...The three phases, which constitute content analysis, include preparing, organizing, and reporting. I will be using inductive content analysis because there are few previous studies, which deal with the same or similar questioning and research. An inductive approach will be useful in developing novel theoretical explanations of the phenomena encountered. Content analysis is a method of analyzing written, verbal, or visual communication messages, first used as a method for analyzing hymns, newspaper, magazine articles, advertisements, and political speeches in the 19th century (Harwood & Garry, 2003). During the last few decades, its use has shown steady growth (Neuendorf, 2002), and content analysis now enjoys a long history of use in communication, journalism, sociology, psychology, and business. Content analysis as a research method provides a systematic and objective means of describing and quantifying phenomena (Krippendorff, 2012). Content analysis will allow me to develop theoretical suggestions to enhance understanding of the humor in the Jackass films....
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...Communication Research -about how humans create techniques and technologies to turn each others thoughts into each others experiences Qualitative -explores attitudes, behavior and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get an in-depth opinion from participants. Quantitative -generates statistics through the use of large-scale survey research, using methods such as questionnaires or structured interviews. Descriptive -The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Ethnographic -is "the work of describing a culture. The goal of ethnographic research is "to understand another way of life from the native point of view. Terminological -is the research of technical terms used in a particular field, subject, science, or art Case Study -A form of qualitative descriptive research, the case study looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. Content Analysis -Content analysis is a method for summarizing any form of content by counting various aspects of the content. This enables a more objective evaluation than comparing content based on the impressions of a listener. Deductive/Inductive Deductive research works from the more general...
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...Title: Role of accounting on business behaviors impacted by tax changes in Malaysia Justification There are many factors influence the changes of accounting importance where the role of accounting evolves along with the business changes affected by these factors. One of the factors that affect role of accounting in business field is tax. In Malaysia, Tax is generally divided into 2 types which are direct and indirect tax. Direct tax can be defined as tax which is imposed straight to the taxpayer. In short, the payment of tax is between taxpayer towards government. Examples of direct tax are income tax from employee salary, corporation tax, property tax, and etc. Meanwhile, indirect tax is a type of charge that can be transferred to the other person. A good example of indirect tax is restaurant that collect tax charge of the food’s sold from the customer (sales tax). Other examples of indirect tax are custom duty, central excise duty, and service tax). In brief, the history of Malaysia tax was started with more dependency towards indirect tax where establishment of direct tax has only started to take effect from 1 January 1948. This establishment has changed the trend of Malaysia tax which depends more and more on direct tax until today. In 2009 itself, government revenue has grown to 48.6% from direct tax. The urgency of understanding changes in accounting role due to tax, become important because of several reasons. Firstly, as the globalization of the economy develops...
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...QUESTIONS 1. In terms of basic research and applied research how would you categorize Sam’s study? Why? This study can be categorized as Applied research, as this entire research is focusing on to identifying the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance of day traders. So it tries find a solution for a particular problem. 2. Purposiveness, testability, and objectivity are three hallmarks of scientific research. Use Sam’s study as an example to discuss these hallmarks. Purposiveness: Any scientific research should have a definite and specific purpose. Without a purpose, a search will be a meaning less exercise. It is like sailing in the waters without having a destination. The purpose here is to identify what is the effect of personality and emotional reactivity on the financial performance of day traders. Testability: Scientific research lends itself to testing logically developed hypothesis to see whether or not the data support the educational conjectures or hypothesis that are developed after a careful study of problem situation. Hypothesis here used are: H1: Extreme (positive and negative) emotional responses to market events have a negative effect on the trading performance of investors. H2: Successful traders tend to be emotionally stable introverts who are open to new experiences. Objectivity: The conclusion drawn through the implementation of the results of data analysis should be objective. That is they should...
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...phenomenon has preference over a complex model. c. The fact that findings are generalizable. *d. The fact that an investigation has a clear theoretical foundation. 2. Confidence as a characteristic of scientific investigation refers to: *a. The probability that our estimations are correct. b. The idea that a simple model that explains a certain phenomenon has preference over a complex model. c. The fact that findings are generalizable. d. The fact that an investigation has a clear theoretical foundation. 3. A researcher who observed separate phenomena and on this basis attempts to arrive at general conclusions, works inductively. *a. T b. F 4. Logically speaking inductive research comes first (before deductive research) *a. T b. F 5. A manager observes that higher prices lead to more sales. The results of a focus group point out that consumers use price as an indicator for quality. This is an example of deductive research. a. T *b. F 6. Scientific investigation is characterized by a good theoretical base and a sound methodological design. These characteristics are both related to the of the investigation. What must be filled on the line? *a. Rigor. b. Precision and confidence. c. Objectivity. d. Parsimony. 7. An inductive investigation starts with an observation of empirical data. *a. T b. F 8. A deductive investigation is based on theoretically logical reasoning. *a. T b. F 9. Parsimony related...
