...Hybridisation of phosphorus. 2. The conditions of being a chiral physical object (galaxies, hands, coils, screws, hands). Chiral molecules. Discuss chirality in differently substituted four-valent carbon atoms, allenes, biphenyls, supramolecular chemistry objects (DNA, peptides, and artificial structures). 3. Explain following terms and give examples thereof: Constitutional (structural – skeletal, positional and functional) isomers Conformer and Rotamer Atropisomer Geometrical isomers Stereoisomer Diastereoisomer What are the relationships between all the above? Draw a scheme. Stereogenic centre Optical activity Plane polarized light Dextrorotatory (+) Levorotatory (–) Racemic mixture (racemate) 4. Physicochemical properties of enantiomers and racemic mixtures on the basis of appropriate examples. Rotation of plane polarized light by a chiral medium. 5. Build (from plasticine or anything else) and bring the spatial model of bromochloroiodomethane and 2-hydroxypropanal (see below). 6. How many optical isomers possesses compound with one and more asymmetric carbon atoms? 7. The principle of drawing of the spatial projections of chiral compounds. 8. The principle of drawing compound formulas in Fisher projection. 9. The principle of assigning the absolute configuration of chiral atoms? – Cahn-Ingold-Prelog’s Rule. Please visit Wikipedia...
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...25.1 Multiple-Choice and Bimodal Questions 1) Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called __________. A) alkenes B) alkynes C) aromatics D) alkanes E) ketones Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 2) What general class of compounds is also known as olefins? A) alkenes B) alkynes C) aromatics D) alkanes E) ketones Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 3) The simplest alkyne is __________. A) ethylene B) ethane C) acetylene D) propyne E) benzene Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 4) The melting and boiling points of hydrocarbons are determined by __________. A) ion-dipole attraction B) dipole-dipole attraction C) London forces D) hydrogen bonding E) ionic bonding Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 5) Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are called __________. A) alkanes B) aromatic hydrocarbons C) alkynes D) alkenes E) olefins Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 6) Alkynes always contain a __________. A)[pic] B) C≡C bond C) C-C bond D) C-H bond E) C≡H bond Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 7) Alkenes always contain a __________. A)[pic] B) C≡C bond C) C-C bond D)[pic] E) C≡H bond Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 8) Hybridization of the carbon atom indicated by (*) in [pic], [pic] , and [pic] is __________, __________, and __________, respectively. A) [pic] B) [pic] C) [pic] D) [pic] E) [pic] Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: Sec. 25.2 9) The molecular geometry of each carbon...
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...ARTICLES PUBLISHED ONLINE: 15 DECEMBER 2014 | DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.2131 Copper-catalysed selective hydroamination reactions of alkynes Shi-Liang Shi and Stephen L. Buchwald* The development of selective reactions that utilize easily available and abundant precursors for the efficient synthesis of amines is a long-standing goal of chemical research. Despite the centrality of amines in a number of important research areas, including medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and materials science, a general, selective and step-efficient synthesis of amines is still needed. Here, we describe a set of mild catalytic conditions utilizing a single copper-based catalyst that enables the direct preparation of three distinct and important amine classes (enamines, α-chiral branched alkylamines and linear alkylamines) from readily available alkyne starting materials with high levels of chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. This methodology was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of rivastigmine and the formal synthesis of several other pharmaceutical agents, including duloxetine, atomoxetine, fluoxetine and tolterodine. C omplex organic molecules play a crucial role in the study and treatment of disease. The extent to which they can be utilized in these endeavours depends on the efficient and selective chemical methods for their construction1. Amines are widely represented in biologically active natural products and medicines2 (a small selection of which are shown in Fig. 1a). Consequently, the selective...
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...phosphine ligand 1-naphthyl(diphenyl)phosphine. A Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by the new palladium catalyst was carried out and compared to the results observed using a common catalyst, Palladium dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine). The results of relevant catalytic methods were characterized by analytical tools and a prospective mechanism of the observed cross-coupling suggested. Figure 1: [PdCl2(PPh2Ar)2] (Ar = 1-naphthyl) ________________________________________ Catalysis is an increasingly integral part of synthetic organic chemistry due to its ability to facilitate such large improvements in reaction rate and selectivity control. The careful design of organometallic palladium compounds with incorporation of ligands of varying reactivity, lability and steric bulk allows the production of increasingly effective catalysts. Phosphines such as triphenylphosphine are categorically important ligands in inorganic chemistry mainly due to applications in asymmetric synthesis, however another important utility is noticeable in palladium-catalysed coupling reactions. In 1975 a method appeared for preparing symmetrically substituted alkynes, afterwards named the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction1. This method utilises a copper salt and palladium complex for catalysis to produce the alkyne under mild conditions relative to other methods (such as Heck Coupling2). The typical catalyst used in this process is [PdCl2(PPh2Ar)2](3) and the performance of this catalyst will...
