...1.2. Differentiate between leadership and management. According to the extract how can leaders become more effective? Discuss. Leadership and management are two terms which have been used hand in hand and sometimes are often used interchangeably to describe positions in which one may direct a group of people. The might sound similar but they have different meaning and are one of the most researched topics in business management today. Today’s groups, organizations, and teams need both effective leaders and effective managers to run a successful operation. While some obvious similarities (i.e. they both involve influencing constituents or employees; authority and power are generally given with both positions) can be found between leadership and management, there are also some striking differences (i.e. management is often more task-oriented; leadership is often considered more inspirational and visionary). Management refers to roles which typically involve the supervision of employees. The depth or reality of a manager’s responsibility may differ depending on his position, for example a human resources manager has to ensure that his subordinates arrange and carry out recruitment to occupy vacant company positions, while a finance manager has to organize the collection of commercial trends and aid decision making of the higher-ups based on analyses. The manager is responsible for creating and executing plans based on organization’s goals set by the superiors and to measure...
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...Topic 1. Question 1: Summarize the chief tenets of the scientific management and social person movements. Be sure to identify key players in both movements. (5 page maximum, single spaced.) The scientific management and the social person movement differ noticeably. In its very initial stages, engineers had become vital to the development and installing advances in both technology and power. They were to become a prime source of information about management practices. One strong example would be Henry Towne as it was he whom called for engineers to look beyond the technical side of manufacturing and become involved in the economizing of efforts within the factory itself. The greatest player in the scientific management era being Frederick W. Taylor whom was a central figure in the development of management thought. Taylor gave a push and provided credibility to the idea of management. Taylor and others promoted systematic management with its popularized label of scientific management. It was characterized by advancing technology, market growth, labor unrest, and a lack of knowledge about management, industry in the United States was ripe for methods, systems, and better ways to produce and market products. To meet this need, Taylor provided a voice. Taylor's book 'Shop Management' provided the text for the teaching of industrial management to a growing body of college students who sought positions in industry. Frederick Taylor’s theory focuses...
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...and submitting these to empirical testing. The second recommends that the student of economic organization be prepared to cross disciplinary boundaries if and as this is needed to preserve veridical contact with the phenomena. The injunction have an active mind is implemented by being curious and asking the question “What is going on here?” The paper concludes with a discussion of operationalization. JEL: D2, D73, D86, L2 www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Germany Transaction Cost Economics: An Introduction Oliver E. Williamson This overview of transaction cost economics differs from prior overviews to which I have contributed in two respects: it presumes little previous knowledge of the transaction cost economics (hereafter TCE) literature; and it is organized around the “Carnegie Triple” – be disciplined; be interdisciplinary; have an active mind. It is partly autobiographical on that account.1 Section 1 discusses the Carnegie Triple and sets out five key quotations that anchor the transaction cost economics project. Sections 2 through 4 describe how TCE implements each element in the triple. Section 5 discusses operationalization. The conclusions follow in Section 6. 1. 1.1 Introduction The Carnegie Triple It was my privilege...
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...The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0025-1747.htm GUEST EDITORIAL Guest editorial On the value of management history Absorbing the past to understand the present and inform the future David Lamond Sydney Graduate School of Management, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, Australia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the value of management history as a contributor to the development of the theory and practice of management and, to the extent that it is necessary to absorb the past in order to understand the present and inform the future, consider what happens to the knowledge base when the surviving “contributions” to the knowledge base are partial and, indeed, erroneous. Design/methodology/approach – The articles that constitute this special issue form the launching-pad for this discussion, with the ideas presented here combined with previous research and commentaries on the issues raised. Research limitations/implications – In The Life of Reason, Santayana said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”. Managers looking for the “next big thing”, without being able to incorporate it effectively into their experience, and the experience of those who are long gone, are condemned to repeat not just the past, but also the mistakes of the past. Accordingly...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Second Edition DANIEL A. WREN The University of Oklahoma JOHN WILEY AND SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto CONTENTS PART ONE EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3 A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet. The Social Facet. The Political Facet. P eople, Management, and Organizations: The Human Being. Organizations and Management. MANAGEMENT BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 15 Management in Early Civilizations: The Near East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece. Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. T he Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE The Industrial Revolution in England: The Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Factor of Production. M anagement Problems in the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Motivation. Management Functions in the Early 42 Xll CONTENTS Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker. Child and Female Labor. MANAGEMENT PIONEERS IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius: The First Computer....
