...CHEMISTRY 1. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Students should be able to: (a) Define the following terms: o Element o Mixture o Compound o Symbol o Formulae o Atom o Molecule (b) Distinguish between elements, mixtures and compounds and give examples of each; (c) Recall that some metals are reactive and others are not; (d) Demonstrate an understanding of the reactivity series; (e) Arrange metals in order of reactivity (Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Silver and Gold); (f) Recall what are acids and bases; (g) State the importance of acids and bases; (h) Recall the colours of indicators (methyl orange, phenolphthalein, litmus) in acids and alkalis 2. THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY Students should be able to: (a) Describe physical changes giving examples; (b) Describe chemical changes giving examples; (c) Give the symbols and valencies of elements; (d) Work out the formulae of compounds; (e) Define the term radical and give the names and valencies of the following radicals: hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate, ammonium and nitrate; (f) Demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions, reactants and products; (g) Represent chemical reactions by word equations; (h) Convert word equations to balanced chemical equations; (i) Write and balance chemical equations 3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN GENERAL Students should be able to: (a) Describe the reaction of selected metals (sodium, magnesium, iron and copper)with oxygen; (b) Describe...
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...terms, atomic number, mass number and relative atomic mass ● Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic ● Demonstrate an understanding that the existence of isotopes results in some relative atomic masses not being whole numbers ● Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from therelative masses and abundances of its isotopes ● Draw the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements in the periodic table as diagrams and in the form 2.8.1 ● Describe the connection between the number of outer electrons and the position of an element in the periodic table Topic 2 Ionic compounds and analysis ● Demonstrate an understanding that atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds by the formation of new chemical bonds ● Describe how ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons to produce cations and anions ● Describe an ion as an atom or group of atoms...
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...Organic Chemical Reactions – an introduction. Here are two typical reactions involving organic chemicals: [pic] What does a reaction scheme like either of those above tell you? It tells you that the molecules or atoms to the left of the arrow will react together to give the molecule(s) on the right of the arrow when they are mixed together. Simplifying: [pic] The arrow implies the reaction goes to completion – all of chemicals A and B are used up to form new chemicals C and D. Note – it tells you nothing about how quickly they react – some reactions are fast, some are slow. You can say that if you leave it long enough you will reach a point where you have a mixture of C and D, and no A and B will be left. Some reactions do not go to completion – not all of A and B are converted to C and D, no matter how much time you give the mixture to react. These are equilibrium reactions and can be recognised from the two-way arrow: [pic] These reactions are reversible – when C and D have formed they can react together to re-form A and B. The precise amount of A + B and C + D that forms in an equilibrium reaction is governed by the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the reaction. A and B are the chemicals you start off with. You will hear them described in several ways – the reactants (i.e., the things that are reacting together), the reagents (same thing), the starting materials (obvious), the precursors (fancy name for starting materials)...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...their CMA designations in 1988. Soon thereafter, Tom was promoted quickly within his division of a large multi-national auto supply company, and now held the position of vice-president/controller. Mary, on the other hand, had temporarily removed herself from full-time employment in 1990 to raise her young daughter. She kept herself up-to-date professionally and handled the occasional short-term consulting assignment. Six months ago, Mary had re-entered the workforce, her return accelerated by the fact that her husband, Frank, had been stricken by a debilitating illness. It had surprised Mary somewhat that she was able to land a position quickly as controller and office manager for Hewsen Chemical Inc., a small, privately-held producer of specialty chemicals used in testing labs and other manufacturing firms. Hewsen was a relatively new and growing company with innovative ideas, and Mary was pleased and excited to have had the good fortune to join its management team. Today, however, meeting with her CMA colleague and trusted friend, Mary was troubled. "I don’t know what to do, Tom. I thought I was taking on an ideal position, an emerging company, with flexible working hours, decent pay and a good benefits package to help with Frank’s medical expenses. But the situation sure turned sour quickly. I really don’t know who to talk to. In fact, Tom, I’m not sure that I should be talking to you." "Nonsense," said Tom, "You know you can count on...
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...GCE Chemistry B (Salters) Unit F331: Chemistry for Life Advanced Subsidiary GCE Mark Scheme for June 2014 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction...
