unicellular, while eukaryotic cells are larger organisms with a nucleus but often multicellular. Differences Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Protein DNA is circular, without protein. DNA is associated with protein to form chromatin. Cell wall Cell division is by binary fusion Usually...
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...1-6 Chapter 1: Scientific Study of Life * The Cell is the basic Unit of life. * An Organism is a living individual and consists of one or more cells The levels of Biological Organization are (smallest to largest): * Atoms = The smallest chemical unit * Molecule = Group of joined atoms * Organelle = Membrane bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell * Tissue = Collection of specialized cells that function in coordination * Organ = Structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions * Organ System = Organs connected physically or chemically that function together * Population= A group of the same species of an organism living in the same place and time * Community = All populations that occupy a region * Ecosystem = Living and non-living components in an area * Biosphere = Parts of a planet and its atmosphere where life is possible When the levels of Biological properties work together they create new and complex functions called Emergent Properties Biologists divide organisms into 3 categories based on their source of Energy and raw materials * Producers (Autotrophs) = Make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from non living sources. Ex: The sun * Consumers (Heterotrophs) = Obtain energy and nutrients by eating other Organisms Ex. US * Decomposers (AKA Heterotrophs as well) = Obtain energy and nutrients from waste or dead organisms. Ex: Fungi...
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...have the same basic characteristics and/or functions, sensitivity, response or order to their environment, development and growth, reproduction, homeostasis, regulation and processing energy. When we view these together the eight items define life. Organisms and creatures are organized and coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even the very simple, single-celled organisms and creatures are complex. Inside each cell atoms make up molecules, these atoms and molecules in turn make up organelles and other inclusions. In a multicellular organism or creature similar cells from tissues. These tissues in turn work together to form organs. Organs collaborate to form organ systems. Organisms respond to different stimulus. A good example of this is that plants grow toward the light they also climb on walls and fences or respond to the touch. Even the smallest bacteria can move away or toward chemicals. Movement toward this is considered a good response, while movement away from this is considered a negative response. The single celled creatures or organisms multiply by duplicating their DNA. They then divide equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. The multicellular creatures or organisms produce reproductive germline cells that form new individual cells. When the reproduction...
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...Photosynthesis and Solar cells In order for humans to live, as well as all living organisms, photosynthesis used by plants to create solar energy is essential. The way cells are created and regenerated is fascinating and we are still making new discoveries each and every day. A solar cell converts light energy from the sun directly into electricity. Plant cells contains chloroplasts and absorbs light energy from the Sun. Plant growth and development are driven by continuous generation of new cells. (Inze, D. &DeVeylder, L. The plant cycle Annu.Rev Plant Biology, 54 235-236, 2006). There are several similarities in both cells. ATP in common in both plant cells and solar cells. ATP synthase is a ubiquitous membrane enzyme that plays a key role in biological energy metabolism. This enzyme interconverts two major "energy currencies" of a living cell: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and transmembrane electrochemical proton potential difference. ATP synthase is found in bacteria, plants, and animals. In most organisms the primary function of the enzyme is ATP synthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. The energy needed for this process comes from the proton electrochemical potential difference generated by respiration or photosynthesis. (Boris A. Feniouk, 2002-2010) Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants...
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