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...2.1 Self-SWOT Analysis INTRODUCTION Learning is very important for every individual such that through learning, an individual could develop himself. There are both benefits to the individuals and the organisation as a whole. Yeo, (2002). It is also important to also know my strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats that I have. In this assignment I will address my preferred learning style and my SWOT analysis. This is going to help me in my future endeavour. TASK 1 1.1 In relation to human beings personal and professional development, there are different learning styles and methods which one has to study or test his or herself to see which one is related to you and how it will benefit you and your employers. Takahashi , (2015) . There are 6 styles and methods which are Flemings VAK. Honey and Mumford, Kolb’s learning cycle, Blooms learning domain and MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) and Dun and Dunn. I personally went through the first three .These are Fleming VAK learning style model, Kolb’s learning cycle and Honey and Mumford learning style. Concerning Flemings Vak learning style which proposes that most people tend to be shared into one of the three learning styles of learning, These 3 styles are 1. Visual-Somebody who has a VISUAL learning style has his/her way of looking at things in the sense of observing things like, diagrams, films and pictures. “ Wills, (1988)” Individuals who are visual would want to see things before...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Perspective 4.3 Theory in Management 4.4 Classification of Management Theories 4.5 Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
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...Digitised by COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Act 1968 Notice for paragraph 135ZXA (a) of the Copyright Act 1968 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Monash University under Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication is subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. 13 11I11"11"1~"IIIII"III"~I""IIII~""II"11111 004113733 Metaphors of LeaderShip: An Overview ROBERT DUBIN I am not an expert on leadership. However, some knowledge of organizations and organizational behavior is claimed. It is from this perspective that I will engage in an over-view, not a re-view of the contents of this volume. One way to interpret an overview is to think of it as looking overliterally as looking beyond. It is in this sense that this overview is prepared. Initial Observations Two initial observations have struck me. 1) Leadership must ~urely mean followership. 12) Leadership is interestingto us because it occurs within organizations. Of clearly secondary importance for students of organizations is leadership expressed in informal groups, in natural groups, and in temporary groups. Yet, in this volume these simple points seem to slide by unnoticed and ignored to the peril of clarity in presenting and interpreting results. Another observation: 3) The...
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...and also discuss different types of control Definition of Controlling Controlling is a management function that involves comparing actual performance with planned performance and taking corrective action if needed, to ensure the objectives are achieved. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are widely considered to be the best means of describing the manager’s job. Three Phases of Controlling: 1. Anticipating the things that could go wrong and taking preventive measures to see that they don’t. 2. Monitoring or measuring performance in some way in order to compare what is actually happening with what i supposed to be happening. 3. Correcting performance problems that occur. This is the therapeutic aspect of control Control’s Close Link to Planning Planning and Controlling might be thought of as a Siamese Twins because they are so closely related. Planning sets the ship’s course and controlling keeps it on course. When the ship begins to veer off the course, the navigator notices it and recommends a new heading designed to return the ship to its proper course. Essentially, management control works the same way. Management set goals...
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...one or more characteristics of a leader or something that a leader does such as providing a vision, getting things done through people or challenging the status quo. Those aren’t really definitions, only descriptions of what a leader might be doing. What a particular leader is doing does not provide us an understanding of what leadership is, only of what that leader believes is appropriate to do in order to lead. So, how should we define "leadership"? Leadership is the act of transmitting value standards to employees which most of them then follow/use in the performance of their work. Thus we say that they have been "led" in the direction of those standards. I like to say that leadership is one side of the coin called values, the other side being followership. In contemplating value standards, I found it useful to think of a range or spectrum of standards from –10 to +10 for each value such as from total dishonesty to total honesty, from indolence to industriousness, arrogance to humility, dirty to clean, disorganized to neat, discourteous to courtesy, disrespect to respect, uncaring to caring, ignorant to knowledgeable and so on for all values. Leadership skills are based on leadership behaviour. Skills alone do not make leaders - style and behaviour do. If you are interested in leadership training and development - start with leadership behaviour. The growing awareness and demand for idealist principles in leadership are increasing the emphasis (in terms...