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...Table of Contents Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTS..............................................................................................................6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................7 QUESTION…………………………………………………………………………………8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................…..............10 1.1 Introduction………..……………………………...……..….................................10 CHAPTER 2: BUSINESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS..……………….….…12 2.1 Definition of Business………………….. .........................................................12 2.2 Definition of Business Ethics………….. .........................................................13 2.3 Definition of Environmental Ethics..….. .........................................................15 2.4 Conflict between Business and Environmental Ethics………………………..15 2.5 The Relationship between Business and Environmental Ethics…………….24 2.6 Benefits of Ethics for Business………………………………………………….25 2.7 Problems of Business Ethics……………………………………………………25 CHAPTER 3: SUPER CHEM COMPANY…............................................................27 3.1 Introduction to Super Chem……………………………...................................27 3.2 Product Ranges………………………………………………………………….27 3.3 Process Development Services……………………………………………......28 3.4 The Issues………………………………………………………………………..29 3.5 Possible Solution………………………………………………………………...29 3...
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...Write your name here Surname Other names Centre Number Candidate Number Edexcel GCE Chemistry Advanced Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I – Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry (including synoptic assessment) Monday 14 January 2013 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour 40 minutes You must have: Data Booklet Candidates may use a calculator. Paper Reference 6CH04/01 Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 90. The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed – you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over P41214A ©2013 Pearson Education Ltd. *P41214A0128* 7/6/5/5/4/ SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes...
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...TERM PAPER OF CHEMISTRY TOPIC: CARBON NANOTUBE Submitted to Submit by: Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist Mr.Shailja Kant yadav Deptt. Of CHEMISTRY Roll. No. : - A02 Sec: - RC5911 REG NO.:-10905256 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my vote of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. I would express my sincere gratitude to my parents for trusting and investing in me and my future and providing for all my needs and requirements. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher, Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist – Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University for her constant guidance and kind support throughout this project. I am heartily thankful to my friends Anil Choudhary, Pratik Anand, Suresh Hembrom for helping me with their thoughtful and...
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...A General Review of Tetracyclines Antibiotics Chang Liu Instructor: Prof. Jasson Sello Department of Chemistry, Brown University Providence 02906, RI Tetracyclines are the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be applied to clinic use. Nevertheless, the increasing incidence of bacterial resistance of tetracyclines led to a series of studies on the development of semisynthetic tetracyclines to circumvent the resistant organisms. In order to better design the structures of tetracycline derivatives, research on the action mode of tetracyclines, mechanisms of resistance, biosynthesis and total synthesis of tetracyclines were also performed. Keywords: Tetracyclines, Structure-activity Relationship, Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, Biosynthesis, Total Synthesis 1. Introduction Tetracyclines are a group of polyketide broad-spectrum antibiotics that has activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae and peotozoan parasites [1]. The discovery of tetracycline was in the 1940s. At that time, the problems related to the production of Pennicillin has been solved and pharmaceutical industry and academic institutes started to concentrate their energy on the development of new antibiotics. In 1948, the first member of tetracycline family—chlorotetracyclin, or Aureomycin was discovered as an isolate of Streptomyces Aureofaciens in an antibiotic screening program functioned in Lederle Labs [2]. In 1950, oxytetracycline or Terramycin—second...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...range of academic areas including material product synthesis, materials science, medicinal, biological, supramolecular chemistry, catalysis and coordination chemistry. Some of these reactions are also useful in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and fine chemical industries.8 Among these powerful transformations, the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (Scheme 1) (defined as transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling between an organoboron compound and an organic halide or pseudo halide) is the most widely applied transition-metal catalyzed C−C bond forming reaction since its discovery in 1979.9 Scheme 1. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Suzuki reaction has become the most attractive approach for C−C bond formation due to many reasons. Firstly, the mild reaction conditions and broad functional group tolerance of this transformation. Secondly, the use of organoboron reagents has many advantages such as they are inexpensive, some are thermally stable and inert to water and oxygen, thus easy to handle (industry), they transmetallate with a variety of metal compounds under exceptionally mild reaction conditions, low toxicity, good availability of diverse organoboron reagent and easy separation of boron containing by-products from the reaction mixtures. The importance of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has been well recognized with 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Heck and Negishi couplings.10 Ni-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Alkyl Borane...