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...SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Characteristics of Social Science Introduction One of the livelier academic debates of recent years has concerned the "scientific" status of those disciplines gathered under the rubric of the social sciences-typically including sociology, political science, social psychology, economics, anthropology, and sometimes fields such as geography, history, communications, and other composite and specialty fields, basically at issue like whether human behavior can be subjected to scientific study. It is a firm assumption of social scientists now-a-days that social behaviour can be subjected to scientific study as legitimately as can atoms, cells and so forth. Like physical scientists, social scientists seek to discover regularity and order. The social scientist looks for regularity in social behavior. He does this through careful observation and measurement, discovery of relationship, and framing of models and theories. The Search for Social Regularities Measuring Social Phenomena The first building block of science is measurement, or systematic observation. There is no fundamental reason why social scientists cannot measure phenomena relevant to their enquiry. The age and sex of people can be measured. Place of birth and marital status can be measured in a number of different ways, varying in accuracy and economy. Aggregate social behaviour can be measured systematically as well. The political...
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...Useful Tips in Writing a Research Paper Noel F. Noble, Ph.D. October 27 2015 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background of the Study Introduction Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework shapes the justification of the research problem in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relation that explains and predicts how an observed phenomenon exists and operates. Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs. Its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework. Statement of the Problem Statement of the problem sets the direction of the study. It has to be stated vividly and explicitly in interrogative form. A good research problem should be SMART, that is, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound. Significance of the Study Significance of the study explains its importance. It defines the contribution of the study in relation to solving the problem and need; bridging a knowledge gap; improving social, economic and health conditions; enriching research instruments and methods; and supporting government thrusts. Significance of the study is presented either in inductive or deductive perspective. In and inductive way, the researcher moves from the particular to the general...
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...or made. This paper will discuss various theories relating to managers and leaders and their differences. In order to complete the research there are different ways of interpreting the data. The author will be completing an inductive research assignment with an interpretivism approach. When undertaking and presenting research, it is done with the objective of accumulating knowledge. The author will be using this approach as, although there are a number of management and leadership models and theories a number of conclusions drawn in the journals and books are the thoughts and opinions of the individual authors not necessarily facts. In research there are two methods of reasoning; deductive and inductive. There are also two approaches that can be used positivism and interpretivism the author will briefly summarize these methods. Ehow (2011) sums up inductive and deductive reasoning - ‘Inductive reasoning moves from the specific to the general. Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific Deductive reasoning arrives at a conclusion based on generalizations. The basis of the argument supports the conclusion so as long as the basis is strong it would be unrealistic for the conclusion not to be true. Inductive reasoning is based on the principle that an idea would support the possible truth of the conclusion. Someone using the inductive approach will find a pattern in a group of precise observations and come to a conclusion based on that. When choosing an approach...
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...III.4. Grounded theory III.4.i. Definition and distinctive features Grounded theory is a research strategy in which theory is developed from data generated by a series of observations or interviews principally involving an inductive approach. According to Goulding (2002), this method is particularly helpful for research to predict and explain behavior, the emphasis being upon developing and building theory. As much of business and management is about people’s behaviors, for example consumers’ or employees’, a grounded theory strategy can be used to explore a wide range of business and management issues (Sanders et al. 2009). Grounded theory may use a bundle of specific techniques, with the aim of generating theoretical insights from qualitative...
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...Lecture 1 Introduction to research in applied linguistics • What is research? • Research is the process of going up alleys to see if they are blind Marston Bates, American writer • Research is what I am doing when I don’t know what I am doing Von Braun, American engineer • If you steal from one author, it’s plagiarism; if you steal from many, it’s research. Wilson Mizner, American dramatist Lecture 1 Compulsory Readings Cohen, L., et al. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London and New York: Routledge (P. 5- 47) Nunan. D. 1992. Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: CUP (P. 1 - 23) Brown, J.D. & Rodgers, T.S., 2002, Doing Second Language Research, Oxford: OUP (P 3-18) Wisker, G. 2001, The Postgraduate Research Handbook, New York: Palgrave (P. 113 - 126) McDonough, J. & S. McDonough, 1997, Research Methods for English Language Teachers, London: Arnold (P. 37 - 55) Lankshear, C. & M. Knobel, 2008, A Handbook for Teacher Reasearch, From Design to Implementation, Glasgow: McGraw-Hill (1-39) The distance between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory. The nature of research 4 traditional kinds of empirical research: • Scientific and positivistic methodologies • Naturalistic and interpretive methodologies • Methodologies form critical theory • Feminist educational research The search for truth • The search for understanding the nature of...
