...pecuniary gains: ................................................... 3 ð Determination of employment in the short period: ................................................................. 3 ð The rudiments of a theory of expenditure and critique of Say’s law: ....................................... 4 ð A more detailed theory of expenditure: .................................................................................. 4 ð Uncertainty, expectation and confidence: ............................................................................... 4 ð Investment, asset choice and liquidity preference: ................................................................... 4 ð Employment and the essential properties of money: ............................................................... 4 ð Potential instability: ................................................................................................................ 5 ð Investments, saving and banking system:................................................................................. 5 conclusion: ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Page 1 of 5 Keynes’s “GENERAL THEORY” valid only for modern capitalism? This article focuses on the interpretation that restricts the applicability of Keynes General theory for modern capitalism. It makes his...
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...229 Study Unit 13 Monetary Policy Contents A. Options for Holding Wealth Physical Assets Financial Securities Liquid Money – Cash Page 230 230 231 231 B. Liquidity Preference and the Demand for Money 232 C. Implications of the Interest Sensitivity of the Demand for Money Interest Rates and Demand for Goods and Services Classical and Monetarist View The Keynesian View of Interest Rates and Expenditure Implications of the Differences 234 234 235 235 235 D. Changes in Liquidity Preference 237 E. The Quantity Theory of Money and the Importance of Money Supply The Money Equation Diagrammatic Representation of the Quantity Theory of Money 238 238 238 F. Methods of Controlling the Supply of Money Interest Rate Control Control over Banking Ratios Direct Controls over Banks Control of Government Borrowing 240 240 240 240 241 G. Monetary Policy and the Control of Inflation 241 © ABE and RRC 230 Monetary Policy Objectives The aim of this unit, in conjunction with Study Unit 12, is to explain and evaluate the effectiveness of monetary policy in a closed and open economy and discuss the possible impact of monetary policy on business decision-making. When you have completed this study unit and Study Unit 12 you will be able to: demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the banking system and the creation of money identify the components of the high-powered money stock and explain why these...
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...Institutions Reform, Recovery, & Reinforcement Act (FIRREA)–authorized taxpayer funds to cover cost of liquidating failed thrifts, abolished current thrift regulatory structure, moved thrift insurance to FDIC, required insurance fund= 1.25% of insured deposits ABCT–there is no market mechanism that causes inflation or business cycles, the inflation of prices is an effect not a cause of economic disruption ABCT & unsustainable boom–the fed MS to interest and employment (I), not been a change in time preferences, the in interest sends the wrong signal & investment projects start to compete with consumption for resources, may not be noticed (slack resources get used), eventually C & I will have to bid up resource costs, inflation dampens I, so Fed further MS, effects are only temporary Actual inflation-exceeds inflation expectations, real ex post returns on bonds can be negative AD can shift – AD, shift right. AD, shift left. Whenever C, I, G, net x / due to changes in the money supply AD curve holding constant moving down –quantity of money AD for output–derived from the demand for money or from the real balance effect AD slopes downward–when the price level is lowered our money balances grow in real terms leading us to buy more Addressing the business cycle–stop inflating money, don’t bail out troubled firms, don’t inflate to get out of the depression, don’t encourage more consumption Adjusting for risk premiums, i still differs–by maturities, a positive...
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...a brand competition that puts consumers in charge and renders businesses entirely vulnerable to the consumer’s preferences. Thus to stand in the competition, the upsurge of celebrities endorsing brands has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Marketers acknowledge the power of celebrity in influencing consumer’s purchase decision. Millions of dollars are spent as the celebrity endorsement can bestow unique features upon a product that it may have lacked otherwise. Not lacking behind, Soft Drink companies are also advertising their product through various media and spending millions of dollars on celebrities to endorse their product. Around 35% of the total cost is spent by the Soft Drink Company especially in Advertising. Various Movie Actors and Sports Players are hired to endorse the Soft drink Brand. Therefore, I took this opportunity to study the Impact of Advertisement on Brand Preferences towards Soft Drinks. This research is a Descriptive Research where Primary data was collected from 80 respondents by using a questionnaire through Convenience Sampling and Secondary data was collected from Internet and Research papers. The Data collected was analyzed via using SPSS 16 Software. The major findings of the report are that the Advertisement has a severe impact on the brand preference towards Soft Drinks. Television is the first choice of people for searching the information, and then followed by...
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...shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it's shown in (1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, (3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and (4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives. It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides guidelines on customer care and service, product quality and safety, attendance and punctuality, and concern for the environment. It also extends to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. Organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change Organizational culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. It is also the pattern of such collective behaviors and assumptions that are taught to new organizational members as a way of perceiving, and even thinking and feeling. Organizational culture affects the way people and groups interact with each...