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...Name: Mohammad Ali Muzzammil Group: D Instructor: Dr. Tayabba Noor Course: Organic Chemistry Date: 10th November 2014 Biocatalysis Abstract Biocatalysis is basically two words joined together; Bio and Catalysis. “Bio” prefix denotes biological and “catalysis” means the acceleration of a chemical reaction due to a catalyst. So in general biocatalysis is the use of biological (natural) catalysts, such as enzymes. These biological catalysts are used to transform organic compounds chemically. An enzyme is a protein catalyst that is responsible for the reactions in your body. Enzymes help with digestion of food, production of essential nutrients, movement of muscles, etcetera. Enzymes not only exist in our body but are used for quite a lot of other...
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...1 The analysis of Graphene material Alinur Mirassov, Azat Yerkinova, Gaukhar Balbayeva Madi Aldabergenov, Takhmina Torgayeva Abstract: Recently, graphene has attracted the interest of significant number of scientists and physicians due to its exceptional properties (e.g., large surface area, thermal and chemical stability, high conductivity). This new member of the carbon family has potential to revolutionize the current applications (some of them are described in the essay) as well as creating new set of applications. In this paper, we review the background of the novel material, its comprehensive atomic structure and properties that has fascinated the scientific community since its discovery. We also cover the synthesis of the material, including different effective methods that was investigated from the year of discovery until the present day. Finally, we discuss possible challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly enhancing scientific area. Key words: Graphene; Graphene-based material; 2-dimensional (2D); monolayer; Carbon nanotubes; Dirac level; fullerene; nanostructure; graphene synthesis; graphene applications. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Aldabergenov, M., Balbayeva, G., Mirassov, A., Yerkinova, A. & Torgayeva, T. (2013) ‘The analysis of Graphene Material’, Astana: Nazarbayev University. 1 Introduction With the time movement and generation flow, the science and engineering achievements expands and widens by...
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...The first band (1740 cm-') is assigned to the ester carbonyl while we attribute the second one (1765 cm-' for 6a and 1760 cm-l for 6b) to the amide carbonyl. These abnormal high values for an amide band reveal, in accordance with Bredt's rule, an important inhibition of the N-C=O resonance in these N-bridgehead lactams." On the other hand, ' NMR spectra of the crude maH terials obtained from diesters 4c,d at 390-400 "C showed the characteristic signals of a terminal vinyl group suggesting that an elimination reaction follows or competes with the [1,4] migration. Flash column chromatography of the mixture resulting from the thermolysis of the piperidine derivative 4c afforded besides the pyrazolinone 6c12an isomeric N-alkenyl compound whose spectroscopic datal3support the hydroxy-bpyrazole structure 7c. The analogous elimination product 7d formed in lower yield (15% estimation on the basis of 'H NMR spectra) could not be isolated. Pyrazolinone 6c submitted to flow pyrolysis at 400 O C was recovered unchanged. Thus hydroxy-bpyrazoles 7c,d result from an intramolecular elimination reaction of ylides 5c,d (Scheme 111),either by a six-center mechanism involving the negative charge delocalized on the carbonyl oxygen (path a) or by a Cope-type elimination14 (path b) and subsequent isomerization (8 7) to the stable tautomer in aprotic media.ls We believe that the elimination takes place according to the latter pathway since crystallographic analyses of analogous...
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...BTEC Nationals Edexcel level 3 BTEC National Certificate/Diploma Applied Science (Laboratory and Industrial Science) Applied Science (Medical Science) Integrated Vocational Assignment CASE STUDY 2- Johnson Matthey (Catalysts and Chemicals) Unit 3: Workplace practices This case study has been prepared by Mr. M. Hooper & Ms P. Hooper with the co-operation of Johnson Matthey (Catalysts and Chemicals) for the use of learners completing the IVA for the NQF Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Applied Science. Prepared by M. Hooper & P. Hooper. March 2005 The following materials have been authorised for use by students in this context, by Johnson Matthey. Some data is not current, and some is adapted to give a working document to allow completion of the assignment, To complete the assignment students must have access to detailed information about a company. This is often difficult to obtain, and the following information will provide exemplar material for the completion of the IVA. The information is based on the British Company – Johnson Matthey, one of the leading speciality chemicals companies in the world specialising in Catalysts, Precious Metals and Speciality chemicals. Johnson Matthey is a large multi-national company. There is a lot of information available on the various web-sites. The website reflect the...
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