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...Research Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998). Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations. One thing that we have to pay attention to research is that the heart of the research is not on statistics, but the thinking behind the research. How we really want to find out, how we build arguments about ideas and concepts, and what evidence that we can support to persuade people to accept our arguments. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) proposed four types of knowledge that research contributed to education as follows: 1. Description: Results of research can describe natural or social phenomenon, such as its form, structure, activity, change over time, relationship to other phenomena. The descriptive function of research relies on instrumentation for measurement and observations. The descriptive research results in our understanding of what happened. It sometimes produces statistical information about aspects of education. 2. Prediction: Prediction research is intended to predict a phenomenon that will occur at time Y from information at an earlier time X. In educational...
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...The role of theory in research Division for Postgraduate Studies (DPGS) Post-graduate Enrolment and Throughput Program Dr. Christopher E. Sunday Outline Some definitions of ‘theory’. Some characteristics of ‘theory’. Theories vs. hypotheses. How to evaluate the quality of a theory or explanation. The dynamic relationship between theory and research. Deductive theory. Inductive theory. Example of theories relevant to a particular research question. Theories and findings related to second language learning. The Behaviourist Approach The Cognitive Approach Linguistic Universals Social Models The Humanist Approach Some definitions of ‘theory’ Theory is a model or framework for observation and understanding, which shapes both what we see and how we see it. Theory allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete; the theoretical and the empirical; thought statements and observational statements etc. Theory is a generalised statement that asserts a connection between two or more types of phenomena – any generalised explanatory principle. Theory is a system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world. Theory explains and predicts the relationship between variables. Some characteristics of ‘theory’ Theory guides research and organises its ideas. The analogy of bricks lying around haphazardly...
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... CJA/334 February 12, 2013 Professor Fred Hammett The Current Status of GSR Examinations * * The purpose of research study, problem, and questions * The purpose of this research study is to examine the current status of gunshot residue examinations. Determine if patterns of gunshot residue are present from a person suspected of recently discharging a firearm and research that will led to development and clarification on how authorities detect gunshot residue. The problem is that it is unclear about the meaning of gunshot residue findings. This research will answer the following questions; * 1. Confirmation of gunshot residue and where it can be found. * 2. Establish positive or false results by analyzing particles from a discharged firearm. * 3. Using factors to validate the results of the experiment. * The design of the study * The design of study for the examination of gunshot residue is data information through collection, analysis, and interpretation. These samples will be brought to the laboratory to be analyzed to see if particles were left on articles or either hand during the time of the shooting, the collection of residue, and the locations of where the weapon was fired are important factors that will be used for the outcome of the study. The factors in the laboratory will include the characteristics of the donor, the deposition, the nature, environmental conditions, and the applied techniques. * An operational definition...
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...PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz Click below link for Answers http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 Question 1 Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique. • A. means-end analysis • B. reasoning-by-analogy • C. gestalt restructuring • D. generate-and-test • E. productive-thinking Question 2 The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one. • A. generate-and-test • B. means-end analysis • C. reasoning by analogy • D. mental set • E. introspection Question 3 When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: • A. introspection • B. analysis • C. analogy • D. backtracking • E. working memory Question 4 When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: • A. functional fixedness • B. procrastination • C. a heuristic • D. mental set • E. reasoning by analogy Question 5 Study of chess masters indicate that masters: • A. consider more possible moves than novices...
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...Communication Research Com3706 Portfolio Assignment Task 5.10 Semester two 2013 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 1MAIN ISSUE 1 2RESEARCH CRITERIA 1 3EXTENT OF THE RESEARCH ISSUE 2 4 POPULATION 2 5 ASSUMPTIONS AND SUB-PROBLEMS 3 6 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 3 7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 8 THEORETICAL APPROACH 4 9 RESEARCH DESIGN 7 CONCLUSION 8 SOURCES CONSULTED 8 ADDENDUM A: SELF-REFLECTION9 INTRODUCTION In this assignment the nine creative characteristics in eight different advertisements, will be explored and describe by means of content analysis. 1MAIN ISSUE Explore and describe, by means of qualitative and quantitative content analysis, the characteristics of nine creative concepts and their creative application in eight different adverts, found in two different publications: cross sectional. 2RESEARCH CRITERIA Relevance: Advertising is directly related to marketing, which makes the issue relevant to communication science. Researchability: The issue can be researched by collecting and exploring the creative concepts of eight different advertisements from two different magazine or newspaper publications. Feasibility:The investigation is feasible as there are not many resources necessary, and it is easy and inexpensive to purchase two magazine or newspaper publications. Ethical acceptability: The research deals with eight advertisements from two publications, it will therefore be ethically acceptable because no...
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