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...EDAHOD5 ASSIGNMENT 2 UNIQUE NUMBER : 198446 DUE DATE 18 SEPTEMBER 2013 QUESTION 1 Assessment Activity : Conduct a practical investigation to determine the effect on the rate of a chemical reaction by one of the factors of temperature, surface area or concentration. Assessment Checklist Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question Hypothesis Variables Correctly Identified Table of Results Graph of Results Conclusion Yes/No Grade 12 Assessment Grid Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question clearly stated Hypothesis Formulated Independent, Dependent and Constant Variables Correctly Identified and stated Experiment designed and steps clearly set out Results of experiment tabulated Results represented graphically Conclusion and Evaluation TOTAL MARKS : 20 Marks 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 Grade 12 RUBRIC TO ASSESS PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT ON RATE OF REACTION BY TEMPERATURE, SURFACE AREA OR CONCENTRATION NAME OF LEARNER : DATE : CRITERIA LEVEL0 LEVEL1 LEVEL2 LEVEL3 LEVEL4 GRADE 12 Conducts a practical investigation Did not attempt or completely incorrect. Correctly plans a practical investigation by identifying correct investigative question, hypothesis, variables and apparatus...
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...paper, leaving the residue on the impermeable substance/filtrating medium and the filtrate to pass through. | Dissolved solids in liquids Evaporation | If the liquid in the mixture is more volatile (boiling point is lower) than the soluble solid, the soluble solid will remain while the liquid evaporates. The procedure employs the use of an evaporating dish and a Bunsen burner. | Crystallisation | Another method of dissolved solids from a liquid mixture (solution)The impure salt is dissolved in water at a high temperature to create a concentrated solution.The mixture is then cooled and the salt crystallises, leaving the impurity in the solution.This crystallised slat contains much less of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process...
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...DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR Che492-Unit Operations Laboratory II Experiment no. 5 Calandria Evaporator Instructors: Dr. Siddhartha Panda Dr. Deepak Kunzru Name of TA: Abir Ghosh Date of experiment: 23/9/2013 Date of submission: 30/9/2013 Group No: 2 Roll no. 10059 10062 10067 Name Akshay Bansal Akshit Gupta Aman Jain 1 Index Introduction Objective Theory and formulae Apparatus required Details required Observations and Calculations Sample calculation Results and Discussion Conclusion Precautions Sources of error Nomenclature Reference 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 2 Introduction The functional requirement of an evaporator is to vaporize a chemical liquid in order to achieve certain industrial benchmarks such as concentrating a solution, purification or retaining a number of useful solvents or to carry out crystallization on an industrial scale by achieving the limiting concentration. The fundamental working principle of an evaporator is characterized by heating the solution up to the boiling point of the solvent (in case of solid solute) or to the dew point of the solution (in case of liquid solute). The various types of industrially applicable evaporators are described as under: 1.) Direct heating evaporators-In these units, direct heating of the solution is carried out using solar energy or the heat energy of the gases which are brought to very high temperature using natural gas combustion. These are mainly used to extract salt...
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...2 4541/2 Section A Bahagian A [60 marks] [60 markah] Answer all questions in this section. Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. SULIT 1 Graph 1 shows the heating curve of substance X. Substance X in solid state at room temperature. Graf 1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi bahan X. Bahan X dalam keadaan pepejal pada suhu bilik. Temperature / 0C Suhu / 0C Q3 Q2 Q1 t0 t1 Graph 1 Graf 1 t2 t3 Time / s Masa / s (a) What is meant by melting point? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur? .......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) Based on Graph 1, state the melting point of substance X . Berdasarkan pada Graf 1, nyatakan takat lebur bagi bahan X. …….................................................................................................................................. [1 mark] (c) State the physical states of substance X at t1 to t2 Nyatakan keadaan fizik bahan X pada masa t1 ke t2. …….…………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark] 4541/2 @ Akhir Tahun 2011 Tingkatan 4 SBP [Lihat halaman sebelah SULIT 3 4541/2 (d) Explain why the temperature remains constant from t1 to t2. Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari t1 ke t2. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks] SULIT (e) Draw the arrangement of particles of substance X at t3. Lukiskan susunan...
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...Year 10 Science Semester Two Examination - 2012 TIME ALLOWED 15 MINUTES READING 1 HOUR AND 15 MINUTES WRITING Instructions to candidates: 1) Do not write or mark the examination booklet in any way during reading time. 2) Please check that, aside from this test booklet, you also have a multiple choice answer sheet and data sheet. 3) There are 14 pages in this booklet including this one. Please check to ensure that this is so. 4) Note that the time allocated for the examination is 75 minutes and that 70 marks have been allocated: this should give you a guide as to how much time you should spend on each section. The survey at the end of the exam should take you approximately five minutes. 5) There are 4 sections in this booklet: multiple choice, true/false, definitions and extended questions. 6) Graphic calculators must not be used. Dictionaries must not be used. An approved scientific calculator may be used. 7) If you finish early please do not waste your time: you only get examination time once so it should not be wasted. Check your work thoroughly: calculations, grammar and spelling. Re-read the questions and check your answers to ensure that you have actually answered the questions asked. 8) When the signal to write is given fill in your name, form and teacher details on this booklet (below) and on the multiple choice answer sheet before you begin answering any questions. 9) All answers in this booklet must be completed in pen. 10) All numerical answers to questions must...