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...Every investor wants has two main objective he/she wishes to achieve out of investment : capital preservation and capital appreciation. The financial instruments available for investment The financial markets are broadly classifies as capital markets and money markets. Each of these have a different set of instruments to invest in. The capital markets provide intermediate to long financing in the form of equity or debt instruments. They have maturity of more than one year. The money market instruments are short term investments. When corporations, municipalities and the United States government need to raise funds in the short-tem, they issue securities in the money market. The instruments that are mostly traded in money market are commercial papers (CPs), certificates of deposit (CDs) and treasury bills (T-Bills). Corporate houses use commercial paper to raise funds for short-term (usually ranges from 30 to 270 days) And investors can buy these at discounted prices for short term investment. Treasury bills are the debt raised by the U.S. government. T-bills are considered the safest investment options and have the minimum interest-rate risk. They are again very short-term maturities. CDs (Certificates of Deposit) is another vehicle for investment which offers a higher rate of interest than regular savings account. CDs are issued by corporates to raise funds for fixed period of time. The longer this period, more is the interest offered. This instrument ties down funds...
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...A REPORT ON “CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR REGARDING MUTUAL FUND, TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND AND INVESTMENT PROCESS” BY MANOJ KUMAR (Enroll No. : 08BS0001652) SUNDARAM FINANCE LTD. Contract/Project/Job Number________________ A Report On “Consumer Behaviour Regarding Mutual Fund, Types Of Mutual Fund And Investment Process” By Manoj Kumar (Enroll No.:08BS0001652) Sundaram Finance Ltd. Date of Submission : May 2009 AUTHORISATION This is to certify that the internship project report titled “Consumer Behavior Regarding Mutual Fund, Types of Mutual Fund and Investment Process” is a bonafide work of Manoj Kumar in original. This report has been prepared under constant supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirement of IBS for the award of MBA Degree for the period of three months (Feb 2009 to May 2009). This project report neither full nor parts has ever before been submitted for awarding of any degree by this B-School or any other B-School. Prof. Puja Aggarwal Mr. Satyapal Faculty IBS Noida Territory Manager- General Insurance Sundaram Finance Ltd. 605-606, Sixth Floor, Ashoka Estate, 24 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi Date : Date : CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAM This is to certify that Mr. Manoj Kumar has successfully completed the Summer Internship Programme in Sundaram Finance Ltd. for the duration of 3 months (February 09 to May 09) under the supervision of ...
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...Labor market = w/p and L -suply curve: how many people will want to work at various real wage rates slopes upwards: as the wage rate increases, more and more individuals decide they are better off working than not working... rise in the wage rate increases the number of people in the economy who want to work -demand curve: how many workers firms will want to hire at various real wage rates downward sloping: as the wage rate increases, each firm in the economy will find to maximize profit it should employ fewer workers than before a rise in the wage rate will decrease the quantity of labor demanded in the economy -demand curve shifts: the capital stock, the availability of resources, taxes on goods sold -supply curve shifts: size of the population, tastes for labor and market goods vs. leisure, taxes on consumption (taxes on labor we can represent in the labor market model) If excess supply of labor: competition among workers would drive the wage down if excess demand of labor: competition among firms would drive wage upward equilibrium total employment = market clears, economy achieves full employment -level of employment is achieved automatically -unemployment is viewed as frictional.. frictional unemployment causes actual unemployment to be less than the maximum possible Loanable funds market= r and S=I -supply curve: level of household saving at various interest rates, slopes upward (quantity of funds supplied to the financial market depends positively on the...
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...A PROJECT REPORT ON “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI.” SUBMITTED BY CHETAN N NAKTE (MARKETING) ROLL NO – B-07 Batch 2011 - 2013 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. AMIT AGGRAWAL CORE FACULTY - MARKETING UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, KURLA, MUMBAI. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI” carried out at S.P.JEWELLERS is my work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Degree of MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS), UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI from KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, KURLA, MUMBAI and not submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or any similar titles or prizes. Date: Signature: _______________ Place: Mumbai Student Name: ___________ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI” is successfully completed by “Chetan N Nakte” during the second year of her course, in partial fulfillment of the Masters Degree in Management Studies, under the University of Mumbai, through KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, Kurla, Mumbai-400070. Date: Place: Mumbai “Dr.Amit Aggrawal” ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my privilege...
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...A PROJECT REPORT ON “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI.” SUBMITTED BY CHETAN N NAKTE (MARKETING) ROLL NO – B-07 Batch 2011 - 2013 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. AMIT AGGRAWAL CORE FACULTY - MARKETING UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, KURLA, MUMBAI. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI” carried out at S.P.JEWELLERS is my work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Degree of MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS), UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI from KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, KURLA, MUMBAI and not submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or any similar titles or prizes. Date: Signature: _______________ Place: Mumbai Student Name: ___________ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE TOWARDS BRANDED JEWELLERY OVER NON BRANDED JEWELLERY IN MUMBAI” is successfully completed by “Chetan N Nakte” during the second year of her course, in partial fulfillment of the Masters Degree in Management Studies, under the University of Mumbai, through KOHINOOR BUSINESS SCHOOL, Kurla, Mumbai-400070. Date: Place: Mumbai “Dr.Amit Aggrawal” ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my privilege...