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...for schools for the 21st century and a summary of the leadership that will be required. A Business and Educational Leadership Perspective: A Required Change Niccolo Machiavelli, the 16th century author of The Prince (1981), stated, “The whole Kingdom . . . is governed by one man; everyone else is his servant” (p. 22). Since its first printing in 1516, The Prince has been the inspiration for many managerial texts and has been utilized as a guide for leaders throughout the centuries, including several today. In a Machiavellian or so-called “top-down” managerial philosophy, a chief executive officer (CEO) defines and controls the power of the organization. The workforce serves the mission as determined by management, which oftentimes has self- Michael Livovich 1 ELAF 683 interest, not the needs of the customer, as the driving force. James MacGregor Burns (1978), noted political scientist, historian, and author of the book titled Leadership, states in this regard: Still, there are the single-minded power wielders who fit the classical images of Machiavelli or Hobbes or Nietzsche, or at least the portraits of the...
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...Leadership Styles and Their Consequences D. D. Warrick University of Colorado This article discusses leadership style theories and offers an integration of the theories by describing the typical characteristics, philpsophy, skills, and consequences associated with each major style. Then an experimental exercise is offered that portrays the major styles and the productivity and satisfaction each i s likely to produce. Finally, a debriefing is presented that helps interpret the exercise and integrate the style theories with contingency theory. Importance of Leadership Style Few leaders understand the full significance of how influential their leadership style is on the performance and satisfaction of their employees. Leaders control both interpersonal and material rewards and punishments that often shape employee behavior and influence an employee’s performance, motivation, and attitude. They can affect an employee’s self-image and resulting potential in either a positive or negative way by being supportive, fair, and encouraging, or unsupportive, inconsistent, and critical. In addition, they can even affect an employee’s health and energy level by creating a stimulating work climate or one filled with tension and fear. The influence of a leader’s style reaches greater proportions as the effects on individuals begin to have a cumulative effect on group performance. There are no doubt variables other than a leader’s style that affect employee performance and satisfaction...
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...http://www.easy-strategy.com/strategy-gurus.html Home Sitemap Contact Us Articles Speaker Seminars Consulting Negotiation War Room Osama El-Kadi Easy Strategy Videos Stories Gurus 36 Strategies Art of War News Build a Site My Books History Management & Strategy Gurus and Masters The complete A to Z Guide ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ A point of clarification before you start your journey with the gurus and masters: a Guru is a person who is very knowledgeable and teaches a particular strategy. A Master is a practitioner of the art of strategy in life and in business. Management & Strategy Gurus Main Guru's Index ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1 of 41 9/21/2014 3:38 PM http://www.easy-strategy.com/strategy-gurus.html Military Gurus Blog Ask me! Newsletter Clients Privacy Policy Motivational [?]Subscribe To This Site A Igor Ansoff Igor Ansoff The father of Strategic management Igor Ansoff (1918-July 14, 2002) was an applied mathematician and business manager. He is known as the father of Strategic management. He was a distinguished professor at United States International University (now Alliant International University) for 17 years, where several institutes continue his work in strategic management research. Igor was recognized worldwide as the Pioneer and Father of Strategic Management. He was the first management strategy guru to recognize the need for strategic planning for firms operating in the increasingly complex and turbulent environment. ...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONS Management is a process of achieving organizational goals by engaging in the function of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Kibera (1996) defines management as a set of activities directed at the efficient and effective utilization of resources in pursuit of one or more objectives. A manager is a person responsible for directing the efforts aimed at helping the organization achieve its goals. Managerial performance is the measure of how efficient and effective a manager is i.e. how well he/she determines and achieves appropriate objectives. Organizational performance is the measure of how efficient and effective an organization is i.e. how well it achieves appropriate objectives. MANAGEMENT FUNCTION Management is referred to as a process because it is a systematic way of doing things. Like any other process, all managers engage in certain interrelated activities in order to achieve their desired goals. Four of the key management functions are:- a) Planning - Is the process of setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them. b) Organizing - Involves allocating and arranging human and non human resources for the successful implementation of plans c) Leading - Is the process of influencing others to engage in work behavior necessary to reach the organization goals. d) Controlling - Involves regulating organizational activities so...
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