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...Atoms, Molecules and Ions. AN ATOM is the smallest particle of an element. They cannot be split into smaller particles in chemical reactions. Iron is made of iron atoms (Fe). Sulphur is made of sulphur atoms (S) A MOLECULE is a small group of atoms joined together. The atoms may be the same (e.g. O2) or different (e.g. H2O). The chemical formula shows the number and type of atoms present. Non-metal compounds are made of molecules: Carbon dioxide contains CO2 molecules Methane (natural gas) contains CH4 molecules AN ION is an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge (+ or -). Metal compounds such as sodium chloride or copper sulphate contain ions. Sodium chloride is made of Na+ and Cl- ions Copper Sulphate is made of Cu2+ and SO42- ions Note that metals form positive ions while non-metals form negative ions. A solid is represented by (s). e.g. H2O(s) is ice. A liquid is represented by (l) e.g. Fe(l) is molten iron. A gas is represented by (g) e.g. H2O(g) is steam. A solution in water is represented by (aq). Salt dissolved in water is NaCl(aq). You should remember that the common gases are diatomic (have 2 atoms in each molecule). These are Oxygen O2; Hydrogen H2; Nitrogen N2; and Chlorine Cl2. Elementary Particles Atoms are made up of smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons cluster together in a small nucleus at the centre of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus. The main properties...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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...GRAIN BASED DISTILLERY OPERATION : 86 KLPD WATER BALANCE ALL FIGURES IN METRIC TONNES (MT) INPUTS PROCESS WATER IN LIQN BOILER FEED WATER DM WATER for DISTILLATION SOFT WATER for COOLING TOWER DM WATER BLENDING RW for BOTTLE WASHING SOFT WATER DISTILLATION SOFT WATER PUMPS SEALING FERMENTER WASHING FLOOR WASHING DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OUTPUTS 473 533 659 774 50 65 129 129 22 20 5 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT 2860 RECYLCE STREAMS STEAM CONDENSATE THIN SLOPS R/E to DISTILLATION PR LEES TO FERMETATION STEAM CONDENSATE SPENT LEES PR SPENT LEES RECTIFER SPENT WASH (GRAIN SLOPS) WATER IN PRODUCT CASES WATER IN BY PRODUCT BOTTLE WASHING CT EVAPORATION & DRIFT LOSSES PUMP SEALING PROCESS CONDENSATE MT BOILER BLOWDOWN DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION MT 420 112 659 137 MT MT MT MT 50 155 65 774 129 322 16 22 2860 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT ` 420 137 573 22 BOTTLE WAHING PUMP SEALING Total Recycling /Re-utilisations of water per day 50 129 1331 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT TOTAL FRESH WATER INPUT 1163 WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT PROCESS CONDENSATE 322 COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN 93 BOILER BLOW DOWN 16 DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION 22 FLOOR WASHING 20 BOTTLE WASHING 15 PRC LEES 69 TOTAL WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT 488 REUSE WASTE STREAMS AFTER TREATMENT 366 WATER FOR GREEN BELT 122 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT NOTE : FIGURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE ONLY INDICATIVE AND SHALL VARY BASED ON GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERALL PLANT OPERATING PARAMETERS...
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...CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction. Concentration of the reactants and the products remain the same. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the processes do not stop and forward and reverse reactions still continue in both directions at the same rate. A homogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are in the same phase e.g. all are gases. A heterogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are not in the same phase. If there is no interaction between the system and its surroundings, i.e., a system from which no substances in the reaction can escape, we say it is a closed system. Calculation of the substance amount and concentration at equilibrium We can determine the concentration of the substance by dividing the number of mol of the substance at that stage of the reaction by the volume of the container in dm3, i.e.: c= n/V where c or [ ] = concentration of the substance in mol.dm-3 n = number of mol of the substance V = volume of the container in dm3 It is handy to use a table to determine these values. Example 1 A mixture of 5 mol H2(g) and 6 mol I2(g) are placed in a sealed container of 2 dm3 at a temperature of 4580C. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: Equilibrium is reached after a certain time. At equilibrium there is 4mol HI(g) in the container. Calculate the concentrations...
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