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...important to offer a standard product to the worldwide. But very significant differences still exist between national markets like consumer tastes, preferences, legal regulations, cultural systems. These differences require that marketing strategies in order to match the conditions in a country. To illustrate, Wal-Mart may still need to vary their product from country depending on local tastes and preferences. 2. Globalization of Production: It refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. The idea is to compete more effectively offering a product with good quality and low cost. For example, Nike is considerate one of the leading marketers of athletic shoes and apparel on the world. The company has some overseas factories where has achieved a super production with low cost. Unfortunately Nike has been a target of protest and persistent accusations that its products are made in sweatshops with poor working conditions. The company has signalled a commitment to improving working conditions, but in spite of the fact, the attacks continue. 3. Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment: The falling of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world as their market. The lowering of barrier to trade and investments also allows firms to base production at the optimal location for that activity. Thus, a firm might design a product in one country, produce...
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...view of behavior and contrasts it with other views. The chapter presents a graphical analysis of utility maximization and decision making under uncertainty. The concepts in this chapter are an important foundation for subsequent material in the book. CHAPTER OUTLINE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR: AN OVERVIEW Economic Choice Marginal Analysis Managerial Application: Marginal Analysis of Customer Profitability Opportunity Costs Managerial Application: Opportunity Costs and V-8 Creativity of Individuals Managerial Application: Creative Gaming of the System GRAPHIC TOOLS Individual Objectives Indifference Curves Constraints Individual Choice Changes in Choice MOTIVATING HONESTY AT MERRILL LYNCH MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Managerial Application: Medicare Creates Perverse Incentives for Doctors ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF BEHAVIOR Only-Money-Matters Model Happy-Is-Productive Model Managerial Application: Happy-Is-Productive versus Economic Explanations of the Hawthorne Experiments Good-Citizen Model Managerial Application: Culture and Behavior Product-of-the-Environment Model WHICH MODEL SHOULD MANAGERS USE? Academic Application: The Economic Framework and Criminal Behavior Academic Application: Criticisms of the Happy-Is-Productive Model DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY Expected Value Variability ...
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...financing. In order to make right decision, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the objectives. Such an objective provides a framework for right kind of financial decision making. The objectives are concerned with designing a method of operating the Internal Investment and financing of a firm. There are two widely applied approaches, viz. (a) profit maximization and (b) wealth maximization. The term 'objective' is used in the sense of an object, a goal or decision criterion. The three decisions - Investment decision, financing decision and dividend policy decision are guided by the objective. Therefore, what is relevant - is not the overall objective but an operationally useful criterion: It should also be noted that the term objective provides a normative framework. Therefore, a firm should try to achieve and on policies which should be followed so that certain goals are to be achieved. It should be noted that the firms do not necessarily follow them. Profit Maximization as a Decision Criterion Profit maximization is considered as the goal of financial management. In this approach, actions that Increase profits should be undertaken and the actions that decrease the profits are avoided. Thus, the Investment, financing and dividend also be noted that the term objective provides a normative framework decisions should be oriented to the maximization of profits. The term 'profit' is used in two senses. In one sense it is used as an owner-oriented. 2 By, Kannadas S, Asst...
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...1. Title of the paper “Impact of Multi Brand Foreign Direct Investment in Retail Sector in India (Before the approval)” 2. Author Name – Prof. Nikhil Polke 3. Theme – Retail 4. Institute Name & Address Tirpude Institute of Management Education 1, Balasaheb Tirpude Marg, Civil Lines, Sadar, NAGPUR – 440 001 5. Email – n.polke@tirpude.edu.in 6. Contact number - +91 99233 80707 Abstract India has been placed at first position in the category of countries with the best opportunity for investment in the Retail Sector by a survey of A.T. Kearney’s 2005 on Global Retail Development. The increasing disposable incomes among the Indian middle class and increasing young population have been cited as the main reasons for such attractive optimism. This positive opinion of the experts has also encouraged the intense lobbying by certain sections for opening Foreign Direct Investment in this sector. Foreign investors are also very enthusiastic to invest in India’s Retail Sector. At present India does not allow FDI in multi-brand retail but permits upto 51 percent in single brand retail and 100 percent in cash and carry wholesale trading. There is a ban on FDI in big multi-brand retail stores but there is no restriction on companies accessing the foreign equity market through the American and Global Depository Receipts. The Government of India opened up FDI in ‘Single Brand Retailing’ in the year 2006. This was done with a primary motive of giving a boost...
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...same objectives by controlling the money supply. Stances of fiscal policy The three possible stances of fiscal policy are neutral, expansionary, and contractionary. The simplest definitions of these stances are as follows: • A neutral stance of fiscal policy implies a balanced budget where government spending equals tax revenue. Government spending is fully funded by tax revenue and overall the budget outcome has a neutral effect on the level of economic activity; • An expansionary stance of fiscal policy involves government spending exceeding tax revenue; and • A contractionary fiscal policy occurs when government spending is lower than tax revenue. However, these definitions can be misleading because, even with no changes in spending or tax laws at all, cyclical fluctuations of the economy cause cyclical fluctuations of tax revenues and of some types of government spending, altering the deficit...
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